Evolution of aroma compounds of murtilla fruits (Ugni molinae Turcz) during storage

BACKGROUND: ‘Murtilla’, ‘mutilla’ or ‘murta’ (Ugni molinae Turcz) is a native Chilean species that produces a small berry fruit with a special aroma, whose volatile compounds have not yet been identified. The fruit may be consumed raw and also as jams, juice, canned products, confections and liquor. RESULTS: At the beginning and end of the storage, 24 volatile compounds were identified in murtilla fruit aroma and the concentration of these compounds in murtilla fruit ranged from 1.2 to 250.5 µg kg^?1 fresh weight. Methyl 2‐methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2‐methyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate were the major components, all of which have been reported as potent odors in other aromatic fruits. Based on estimated odor activity value, the most potent compound in the murtilla fruit aroma were ethyl hexanoate and 4‐methoxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐furan‐3‐one. The statistical analysis showed that the storage produced a distinct effect on the same volatile compounds released from the murtilla ecotypes. CONCLUSION: The volatile compounds identified in murtilla fruit aroma, which may be described as fruity, sweet and floral, have been found in other aromatic fruits. Concerning the aroma, the murtilla fruit from ecotype 19‐1 was shown to be the best in cooled storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

搅拌棒萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中的香气成分

采用搅拌棒萃取法-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中的香气成分进行定量检测。结果表 明：‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒中共检测到55 种香气成分,包括26 种酯类物质、4 种酸类物质、9 种醇类物质、6 种萜烯 类物质、3 种C13-降异戊二烯等。通过计算香气活性值发现,其中12 种香气成分对‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒的香气有重 要贡献。这些物质是：乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、异丁酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、异戊 醇、2-苯乙醇、里哪醇、β-大马士酮和β-紫罗兰酮。感官分析结果表明：‘媚丽’桃红葡萄酒具有玫瑰香、苹果、 草莓、菠萝等香气。     

基于顶空固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱质谱联 用法的川法小曲白酒挥发性成分研究

目的明确川法小曲白酒主体挥发性成分组成。方法应用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)技术结合气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析技术分析川法小曲白酒主体挥发性成分组成。结果 4种不同地区川法小曲白酒(江津、永川、开江、自贡)中共检出64种挥发性成分,其中江津检出29种、永川31种、开江44种、自贡45种。4种不同产区酒中的共有物质为乙酸乙酯、正丙醇、异戊醇、癸酸乙酯等15种成分。主成分分析结果显示正丙醇、异戊醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯等15种成分在挥发性成分体系中贡献率较大。定量结果显示,4种不同地区川法小曲酒中的乙酸乙酯含量为0.4170~2.0880 g/L;乳酸乙酯含量为0.1115~0.2809 g/L;正丙醇含量为0.5416~0.9729 g/L;异丁醇含量0.3327~0.6371 g/L;异戊醇含量为0.7721~1.1701 g/L。结论 4种样品酒中异戊醇与正丙醇的比值分别为:1.0、1.2、1.1、1.5,异戊醇与异丁醇的比值分别为2.5、1.8、2.2、2.4,可作为川法小曲白酒特有的标志。     

Effect of (−)- and (+)-methyl jasmonate on the bioformation of aroma-active esters in strawberry fruits

The effect of (−)- and (+)-methyl jasmonate on the bioformation of selected volatile esters in strawberry was evaluated. To that end, post-harvest treatments of strawberry fruits with (−)- and (+)-methyl jasmonate vapors were accomplished. The selected esters were ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate and hexyl acetate. The results obtained were compared with those provided by the treatment of strawberries with the commercial racemic mixture, i.e., (−/+)-methyl jasmonate. In addition, untreated samples were analyzed to be used as a control. Although the target esters were differently affected by the three treatments depending on the ester considered, a general trend could be observed. The levels of ethyl 2-methyl butanoate and isoamyl acetate decreased significantly with respect to the control sample with both (−)-methyl jasmonate and (+)-methyl jasmonate treatments. However, the variation in the concentrations of ethyl hexanoate and hexyl acetate depended on whether the (−)- or the (+)-enantiomer of methyl jasmonate was used in the treatment. These results reflect different activity of both methyl jasmonate enantiomers on the enzymes regulating strawberry ester biosynthesis. The application of methyl jasmonate enantiomers is here proposed as a possible mean to minimize strawberry aroma alterations and/or losses during post-harvest and storage.     

