Lutein: a valuable ingredient of fruit and vegetables

Lutein is a human serum carotenoid which is not synthesized by humans and thus must be obtained by the ingestion of food containing it such as fruits and vegetables. Lutein is present in different forms in those foods as all-trans-lutein, cis-lutein, epoxi-lutein, and lutein linked to proteins. It discusses if the intake of lutein or diets supplemented with lutein or diets rich in fruits and vegetables are important in the prevention of diseases like some cancers, cardiovascular diseases, etc., that may be affected by the antioxidant effect of lutein; or in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases. The concentration of lutein in fruits and vegetables depends on the species. We've included the concentration of lutein in 74 species reported by different authors since 1990. Currently the quantification of lutein is mainly performed by HPLC, but more investigations into a quantification method for lutein, lutein isomers, and epoxi-lutein are necessary. Improvement of lutein extraction methods is important as well. Methods commonly used in the vegetable and fruit industry like heat treatment, storage conditions, etc. can change lutein concentrations; other factors depend on the plant, for instance the variety, the stage of maturity, etc.     

正交试验优化超声波辅助提取果蔬中赤霉素GA3残留量的测定条件

采用正交试验优化超声波辅助提取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱法,建立一种简便、快速、高效地提取果蔬中赤霉素(gibberellic acid,GA3)的方法。结果表明:正交试验得到的最佳条件为超声时间45 min、超声功率128 W、料液比1∶4.5(g/mL)、甲醇浓度85%,在此条件下测得赤霉素GA3提取量为285.19 mg/kg。该方法用于10种市售果蔬中赤霉素残留量的测定,加标回收率为79.36%~97.05%,相对标准偏差为2.63%~9.99%。检测结果符合农药残留分析要求,适用于多种果蔬中赤霉素残留量的检测。     

蔬菜水果中菊酯类农药残留快速检测的方法研究

为研究一种蔬菜水果中菊酯类农药残留快速检测方法,通过选购市场上常见的胶体金免疫层析产品及菊酯类农药,对蔬菜水果中菊酯农残的快速检测进行前处理步骤的优化,并考察每种胶体金免疫层析产品在果蔬基质样品检测中的灵敏度、特异性、假阳性率、假阴性率和准确度,以实现胶体金免疫层析产品的整体性评价。结果表明,直接稀释法检测大白菜、韭菜和柑橘时,检测限较高,无法满足检测要求;直接提取法适用于大白菜、韭菜和柑橘的快速检测,检测限为2 mg/kg。方法学验证结果表明：以大白菜、韭菜和柑橘作为空白基质的检测限为2 mg/kg,灵敏度均为100%,特异性为100%,假阳性率为0,假阴性率为0。该方法快速准确、灵敏度高,可适用于蔬菜水果中菊酯类农药残留的快速检测。     

顶空气相色谱法快速测定水果中二溴乙烷残留量的研究

建立了顶空气相色谱快速测定二溴乙烷在水果中残留量的分析方法。对顶空进样条件进行了优化,顶空温度70℃、恒温加热时间55min时为最优。该方法检测限为2μg/kg,回收率在79.73%～94.55%之间,变异系数在5.35%～11.15%之间。与其他测定方法相比具有操作简单,分析快速,结果准确等优点。该方法可以满足水果中二溴乙烷残留测定的要求。     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定浒苔中的叶黄素

建立反相高效液相色谱- 电喷雾电离质谱法(RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS)定性、定量测定绿潮藻浒苔中叶黄素的新方法。浒苔样品经超声辅助提取后,采用RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS 联用技术对其进行分离鉴定,HPLC 采用Eclipse XDB-C18(150mm × 4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,以含0.2% 乙酸的甲醇溶液- 水为流动相,线性梯度洗脱,检测波长450nm。在选定的最佳仪器条件下,叶黄素与浒苔中的其他化合物分离良好,叶黄素在0.10～20.0mg/L 质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2=0.9994),能对浒苔提取液中的叶黄素进行准确定量;采用电喷雾质谱联用分析能快速获得叶黄素的分子量信息,可为浒苔中叶黄素的快速鉴别提供依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中叶黄素含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中叶黄素含量的分析方法。方法使用60℃水溶解后用0.1%丁基羟基甲苯(butylatedhydroxytoluene,BHT)乙醇溶液作为提取液,甲醇+水(95:5,V:V)作为流动相,用C18柱在445 nm检测波长下等度分离。采用高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中叶黄素的含量。结果叶黄素在0.2597～2.597μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9990),精密度相对标准偏差低于5%,重复性相对标准偏差为2.9%,回收率为96.57%～98.67%。结论本检测方法操作简便、灵敏度好、准确性高,适用于保健食品中叶黄素的测定。     

