Spray‐Dried Structured Lipid Containing Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Use in Infant Formulas

Human milk fat (HMF) analogs are structured lipids (SLs) modified to have palmitic acid content at the sn‐2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid composition comparable to HMF. Some of these SLs are also designed to incorporate long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) because of their important role in infant development. In this study, Maillard reaction products (MRPs), obtained from heated whey protein isolates and corn syrup solids (CSS) solution, were used as encapsulants for microencapsulation of 2 enzymatically synthesized SLs for infant formula applications. The encapsulated SL powders were obtained through spray‐drying and evaluated in terms of their microencapsulation efficiency, chemical and physical properties, oxidative stability, and dispersibility. The microencapsulation efficiency of the SLs was 90%. Dispersibility test using particle size measurement demonstrated that these powders dispersed quickly into a homogeneous suspension. The encapsulated SL powders had low peroxide and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances values. Lower oxidative stability was obtained in the powder containing SL with a higher degree of unsaturation and a lower concentration of tocopherols. The results demonstrated that the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and concentration of endogenous antioxidant in starting oils influenced the oxidative stability of the encapsulated SLs.     

近红外光谱法快速检测婴儿配方奶粉中的脂肪酸含量

采用傅里叶近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)法建立了测定婴儿配方奶粉中的总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量的近红外数学模型,并通过交互验证和外部检验两种方式考察了近红外数学模型的可靠性。通过选择不同的波长范围,采用平滑、矢量归一化、一阶求导、二阶求导和散射校正对近红外光谱进行处理,总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的校正模型相关系数(R2)分别为0.9337、0.9374、0.9020,RPD分别为3.63、3.65、2.90。结果表明近红外数学模型具有良好的预测性能。采用建立的模型对验证集中的20个婴儿配方奶粉样品进行预测,总脂肪酸含量、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的预测值与化学测定值之间经配对t检验分析,与常规化学方法得到的检验结果无显著差异。     

Effects of Trans and Conjugated LC N‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Composition and Abdominal Fat Weight in Rats

ABSTRACT: Trans and conjugated fatty acids may exhibit either beneficial or detrimental bioactive effects depending on their metabolic properties. This study was conducted to elucidate if isomerization and conjugation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) demonstrate more favorable bioactivity on lipid metabolism compared to unmodified EPA and DHA. The effects of dietary intake of trans and conjugated forms of EPA and DHA on lipid metabolism were evaluated in animal trials and compared to a control group fed soybean oil. None of the experimental diets showed significant differences from the control in terms of body weight; however, the white adipose tissue weight of rodents fed trans DHA, conjugated EPA (CEPA), and conjugated DHA (CDHA) was significantly lower than the control. Triacylglycerol levels in plasma were significantly decreased in groups fed trans DHA (17.2 mg/dL) and CDHA (31.9 mg/dL) relative to the control (51.3 mg/dL). The total cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower than the control (68.0 mg/dL) in all experimental groups (47.3 to 53.7 mg/dL) except CEPA (58.3 mg/dL). Fatty acid compositions of lipids extracted from rodent livers were influenced by the dietary fatty acid profiles, with all groups showing higher concentrations of stearic acid and lower levels of linoleic acid compared to the control. Rodents fed trans DHA did not have detectable levels of these fatty acid isomers in their livers, suggesting either quick metabolism or a difficulty with bio‐absorption.     

Composition and Oxidative Stability of a Structured Lipid from Amaranth Oil in a Milk-Based Infant Formula

ABSTRACT: Amaranth oil can be enzymatically modified to match breast milk fat analog requirements. We have developed a structured lipid (SL) from amaranth oil that, in combination with milk fat, delivers recommended amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with palmitic acid specifically esterified at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone. The aim of this study was to study the final fatty acid (FA) contribution and oxidation stability of an infant formula prepared using the structured lipid DCAO (DHA-containing customized amaranth oil). DCAO was included as complementary fat in a “prototype” infant formula, and prepared in parallel with a “control” infant formula under the same processing conditions. The same ingredients but different complementary fat sources were used. A blend of the most commonly used vegetable oils (palm olein, soybean, coconut, and high-oleic sunflower oils) for infant formula was used instead of DCAO in the “control” formula. Additionally, “prototype” and “control” infant formulas were compared to a “commercial” product in terms of FA composition. The oxidative stability index (OSI) of the extracted fats from “prototype,”“control,” and “commercial” infant formulas were evaluated and compared to the OSI of the substrate fat replacers used. DCAO was the least stable compared to other fat analogs. The use of commercial antioxidants in DCAO containing products should prevent oxidation and therefore increase their stability.     