Headspace solid‐phase micro extraction coupled to comprehensive two‐dimensional with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry applied to the evaluation of Nebbiolo‐based wine volatile aroma during ageing

This study presents the application of a headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) method on the analysis of Nebbiolo‐based wine volatiles by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS). The aroma patterns were established for different samples of Nebbiolo‐based wines, aged in oak wood barrels for 18 months at constant temperature. The methodology allowed for the simultaneous analysis of over 130 different volatile compounds detected in the headspace. The odour activity values (OAVs) were assessed to identify potentially important odorants of Nebbiolo‐based wine during ageing. The highest OAVs were obtained for several compounds such as ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, β‐damascenone, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl 3‐methylbutanate and acetaldehyde. Ethyl butanoate, octanoic acid, ethyl dihydrocinnamate and γ‐nonalactone were also at concentrations higher than their corresponding threshold. Also vanillin, (E)‐whisky lactone, (Z)‐whisky lactone, guaiacol and 4‐ethyl guaiacol seem to be important odorants after oak wood ageing period.     

Changes in the volatile compounds and chemical and physical properties of Yali pear (Pyrus bertschneideri Reld) during storage

Volatiles from stored Yali pear (Pyrus bertschneideri Reld) were studied using high-resolution gas chromatography and the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The dominant components were ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, α-farnesene, hexanal, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, ethanol and so on. By using GC-olfactometry, it was demonstrated that the volatile compounds from SPME were responsible for the aroma of Yali pear. The levels of sugars, organic acids, and phenolic acids in Yali pear were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Fructose was the dominant sugar, followed by glucose and sucrose. With increasing storage time, sucrose levels decreased, however fructose and glucose levels did not changed remarkably. There was a slight decrease in flesh firmness during storage. The general soluble solids concentration, slightly decreased after 5 months storage. Some aroma volatile components increased during storage, while others decreased, especially the esters. The organic acids and phenolic acids also changed. Yali pear flavor was affected by changes in the levels of volatile compounds, and chemical and physical properties.     

芦笋猕猴桃复合果酒发酵过程中挥发性香气物质的变化

以芦笋副产物为原料,经榨汁与猕猴桃汁混合,发酵制备芦笋猕猴桃复合果酒,并采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用对芦笋猕猴桃复合果酒在发酵前期、中期、后期、后发酵、陈酿期中挥发性香气物质成分进行分析。整个发酵阶段共检测出78种挥发性香气物质,各发酵阶段中含量较高的挥发性香气物质均为酯类和醇类。其中,乙酯含量在总酯所占比例相对较大,分别为54.72%、79.20%、72.92%、76.60%和70.14%。随着发酵的进行,挥发性香气物质种类呈逐渐下降并趋于平稳的趋势,质量浓度呈先上升后下降并趋于平稳的状态。乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、苯乙酸甲酯、辛酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、异戊醇、异丁醇、苯乙醇和2,4-二叔丁基苯酚为整个发酵阶段中共有的挥发性香气物质。采用气味活性值分析法得到13种特征香气物质,己酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯为整个发酵阶段中共有的特征香气物质,其中辛酸乙酯是在各发酵阶段中OAV值最大的化合物。发酵前期的主要特征香气物质为辛酸乙酯、苯乙醛;发酵中期和发酵后期的的主要特征香气物质为辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯;后发酵和陈酿期的主要特征香气物质为辛酸乙酯、2-甲基丁基乙酸酯。该研究分析了芦笋猕猴桃复合果酒的特征风味,为其产业化开发提供理论参考。     

Characterization of Hazelnut Oil Oleogels Prepared with Sunflower and Carnauba Waxes