A simple,sensitive HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of carotenoids,chlorophylls and α-tocopherol in leafy vegetables

Leafy vegetables are the important components of our diet and are the source of several beneficial phytochemicals. A sensitive, simple analytical method is therefore required to precisely measure the phytochemical composition. A validated reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was developed to determine simultaneously carotenoids, chlorophylls and α-tocopherol composition of six leafy vegetables (B. compestris, B. rapa, B. juncea, M. neglecta, and two spinach varieties). Carotenoids were extracted and efficiently separated using a tertiary mobile gradient system of methanol–water, water and MTBE in 40 min on a reversed phase C18 column. The method was simple, precise, accurate and highly reproducible. Twelve carotenoids namely lutein and its three isomers, β-carotene-5,6-epoxide, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, two cis-isomers of zeaxanthin, 8-apo-carotenal, all-trans-β-carotene and its 13-cis-isomer; one fatty acid ester (β-cryptoxanthin ester); α-tocopherol and chlorophyll a & b were quantified in vegetable leaves. α-Tocopherol, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, 8-apo-carotenal, chlorophyll a and all-trans-β-carotene were present in higher amounts. Significant variations in the major compounds were observed in the selected vegetables. It was concluded that the developed method was highly sensitive, accurate and can be used to analyze carotenoids, chlorophylls and α-tocopherol simultaneously in leafy vegetables as well as in other plant leaves.     

加工和贮藏对果蔬营养成分变化及抗氧化活性影响的研究进展

水果和蔬菜是维生素、非维生素植物化学物质和抗氧化活性的重要来源,因此膳食指南推荐人们摄入足够多的水果和蔬菜,但是这里并没有区分是新鲜果蔬还是加工过的果蔬。然而,人们消费的大部分果蔬都是加工过的,与同样的新鲜果蔬相比,它们的营养物质、功能性成分和抗氧化活性或许不同。讨论了不同罐装、烹调、常温和低温贮藏以及冻藏等贮藏和加工方式对果蔬中维生素、非维生素植物化学物质和抗氧化活性的影响。大量研究表明,加工和贮藏造成了大多数种类果蔬植物化学物质和抗氧化活性的损失。这些信息将有助于指导人们使用贮藏和加工过的水果和蔬菜。     

Provitamin‐A and xanthophyll carotenoids in vegetables and food grains of nutritional and medicinal importance

This study reports carotenoid composition of vegetables (n = 56), cereals (n = 12), pulses and legumes (n = 12), analysed by HPLC. It was hypothesised that food grains, like vegetables may be good sources of carotenoids. Amongst vegetables, higher level (mg/100 g dry weight) of lutein (210–419) was detected in green/red/capsicum and yellow zucchini, whilst zeaxanthin was dominant in kenaf (4.59). β‐Carotene (mg/100 g dry weight) was higher in green capsicum and kenaf (48,159) whilst carrot, ivy gourd and green capsicum contain α‐carotene (22–110). Amongst food grains, chickpea, split red gram and flaxseed contain higher levels (μg/100 g dry weight) of lutein (185–200) whilst zeaxanthin level was highest in puffed chickpea (1.8). Red unpolished parboiled rice was richest (μg/100 g dry weight) in β‐carotene (67.6) whilst whole black gram contained higher levels of α‐carotene (52.7). Thus, results indicate that chickpea and red unpolished parboiled rice are good sources of carotenoids. These carotenoid‐rich vegetables and grains may be exploited to meet the lutein and β‐carotene requirement.     