婴幼儿配方奶粉中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的检测方法优化与污染暴露

目的：采用气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用技术,建立同时测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPDE）、2-氯-l,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯（2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol ester,2-MCPDE）、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇脂肪酸酯（1,3-dichloropropane-2-ol ester,1,3-DCPE）和2,3-二氯-1-丙醇脂肪酸酯（2,3-dichloropropane-1-ol ester,2,3-DCPE）含量的分析方法,并对市售50 份婴幼儿配方奶粉中4 种氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的污染水平进行调查分析和风险暴露评估。方法：婴幼儿配方奶粉经脂肪提取后,依次通过碱水解、硅藻土固相萃取小柱净化、七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生上机,同位素内标法定量。结果：该方法在20～600 ng/mL范围内线性良好（r2≥0.998 9）,检出限为0.005 mg/kg,定量限为0.015 mg/kg,检出限和定量限均以相应的氯丙醇计。0.03、0.075 mg/kg和0.15 mg/kg水平下的加标回收率在82.2%～113.9%之间,相对标准偏差均不大于8.3%。50 份奶粉样品中,3-MCPDE检出率为100.0%,含量为0.037～0.208 mg/kg,2-MCPDE检出率为42.0%,含量为ND～0.060 mg/kg,1,3-DCPE和2,3-DCPE均未检出。统计不同月龄婴幼儿氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的平均暴露量,0～6 月龄为3.86 μg/kg、6～12 月龄为2.00 μg/kg、12～36 月龄为1.07 μg/kg。结论：该方法操作简便、准确可靠,适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中4 种氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的同时测定。婴幼儿摄入氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的健康风险需引起关注。     

GC-MS法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中DHA和亚油酸含量

建立一种气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和亚油酸含量的方法。乙酰氯-甲醇将样品中DHA和亚油酸甲酯化,用甲苯提取,经GC-MS法测定及确证,外标法定量。结果表明,添加回收率范围为96%～110%,精密度高。该方法简便,测定结果准确可靠,完全适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中DHA和亚油酸的分析检测。     

Hypolipidemic Activity of Peony Seed Oil Rich in α‐Linolenic,is Mediated Through Inhibition of Lipogenesis and Upregulation of Fatty Acid β‐Oxidation

Peony seed oil (PSO) is a new resource food rich in α‐Linolenic Acid(ALA) (38.66%). The objective of this study was to assess the modulatory effect of PSO on lipid metabolism. Lard oil, safflower oil (SFO), and PSO were fed to wistar rats with 1% cholesterol in the diet for 60 d. Serum and liver lipids showed significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels in PSO fed rats compared to lard oil and SFO fed rats. ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), contents were significantly increased, whereas linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA) levels decreased in serum and liver of PSO fed rats. Feeding PSO increased ALA level and decreased n‐6 to n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio. The hypolipidemic result of PSO indicated that PSO participated in the regulation of plasma lipid concentration and cholesterol metabolism in liver. The decreased expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins 1C (SREBP‐1c), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS)‐reduced lipid synthesis; Activation of peroxisome proliferator–activator receptor (PPARα) accompanied by increase of uncoupling protein2 (UP2) and acyl‐CoA oxidase (AOX) stimulated lipid metabolism and exerted an antiobesity effect via increasing energy expenditure for prevention of obesity.     

Concentration of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cholesterol‐reduced cod‐liver oil by lipases

This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of different lipases originated from Candida rugosa (CR), porcine pancreas (PP) and Aspergillus niger (AN) on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) in cholesterol‐reduced cod‐liver oil (87.5%) and evaluate the changes in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the oil hydrolysed by the lipases. The lipase‐catalysed hydrolysis of cholesterol‐reduced cod‐liver oil was performed at 37 °C for 8 h. Among all the lipase samples studied, DH in the oil after lipase‐catalysed hydrolysis followed the decreasing order: CR lipase (70.01%) > PP lipase (26.18%) > AN lipase (18.57%). Triacylglycerol levels in the oil hydrolysed by all the lipases studied decreased, while mono‐ and diacylglycerol levels increased during lipase‐catalysed hydrolysis. The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in cholesterol‐reduced cod‐liver oil hydrolysed by the CR lipase were remarkably higher than those by the PP or AN lipase. Thus, it is suggested in this study that the CR lipase appears to be most suitable for producing and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids including EPA and DHA concentrates from cholesterol‐reduced cod‐liver oil.     

The New Paradigm for Lipid Oxidation and Insights to Microencapsulation of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids

The consumption of omega‐3 fatty acids provides a wide range of health benefits. However, the incorporation of these fatty acids in foods is limited because of their high oxidative instability. A new paradigm has emerged to better explain the oxidation mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which will be discussed here with reference to bulk lipids considered a special case of water in oil microemulsion. This paradigm suggests that lipid oxidation reactions are initiated by heterogeneous catalysis by metal oxides followed by the formation of micelles containing initial hydroperoxides, water, and other amphiphilic compounds. The induction period comes to the end when the formed micelles reach a critical micelle concentration and start to decompose opening the way to intense free radical reactions. Antioxidants and synergists extend the induction period not only by scavenging free radicals but also by stabilizing the micelles. With better understanding of the lipid oxidation mechanism, a tailored choice of antioxidants and synergistic combinations, and efficient encapsulation methods may be optimized to provide stable encapsulates containing highly n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Smart processing and encapsulation technologies utilizing properly stabilized oils as well as optimized packaging parameters aiming to enhance n‐3 fatty acid stability by smart selection/design of antioxidants, control of the interfacial physics and chemistry, and elimination of surface oil are needed for this purpose.     

Production of trans‐Free Margarine with Stearidonic Acid Soybean and High‐Stearate Soybean Oils‐Based Structured Lipid

Abstract: Omega‐3 fatty acids (n‐3 FAs) have been positively associated with prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Intake of high amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is correlated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, inflammation, and cancer. Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized using stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil and high‐stearate soybean oil catalyzed by Lipozyme^® TLIM lipase. The SL was compared to extracted fat (EF) from a commercial brand for FA profile, sn‐2 positional FAs, triacylglycerol (TAG) profile, polymorphism, thermal behavior, oxidative stability, and solid fat content (SFC). Both SL and EF had similar saturated FA (about 31 mol%) and unsaturated FA (about 68 mol%), but SL had a much lower n‐6/n‐3 ratio (1.1) than EF (5.8). SL had 10.5 mol% SDA. After short‐path distillation, a loss of 53.9% was observed in the total tocopherol content of SL. The tocopherols were lost as free tocopherols. SL and EF had similar melting profile, β’ polymorph, and oxidative stability. Margarine was formulated using SL (SLM) and EF (RCM, reformulated commercial margarine). No sensory difference was observed between the 2 margarines. The SL synthesized in this study contained no TFA and possessed desirable polymorphism, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL was trans‐free and SDA‐enriched. Practical Application: The current research increases the food applications of stearidonic acid (SDA) soybean oil. trans‐Free SDA containing SL was synthesized with desirable polymorph, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL had no trans fat and had a low n‐6/n‐3 ratio. This may help in reducing trans fat intake in our diet while increasing n‐3 FA intake.     

Effect of Dietary Partial Hydrolysate of Phospholipids,Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid‐Bound Lysophospholipids,on Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition in Rat Serum and Liver

Lysophospholipids have been recognized as potent biologically active lipid mediators. However, attention has not been paid to the health benefits of dietary partial hydrolysate of phospholipids (PH‐PL), which is rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐bound lysophospholipids. In this study, the effects of PH‐PL on serum and liver lipid profiles of rats upon administration of PH‐PL are demonstrated in comparison to those of fish oil (FO), which comprises eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA‐bound triglyceride (TG). PH‐PL containing EPA and DHA was prepared via enzymatic modification of squid (Todarodes pacificus) meal that is rich in phospholipids. Male Wistar rats were fed a basal diet containing soybean oil alone (7%), FO, and PH‐PL. The FO and PH‐PL diets had similar EPA and DHA contents. After the rats had been fed their respective diets for 28 d, their serum and liver lipid contents, fecal lipid excretion, and hepatic gene expression level were measured. The results demonstrated that compared with the soybean oil diet alone, the PH‐PL diet decreased serum and liver TG contents partially because of the enhancement of liver acyl‐CoA oxidase activity and suppression of liver fatty acid synthase activity. In addition, compared with the soybean oil diet, the PH‐PL group exhibited lower serum cholesterol content at least in part because of the reduction of hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase mRNA expression level. We found that dietary administration of EPA and DHA containing PH‐PL has a hypolipidemic effect that may help prevent the development lifestyle‐related diseases.     

Alterations of the Profiles of Iso‐α‐Acids During Beer Ageing,Marked Instability of Trans‐Iso‐α‐Acids and Implications for Beer Bitterness Consistency in Relation to Tetrahydroiso‐α‐Acids

Age‐induced decomposition of iso‐α‐acids, the main bittering principles of beer, determines the consistency of the beer bitter taste. In this study, the profiles of iso‐α‐acids in selected high‐quality top‐fermented and lager beers were monitored by quantitative high‐performance liquid chromatography at various time intervals during ageing. The degradation of the iso‐α‐acids as a function of time is represented by the ratio, in percentage, of the sum of the concentrations of trans‐isocohumulone and trans‐isohumulone to the sum of the concentrations of cis‐isocohumulone and cis‐isohumulone. This parameter is relevant with respect to the evaluation of bitterness deterioration in aged beers. Trans‐iso‐α‐acids having a shelf half‐life of less than one year proved to be significantly less stable than cis‐iso‐α‐acids, but it appears feasible to counteract degradation if a suitable beer matrix is available. The fate of the trans‐iso‐α‐acids in particular adversely affects beer bitterness consistency. In addition to using hop products containing low amounts of trans‐iso‐α‐acids, brewers may profit of the remarkable stability of tetrahydroiso‐α‐acids, even on prolonged storage, for the production of consistently bitter beers.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿奶粉中多不饱和脂肪酸的方法研究

为建立同时测定奶粉中DHA、EPA、AA、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸含量的气相色谱-质谱联用方法,对样品前处理方法、色谱条件进行优化,最终选定HP-88型脂肪酸专用色谱柱分离目标脂肪酸,使用加速溶剂萃取装置萃取奶粉中的多不饱和脂肪酸,以二十三烷酸作为内标物.试验结果表明,DHA、EPA、AA、α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸、亚油酸和二十三烷酸的分离效果非常好,6种被测物质的回收率均在90%～110%之间,变异系数均小于2%.     

α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Fatty Acids Purified from the Internal Organ of Sea Cucumber Stichopus japonicas

α‐Glucosidase inhibitory activities of the various solvent fractions (n‐hexane, CHCl₃, EtOAc, BuOH, and water) of sea cucumber internal organ were investigated. 1,3‐Dipalmitolein (1) and cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid (2) with potent α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity were purified from the n‐hexane fraction of sea cucumber internal organ. IC₅₀ values of compounds 1 and 2 were 4.45 and 14.87 μM against Saccharomyces cerevisiae α‐glucosidase. These compounds mildly inhibited rat‐intestinal α‐glucosidase. In addition, both compounds showed a mixed competitive inhibition against S. cerevisiae α‐glucosidase and were very stable at pH 2 up to 60 min. The K_I values of compounds 1 and 2 were 0.48 and 1.24 μM, respectively. Therefore, the internal organ of sea cucumber might be a potential new source of α‐glucosidase inhibitors suitably used for prevention of obesity and diabetes mellitus.     

基于微滴数字PCR技术的婴幼儿配方乳粉中双歧杆菌定量检测及应用

应用微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应（droplet digital polymerase chain reaction,ddPCR）技术,建立婴幼儿配方乳粉中双歧杆菌定量检测方法。以双歧杆菌的单拷贝特异性基因rpsL为目标基因设计引物探针,对ddPCR条件进行优化,考察方法的特异性、灵敏度和重复性,并与平板计数方法进行对照验证。结果表明,建立的方法具有良好的特异性、灵敏性和重复性。细菌纯培养液的检出限为296 CFU/mL,模拟样品检出限为7 300 CFU/g,不与10 种近缘乳酸菌发生交叉反应,且重复性较好,采用已建立的ddPCR方法和平板计数方法对市售婴幼儿配方乳粉样品进行检测,2 种方法测定值结果偏差小于10%,结果一致性较好。本研究建立的ddPCR方法对婴幼儿配方乳粉中的双歧杆菌定量检测能够更快速、灵敏、准确,具有一定的应用前景。