In this study, hazelnut oil oleogels prepared with sunflower wax and carnauba wax were analyzed and compared with a commercial shortening. Oil binding capacities of sunflower wax oleogels were higher than 99%, while carnauba wax had a maximum value of 97.6% for 10% addition level. At 3% addition level of carnauba wax, no gel developed. The crystal formation time of sunflower wax was shorter. Although the highest (8.5%) solid fat content was observed in the 10% carnauba wax containing oleogel (HC10) sample, it was 30.4% in the commercial shortening sample at 20°C. The peak melting temperature of commercial shortening was 52.3°C, and among all organogels, sunflower wax oleogel at 3% addition level had the closest value (58.4°C). The melting enthalpies of the oleogels ranged from 4.3 to 20.3 J/g, while it was 10.9 J/g for the commercial shortening sample. The firmness and stickiness values in the oleogel samples were lower than that of commercial shortening sample. On the other hand, there was no significant change of firmness and stickiness during storage, indicating good stability (p ≤ 0.001). Especially the sunflower wax oleogels were very homogenous and smooth in structure. The polarized light microscopy pictures revealed needle-like crystals for sunflower wax and aggregate-like crystals for carnauba wax oleogels. The x-ray diffraction measurements of the crystals showed the β´ types of the polymorphic structures. Furthermore, the oleogels were very stable against oxidation during the storage period. Hazelnut oil organogels prepared with sunflower wax can be good source material for shortening or margarine-like products.     

Characterisation of odour‐active compounds in papaya (Carica papaya L.) wine

The volatile compounds of papaya wine were isolated by continuous solvent extraction and analysed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A total of 118 volatile constituents were detected, and ninety‐seven were positively identified. The composition of papaya wine included fifty‐three esters, twenty‐two alcohols, nine acids, seven phenols and derivatives, seven sulphur compounds, five lactones, five terpenes, three ketones, two aldehydes and five miscellaneous compounds. The aroma‐active areas in the gas chromatogram were screened by application of the aroma extract dilution analysis and by odour activity values. Six odorants were considered as odour‐active volatiles: ethyl octanoate, (E)‐β‐damascenone, 3‐methylbutyl acetate, benzyl isohtiocyanate; ethyl hexanoate and ethyl butanoate.     

Methyl jasmonate in conjunction with ethanol treatment increases antioxidant capacity,volatile compounds and postharvest life of strawberry fruit

The antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, volatile compounds, and postharvest quality of strawberry fruit were evaluated after treatment with natural antimicrobial compounds and during storage at 7.5 °C. Strawberries treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) in conjunction with ethanol (MJ-ETOH) showed higher antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and anthocyanins than those treated with ethanol or control (non-treated). MJ-ETOH and ethanol treatments also increased volatile compounds during storage period. However, individual volatile compounds were affected differently. Methyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, butyl acetate, and hexyl acetate increased, while ethyl butanoate, 3-hexenyl acetate, and methyl hexanoate decreased during storage. The postharvest life was longer for those berries treated with MJ-ETOH and MJ than for those treated with ethanol or control fruit. In conclusion, strawberries treated with MJ-ETOH maintained an acceptable overall quality for the longest storage duration and retained higher levels of volatile compounds; also, berries treated with MJ showed the highest antioxidant capacity compared with other treatments during the postharvest period.     

采用GC-O-MS结合香气活力值分析兰陵美酒香气活性组分特征

采用感官为导向的风味化学分析方法对兰陵美酒的香气活性组分特征进行解析。首先采用描述性感官分析技术构建了兰陵美酒香气轮廓图,结果显示兰陵美酒具有花果香、醇香、焦糖和酱香等突出的香气特征。进一步采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HS-SPME)和液液萃取(liquid-liquid extraction,LLE)前处理方法结合气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry,GC-OMS)在兰陵美酒中共解析出酯类、醇类、有机酸类、酚类、醛酮类等50种香气活性化合物。基于香气活性组分的精确定量和香气活力值(odor activity value,OAV)分析发现乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、戊酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、异戊醇、苯乙醇、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、香兰素、γ-壬内酯和4-乙烯基愈创木酚等香气化合物是构成兰陵美酒香气特征的关键香气化合物。     

不同柑橘品种对柑橘果酒香气成分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术对由脐橙、锦橙、椪柑和蜜柑所酿造的柑橘果酒的香气成分进行分析。结果表明,在4种柑橘果酒中共分离鉴定出43种香气化合物,其中包含酯类、醇类、酸类、醛类、酮类、烃类等,主要的香气贡献成分是酯类化合物,相对含量在58%~68%之间。柑橘果酒主体香气成分有乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、3-苯丙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、壬酸乙酯、癸酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、苯甲酸乙酯、异戊醇、苯乙醇、2-乙基己醇、辛酸、月桂酸、2-氨基苯乙酸、苯乙醛、4-苯基丁醛、苯乙烯等,这些成分是决定柑橘果酒酒香和果香的重要组分。而锦橙果酒中这类化合物含量最高,且其感官评分也最高。因此,川南地区宜选锦橙用于柑橘果酒的制作。     

不同银杏果添加量对花露烧酒风味的影响

目的 通过风味分析确定花露烧酒新品中银杏果的最佳添加量。方法 采用固相微萃取-气质联用(solid phase microexteaction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME-GC-MS)和感官评价技术测定比较了不同银杏果添加量的花露烧酒的挥发性风味成分。结果 共鉴定出49种挥发性风味成分,各样品中香气成分的种类和含量有明显差异;经与糯米混合发酵后,银杏果中青草风味成分如壬醛、正己醛等显著下降或未检出;采用主成分分析法得出银杏花露烧酒香气与辛醇、八甲基四硅氧烷、乳酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等风味成分有关。由感官分析可知银杏果添加量为25%的样品C整体感官品质最佳,尤其是香气方面,产生了令人愉悦的正己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等风味成分。结论 添加25%银杏果的花露烧酒的风味较好,为传统特色产品花露烧酒的创新提供了新思路,对银杏花露烧酒的风味控制提供了理论依据。     

Comparative Analysis of Olive Oil Organogels Containing Beeswax and Sunflower Wax with Breakfast Margarine

The purpose of this research was to develop olive oil organogels with sunflower wax (SW) and beeswax (BW) at 3%, 7%, and 10% addition levels and to compare these organogels with breakfast margarine (BM). The organogels and BM sample were stored at 2 different temperatures (4 and 20 °C), and the peroxide values (PVs) and textural properties were monitored for 3 mo. The PVs of all organogels were within legal limits and the gels were structurally stable throughout the storage period. The textural properties of 3% SW and 7% BW organogels were closely similar to BM. The solid fat contents of the organogels were lower than that of the BM. Moreover, the thermal properties of 3% BW gel were more similar to that of the BM. The results of X‐ray diffraction peaks, approximately 3.70 and 4.10 Å, were similar to β′ polymorphic form. In conclusion, both of the organogel types may have value in replacing BMs.     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱法和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析6种香型白酒挥发性风味物质

目的 比较6种香型白酒的挥发性风味物质差异。方法 采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME-GC-MS)对6种不同香型白酒的挥发性成分进行分析, 结合气味活度值(odor activity value, OAV)确定其重要风味物质, 通过多元统计分析筛选差异香气成分。结果 GC-MS和GC-IMS分别在6种香型白酒中检测到56和77种化合物, 其中13种挥发性风味物质为2种技术共同检出; 挥发性成分主要是酯类、醇类和醛类; 不同白酒香气化合物含量差异较大, 如清香型白酒的乙酸乙酯含量显著高于其他白酒, 而己酸乙酯在浓香型白酒中含量最高; 通过偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出异戊醇、乙酸乙酯等18种挥发性风味物质作为区分不同白酒香气的差异化合物。结论 本研究采用两种技术协同分析, 获得6种香型白酒更全面的挥发性风味信息, 明确了6种香型白酒香气成分组成与差异, 为不同香型白酒风味调控奠定了基础。     

利用顶空固相微萃取联动气相色谱-质谱分析对比分析刺果番荔枝和普通番荔枝的挥发性香气成分

目的比较普通番荔枝(Annonasquamosal)与刺果番荔枝(Annonamuricata)挥发性香气成分上的差异。方法本研究利用顶空固态微萃取(headspace-solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME)方法吸附收集样品挥发性香气成分,通过色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)分析,结合NIST 08标准谱库数据,比较普通番荔枝与刺果番荔枝挥发性香气成分组成差异。结果实验中共检出70种挥发性香气物质,其中酯类25种、醇类18种、烯烃类12种、酮类8种、醛类6种,酸类与烷烃类各1种,普通番荔枝占57种,刺果番荔枝占33种。2者拥有20种相同的挥发性香气成分,分别为乙醛、乙醇、丙醇、正丁醛、乙酸乙酯、异丁醇、正丁醇、丁酸甲酯、异戊醇、顺-3-己烯醇、正己醇、2-庚醇、丁二酮、柠檬烯、正辛醇、2-壬酮、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、辛酸甲酯、辛酸乙酯。此外,普通番荔枝特有37种挥发性香气成分,而刺果番荔枝有13种。结论 2种番荔枝共有的挥发性香气成分构成番荔枝属果实的基本香气,成分间含量的差异使得番荔枝之间大体香气相似但亦有轻微差异,各自拥有特有挥发性香气组成则构成它们自身的特征香。     

不同浓度SO2处理对低度番茄酒中挥发性物质的影响

以发酵前添加0×10-6、10×10-6、20×10-6SO2所生产的低度番茄酒为样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术直接进样,分析番茄酒中的挥发性成分,研究添加不同浓度SO2对低度番茄酒中挥发性成分的影响。结果表明番茄酒中主要的挥发性成分为酯类香气物质、挥发酸和醇,主要包括3-甲基-1-丁醇、辛酸、己酸、乙酸-3-甲基丁酯、乙酸乙酯、苯乙醇、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、异丁醇、乙酸-3-己烯酯、1-己醇、乙酸苯乙酯、乙酸酐、丁酸乙酯等。这3份不同浓度SO2发酵处理的酒样分别检测出49、55、54种挥发性成分,各占总峰面积的94.87%、96.18%、97.41%,相对含量存在明显差异。感官评价的结果表明以发酵前添加10×10-6SO2处理的番茄酒香气和口感品质最佳。     

Volatile constituents of feijoa—headspace analysis of intact fruit

The volatile constituents emanating from intact feijoa fruit during storage were concentrated on to Tenax GC using a headspace trapping technique. Analysis by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of 11 components of which myrcene, ethyl hexanoate, trans β-ocimene, 2-heptyl butanoate, cis hex-3-enyl butanoate and cis hex-3-enyl hexanoate are reported for the first time. Measurement of sequential changes in the aroma profile following natural abscission of the fruit suggests that ethyl benzoate may be an important compound in determining optimum ripeness of feijoa. Gas chromatographic sniffing trials on the headspace concentrate led to the conclusion that ethyl butanoate, methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate are important in the aroma of intact feijoa fruit.     

贺兰山东麓马瑟兰干红葡萄酒香气成分的分析

利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS),初探宁夏贺兰山东麓的马瑟兰葡萄酿制的干红葡萄酒的香气物质组成及含量,并与同一种植地的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的香气成分进行对比。结果表明,马瑟兰干红葡萄酒中共检出香气成分42种,其中辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、4-甲氧基-4-甲基-2-戊醇、2,4-二甲基-3-戊醇、芳樟醇、香叶醇、乙酸异戊酯、2-丙基-1-庚醇、癸酸乙酯、2-甲基-2-硝基-1-丙醇相对含量较高。赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中共检出香气成分30种,其中辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、2-丙基-1-庚醇、乙酸异戊酯、3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷、己酸己丁酯、十六烷、2,2-二甲基丁烷相对含量较高。     

刺梨与无籽刺梨果实中药化学成分及抗氧化物质的比较分析

为全面剖析无籽刺梨中挥发性成分的组成及其呈香贡献,采用顶空固相微萃取（Head-Space Solid Phase Microextraction,HS-SPME）和液液萃取联合溶剂辅助风味蒸发（Liquid-Liquid Extraction-Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation,LLE-SAFE）,并结合气相质谱联用（Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS）分析无籽刺梨（Rosa sterilis）的挥发性成分,使用香气活性值（Odor Active Value,OAV）分析香气的贡献。结果表明,两种方法共鉴定出115种挥发性成分,HS-SPME检测到59种,LLE-SAFE检测到75种,其中,酯类为25种、醇类27种、醛类11种、酮类14种、酸类18种、萜烯类14种和其他类6种。两种提取方法对挥发性成分的提取效率有较大差异,HS-SPME对酯类（32.23%）和醛类（30.44%）的提取效率较高,LLE-SAFE对酸类（57.35%）和醇类（34.49%）的提取效率较高。香气活性值（OAV）分析表明,有30种挥发性成分对无籽刺梨的香气贡献较强,包括异戊醇、2-己烯醛、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己醛和己酸等。本研究能够为揭示无籽刺梨香气轮廓其香气化学本质提供理论支持。