蔬菜水果中腐霉利快速检测方法的优化

通过选购市场上常见的腐霉利胶体金免疫层析产品,优化主流腐霉利快检产品的前处理步骤,确定检测方法的性能指标,考察每种胶体金快检产品在果蔬基质样品检测中的灵敏度、特异性、假阳性率、假阴性率和交叉反应,建立一种蔬菜水果中腐霉利的胶体金免疫层析快速检测方法。结果表明,最优提取条件为提取液为Tris-盐酸-10%甲醇缓冲液,提取液pH值为9.0,提取液采用过滤的处理方式,该方法检出限为0.2 mg/kg,灵敏度为100%、特异性为100%、假阳性率为0、假阴性率为0,与10种农药无交叉反应,该方法与参比方法的阳性确证比率在95%的置信区间内无显著性差异,真实阳性样本两种方法检测结果均为阳性。该方法灵敏、快速、准确,可用于蔬菜水果中腐霉利残留的现场快速检测。     

Carotenoids in traditional Portuguese fruits and vegetables

Carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin, were determined in 10 varieties of five fruit species (orange, pear, peach, apple and cherry) and five varieties of four species of vegetables (Portuguese coles, turnip greens, purslane, leaf beet and beetroot leaves) cultivated in Portugal and country traditional, the fruits being of protected designation of origin or of protected geographical indication. The determination was done by high performance liquid chromatography, using two metal free reverse phase columns, an organic mobile phase based on acetonitrile, methanol and dichloromethane and a UV–vis photodiode array detector. Identification was done by retention time and spectral analysis and quantification was based on peak area at 450 nm by external calibration. The analysed leafy vegetables are a very good source of lutein (0.52–7.2 mg/100 g) and β-carotene (0.46–6.4 mg/100 g) while the analysed fruits have a considerably lower content of carotenoids (lutein, 0.0032–0.16 mg/100 g and β-carotene, 0.010–0.17 mg/100 g) and a complex and variable qualitative and quantitative carotenoid composition. Most estimated relative measurement expanded uncertainties were between 0.10 and 0.31. Results indicate that the carotenoid content of the analysed items could vary with species, varieties, geographical place of production (region, site) and time of harvest, and should be addressed in the eventual production of data for food composition data bases.     

高效液相色谱法测定红小丑鱼中虾青素和叶黄素含量

为建立检测红小丑鱼皮肤和鳍组织中虾青素、叶黄素含量的高效液相色谱分析方法。样品经丙酮提取,甲基叔丁基醚萃取,纯水分离杂质,LC-NH₂净化,C₁₈色谱柱分离,流动相为甲醇:水(98:2,v/v),紫外检测波长475 nm,外标法定量。虾青素和叶黄素标准品0.02~1 μg/mL线性关系良好,虾青素相关系数为0.998,叶黄素相关系数为0.999,加标回收率分别为79.92%~90.32%和78.51%~97.60%,相对标准偏差分别为6.35%~7.07%和10.79%~13.41%。该方法前处理简单,能同时测定红小丑鱼组织中虾青素和叶黄素含量。     

A Biological Role of Lutein

Lutein, a non-provitamin A carotenoid, is found in dark green, leafy vegetables. Lutein, being fat soluble, follows the same intestinal absorption path as dietary fat and is affected by the same factors that influence fat absorption. Unlike β-carotene, another major carotenoid in diet and tissue, the bioavailability of lutein appears to be less influenced by food processing. Lutein has been strongly implicated as being protective against eye diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts. In the eye, lutein may act as a blue light filter to protect the underlying tissues from phototoxic damage. The mechanism by which lutein is involved in the prevention of eye diseases may also involve its role as an antioxidant. Dietary surveys indicate that average intakes of lutein in the United States may be below levels that are associated with disease prevention. Therefore, increased intakes of food sources rich in lutein may be warranted.     

五彩果蔬水晶素香肠的研究

研发了一种果蔬风味的素香肠,以玉米、胡萝卜、青豆、椰果、红椒5种果蔬组成的复合果蔬颗粒为主要原料,以卡拉胶、魔芋胶、黄原胶组成的复配胶体为载体,开发具有果蔬风味的五彩水晶素香肠.首先通过正交试验对复配胶体配方进行优化,确定复配胶体中卡拉胶:魔芋胶:黄原胶的复配比例;然后通过单因素试验和正交试验对五彩果蔬水晶素香肠的制作...     

饮料、酱菜中苯甲酸含量的高效毛细管电泳检测方法

本文采用高效毛细管电泳（HPCE）检测了饮料、酱菜中苯甲酸的含量，优化了HPCE测定食品防腐剂的试验条件。试验表明：HPCE检测的预处理简单、检测经费低、无有机溶剂的毒害和环境污染，且有检测迅速快捷、检测精度高等优点。结果表明：市售的酱菜苯甲酸含量大多数是超标的。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定发酵前后果蔬中4 种水溶性维生素

建立高效液相色谱-串联紫外-荧光检测器同时测定发酵前后果蔬中4 种水溶性B族维生素（硫胺素（VB1）、核黄素（VB2）、烟酸（VB3）和吡哆醇（VB6））的分析新方法。在已优化的实验条件下,4 种待测物的分离效果较好,仪器检出限在0.23～54 μg/L之间,线性相关系数在0.998 2～0.999 9之间,线性关系良好。枸杞果浆在3 个添加水平的平均回收率在86.99%～110.23%之间,相对标准偏差在1.25%～6.88%之间。该方法简便、快捷、准确、选择性好,可用于发酵前后果浆中4 种水溶性维生素的同时测定。     

Increased fruit and vegetable consumption within the EU: potential health benefits

In this EU (DG XII) funded project, a Core human study was conducted in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Spain, France and The Netherlands. Oxidative and antioxidant status, vegetable and fruit consumption, and carotenoid intake of volunteers from different countries was compared. Response to increased carotenoid intake was determined using a range of measurements. Attention was paid to whether the antioxidant capability of β-carotene, lutein and lycopene demonstrated in vitro, was apparent in relation to increased oxidation resistance of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL). Other (Complementary) studies were undertaken and included determination of: protective effects of carotenoid-rich foods against LDL and DNA oxidative damage; carotenoid absorbability; barriers to increased vegetable consumption; and carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables frequently consumed in Europe. Our results demonstrated that carotenoid supplementation did not increase LDL oxidation resistance. However, increased consumption of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables did increase LDL oxidation resistance, and higher plasma concentration of total and specific carotenoids (pre-supplementation) was associated with lower DNA damage and higher repair activity.     

婴幼儿配方食品中叶黄素的提取及测定

比较婴幼儿配方食品中叶黄素的3种提取方法：氢氧化钾皂化法、丙酮提取法和正己烷提取法,从中得出最佳提取方法为正己烷萃取法。选用色谱柱YMC Carotenoid(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)以甲醇、甲基叔丁基醚为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1mL/min,于445nm波长处测定婴幼儿配方食品中叶黄素的含量。该方法操作简便,提取效率高(平均回收率为95.4%),重现性好(RSD为0.93%),检出限为2μg/100g,可以准确的测定婴幼儿配方食品中叶黄素的含量。     

成都市售果蔬中农药残留水平分析及慢性膳食风险评估

了解成都市果蔬中农药残留污染现状及其对成都市居民的膳食风险水平.采集成都市果蔬大型农贸市场和超市的9类果蔬共203份样品,采用改良的GB 23200.113-2018 QuEChERS前处理方法,结合气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱对48种农药进行检测,分析成都市果蔬中农药残留现状,并结合大城市居民的果蔬消费情况和食品安全...     

Dietary lutein modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene and protein expression in mouse macrophage cells (RAW 264.7)

Lutein is an oxycarotenoid primarily found in dark-green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale. Other dietary sources which contain moderate amounts of lutein include corn, egg yolks, and fruits like oranges and kiwi. Although a number of in vivo studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of lutein, its in vitro anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism of action is unknown. In this study, we have investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of lutein using LPS-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). The inhibition of LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) was measured and the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was assessed at the mRNA and protein levels in mouse macrophage cells after treatment with lutein. Lutein decreased the LPS-induced NO production by 50% compared to LPS alone. Real-time PCR analysis showed a 1.9-fold reduction in iNOS expression at the mRNA level. Western blotting revealed that lutein decreased LPS-induced iNOS expression at the protein level by 72.5%. The results of this study suggest the anti-inflammatory properties of lutein demonstrated by the decrease in the expression of iNOS at the mRNA and protein levels in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells.