Characterisation of volatile compounds in Maotai flavour liquor during fermentation and distillation

Volatile constituents in raw liquor and zaopei during fermentation and distillation were investigated by gas chromatography. Zaopei (steamed grains mixed with Daqu [FG1], stacking fermented grains [FG2], anaerobic fermented grains [FG3] and steamed grains [FG4]) presented changes in physicochemical properties. In all, 72 volatile compounds were identified in zaopei and raw liquor with similarity across 12 zaopei preparations. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis differentiated FG3 from other samples based on content of aroma compounds. FG3 had the highest level of aroma compounds, which increased from the fourth to sixth batches, and was characterised by the presence of 1, 2‐propanediol, acetic acid and linoleic acid, while the others were portrayed by phenylpropionate, ethyl laurate and 4‐ethyl guaiacol. The volatile compounds of raw liquor were dominated by ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate. Correlation analysis illustrated a lack of correlation of volatile compound content between the raw liquors and the zaopei distillation variants. © 2019 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Chemical and volatile composition of lychee wines fermented with four commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains

This study evaluated the chemical and volatile composition of lychee wines fermented with four commercial yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: EC‐1118, R2, 71B and MERIT.ferm. Yeast cell population, pH, malic acid, ammonia and some amino acids had significant differences between strain 71B and other strains. There were strain variations with regard to degradation and retention of some juice volatiles as well as formation of new volatile compounds such as most esters and certain terpene compounds. Ethyl octanoate had the highest odour activity value (OAV of 500–1100), followed by ethyl hexanoate (about 50–85), among the common odorants in all lychee wines. Ethyl octanoate reached its highest OAV (1077) in the lychee wine fermented with strain EC1118, whereas ethyl hexanoate had the highest OAV (85) in the wine fermented with strain MERIT.ferm. Cis‐rose oxide, the character‐impact volatile in lychee juice with highest OAV (161), was dramatically reduced to trace levels after fermentation.     

Evolution of aroma compounds of murtilla fruits (Ugni molinae Turcz) during storage

BACKGROUND: ‘Murtilla’, ‘mutilla’ or ‘murta’ (Ugni molinae Turcz) is a native Chilean species that produces a small berry fruit with a special aroma, whose volatile compounds have not yet been identified. The fruit may be consumed raw and also as jams, juice, canned products, confections and liquor. RESULTS: At the beginning and end of the storage, 24 volatile compounds were identified in murtilla fruit aroma and the concentration of these compounds in murtilla fruit ranged from 1.2 to 250.5 µg kg^?1 fresh weight. Methyl 2‐methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2‐methyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate were the major components, all of which have been reported as potent odors in other aromatic fruits. Based on estimated odor activity value, the most potent compound in the murtilla fruit aroma were ethyl hexanoate and 4‐methoxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐furan‐3‐one. The statistical analysis showed that the storage produced a distinct effect on the same volatile compounds released from the murtilla ecotypes. CONCLUSION: The volatile compounds identified in murtilla fruit aroma, which may be described as fruity, sweet and floral, have been found in other aromatic fruits. Concerning the aroma, the murtilla fruit from ecotype 19‐1 was shown to be the best in cooled storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of different distillation patterns on main compounds of Chinese Luzhou‐flavour raw liquors

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different distillation patterns on main compounds of Chinese Luzhou‐flavour liquor. Results showed that more volatiles of raw liquor might originate from fresh grains for a newly constructed pit. A modest (p  = 0.05) increase in the total amount of volatiles was found in the heart liquor from fermented grains added to fresh grains and rice hulls to distillate (AG pattern), reaching a maximum value of 1012.22 mg/L. The percentage of esters in the AG pattern ranged from 81.22 to >95.03% compared with samples from fermented grains only added to rice hulls to distillate (NG pattern). Acids in the heart liquor obtained by the AG pattern were higher than those for NG, but the corresponding proportion was opposite. Alcohols were detected at ~1.62% in NG pattern but were 1.42% in AG. Cyanide and ethyl carbamate content in the head liquor were far higher than those in the heart and tail liquor. In particular, cyanide content dramatically increased after adding fresh grains during the distillation process. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Odour‐active compounds in pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merril cv. Red Spanish)

Application of solid‐phase microextraction, simultaneous distillation–extraction and liquid–liquid extraction combined with GC‐FID, GC‐MS, aroma extract dilution analysis, and odour activity value was used to analyse volatile compounds from pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merril cv. Red Spanish) and to estimate the most odour‐active compounds. The analyses led to the identification of ninety‐four compounds, seventy‐two of them were positively identified. Twenty odorants were considered as odour‐active compounds, from which ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone, 1‐(E,Z,Z)‐3,5,8‐undecatetraene, ethyl 3‐(methylthio)propanoate, 1‐(E,Z)‐3,5‐undecatriene, ethyl hexanoate and methyl hexanoate were the most odour contributors and contribute to the typical pineapple aroma, while the others are responsible for fruity and sweet odour notes.     

Development of a Rapid Discrimination Tool for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luzhou-flavor</Emphasis> Pit Mud Classification by the Kohonen Artificial Neural Network Model

Understanding the volatile composition of pit mud (PM) samples and discriminating these samples has become a highly necessary task, owing to the fact that volatile profiling of PM can significantly affect Chinese Luzhou-flavor liquor quality. In this study, the volatile constitutions of 13 Luzhou-flavor liquor PM samples from four typical producing regions were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Owing to their high concentrations, compounds such as ethyl hexanoate, butyric acid, hexanoic acid, ethyl pentadecanoate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl (9E)-9-octadecenoate, ethyl (9E,12E)-9,12-octadecadienoate, and palmitic acid were considered to be predominant volatiles. A promising artificial neural network model, the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), was applied to rapidly discriminate the PM samples in terms of differences based on the quantitative information of volatile compounds. After Kohonen SOM training, 13 distinct clusters, corresponding to PM samples, were clearly visualized on a uniform distance matrix (U-matrix). The influence of volatile compounds on the classification of the PM could be displayed using component panels, which can give quantitative insight. GC-MS coupled with the Kohonen SOM model not only presented the volatile constitution of PM but also provided promising information for discrimination between different PM samples, even in other fermented foods.     

Changes in volatile aroma compounds of pineapple (Ananas comosus) during freezing and thawing

Changes in the volatile aroma compounds of pineapple (Ananas comosus) during freezing and thawing were compared against fresh samples to determine the effect of freezing on pineapple flavour. An HS‐SPME–GC–MS analysis showed that the Smooth Cayenne pineapple variety had nineteen volatile compounds, in four classes of compounds including fourteen esters, two hydrocarbons, two sulphur‐containing compounds and one lactone. The main characteristic volatile compounds of the fresh pineapple were methyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl 3‐methylthiopropanoate and 1‐(E,Z)‐3,5‐undecatriene. Freeze–thaw cycles were associated with the loss of some volatile aroma compounds, particularly the esters which were found to be the main characteristic of fresh pineapples. The freezing and thawing process was found to cause damage to the pineapple tissues due to ice recrystallisation and dehydration which lead to the reduction of volatile aroma compounds.     

Analysis of the Fungal Community in Zaopei During the Production of Chinese Luzhou‐flavour Liquor

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 18S rRNA gene analysis were carried out to analyze the fungal community in Zaopei during the production of Chinese Luzhou‐flavour liquor. Two pairs of primers (EF4/Fung5 and EF4/NS2‐GC) were used for the DGGE. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for clone analysis was preformed with the primers (EF4/EF3). The results of the DGGE analysis showed that the fungal 18S rRNA genes taken from the Zaopei sample of the pit had high diversity. Gene clone libraries containing 120 clonal sequences of 18S rRNA were constructed. The fungal diversity shift showed that the fungal genera changed with increasing fermentation time and four genera of fungi (Issatchenkia, Talaromyces, Aspergillus and Eurotium) were the main dominant communities during the fermentation of Chinese Luzhou‐flavour liquor. The clonal sequences of the genera Rhizopus and Saccharomyces were found with difficulty from the clone libraries of Zaopei, suggesting that the genera Rhizopus and Saccharomyces perhaps are not necessary for saccharifying and fermenting grains during the production of Chinese Luzhou‐flavour liquor.     

Impact of fining agents on the volatile composition of sparkling mead

Sparkling mead is obtained by secondary fermentation of the mead involving the addition of starter yeast culture, sucrose, nutrients and fining agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fining agents (tannins vs combined fining agents) on the volatile composition of sparkling mead. Sparkling mead was produced from a base mead using a commercial yeast strain (Saccharomyces bayanus) and the volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography–flame ionisation detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Thirty six volatile compounds were quantified and the major groups were alcohols (73.2%), acetates (19.1%), carbonyl compounds (5.5%) and ethyl esters (1.2%), represented by 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde and monoethyl succinate, respectively. The remaining compounds were present at <1%. Eleven volatile compounds exhibited odour activity values >1, with ethyl octanoate and ethyl hexanoate contributing to the aroma of sparkling mead, with fruity, strawberry and sweet notes. The combined fining agents caused a marked decrease in the concentration of volatile compounds compared with tannins. In general, 3‐ethoxy‐1‐propanol, ethyl lactate, ethyl octanoate, diethyl succinate, diethyl malate, monoethyl succinate, 2‐methylpropanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, acetaldehyde, acetoin, furfural, benzaldehyde, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, trans‐furan linalool oxide, cis‐furan linalool oxide and 4‐oxo‐isophorone decreased in concentration. Conversely, 1‐propanol and 2‐methylpropanoic acid (tannins) and ethyl butyrate (combined fining agents) increased in concentration. The remaining volatile compounds were not affected. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for 19 volatile compounds independently of the type of fining agents used. © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

黑曲霉Aspergillus niger NCUF413.1对特香型白酒酿造出酒率和风味的影响

为研究糖化功能霉菌对特香型白酒发酵的影响,从江西特香型大曲中分离筛选出1株糖化力达938.63 U/g的Aspergillus niger NCUF413.1,分别用麸曲培养A.niger NCUF413.1和Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCUF303.1,作为糖化发酵剂强化特香型白酒酒醅,酿造30 d结束后蒸馏得酒样。结果显示,与对照组酒样进行对比,当A.niger NCUF413.1和S.cerevisiae NCUF303.1共强化发酵时,出酒率由26.21%提高到34.35%。GC-MS分析结果表明,强化酒样与对照组中挥发性成分种类基本一致,且丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、丁二酸乙酯、肉豆蔻酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯、油酸乙酯等香味物质含量均高于对照组。说明A.niger NCUF413.1在特香型白酒酿造过程中进行强化发酵,可提高酒样出酒率、改善酒样风味。     

异常威克汉姆酵母Y-1对模拟固态发酵白酒酒醅理化指标及风味的影响

该研究以自然发酵和添加安琪酵母发酵为对照组,利用模拟固态发酵白酒技术考察异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）Y-1对酒醅理化性质、微生物及挥发性风味成分的影响。结果表明,与其他两组相比,发酵结束时,异常威克汉姆酵母Y-1组酒醅水分及酸度更高,淀粉和还原糖的利用更加彻底;酵母数量最多,霉菌和细菌数量最少。从3组酒醅中共检测出52种主要挥发性物质,包括23种酯类、10种醇类、6种挥发性酸类、6种酚类和7种其他化合物。与其他两组相比,异常威克汉姆酵母Y-1组中酯类（3 066.99 mg/kg）及醇类物质含量（1 731.61 mg/kg）显著提高（P＜0.05）,尤其是己酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、苯乙醇等化合物,此外,在异常威克汉姆酵母Y-1组还检测到愈创木酚等有益因子。     

Investigation of the main parameters during the fermentation of Chinese Luzhou‐f lavour liquor

The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of some physicochemical properties of fermented Zaopei throughout the fermentation. For each layer of Zaopei, the temperature gradually increased to a maximum after about 2 weeks, and then remained stable for about 15 days before it began to decrease; acidity tended to increase during the entire fermentation, while the starch content decreased throughout the fermentation. The reducing sugar content for all layers reached a maximum after one week and decreased afterwards. Ethanol accumulated with time and reached a peak after 5 weeks for each layer, then tended to decrease but rose again slightly after 7 weeks. The moisture content in the top and middle layers increased gradually and reached saturation after 5 weeks, then remained almost unchanged, while the moisture of the bottom layer increased throughout the fermentation. The ethyl caproate, ethyl acetate and ethyl butyrate content of all layers remained almost constant for the first 2 weeks, then increased gradually and reached a maximum after 6 weeks, and subsequently declined slightly. The ethyl lactate of each layer increased throughout the fermentation. The caproic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and lactic acid in all of the layers reached the highest level on the sixth week, followed by a continuous decrease until week 8, thereafter followed by a slight increase in trend. Additionally, the qualities of the raw liquor distilled from the different layers of Zaopei were investigated and the results demonstrated that the bottom layer possessed the best quality. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Effect of starter cultures on the quality of Suan yu,a Chinese traditional fermented freshwater fish

The generation of volatile compounds of four starter cultures composed of isolated microorganisms from traditional Suan yu was investigated. The cultures included two pure starters (PS1: Lactobacillus plantarum 120 and PS2: Pediococcus pentosaceus 220) and two mixed starters (MS1: L. plantarum 120, Staphylococcus xylosus 135 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 31 at 1:1:1; MS2: P. pentosaceus 220, S. xylosus 135 and S. cerevisiae 31 at 1:1:1). Naturally fermented Suan yu was used as control. The volatile compounds were collected from the headspace of the samples by Solid‐phase microextraction and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The type and total content of volatile compounds in the mixed‐starter‐fermented fish were higher than those of the pure‐starter‐fermented samples and control. A total of seventy nine and eighty volatile compounds were detected in Suan yu fermented with MS1 and MS2, respectively, with ethanol as the predominant compound and hexanal, ethyl acetate, 3‐methylbutanol, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, hexanoic acid ethyl ester and 2,3‐butanedione as the other compounds. Furthermore, the sensorial acceptance of the different products with mixed starter cultures seemed to improve the quality of Suan yu products.     

沉香型白酒酒醅理化特性及细菌群落结构研究

通过高通量测序技术分析了沉香型出池酒醅的细菌群落结构,并对其理化指标和挥发性风味成分进行分析。结果表明,理化指标方面,上层酒醅的淀粉含量显著高于下层酒醅（P＜0.05）,但其还原糖含量、酸度和酒精含量均显著低于下层酒醅（P＜0.05）;挥发性风味成分方面,沉香型酒醅中酯类物质是其优势风味产物,分别占上、下层酒醅风味含量的94.8%和86.8%,其中丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、己酸、丁酸等典型风味物质在下层酒醅中的含量均明显高于上层酒醅;细菌多样性方面,沉香型上层酒醅中的优势细菌为乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和醋酸杆菌属（Acetobacter）,而下层酒醅中则以乳酸杆菌属为其唯一的优势菌;通过比较发现,上层酒醅中细菌的多样性较下层酒醅更为丰富。     

Spatial Distribution of Bacterial Communities and Related Biochemical Properties in Luzhou‐Flavor Liquor‐Fermented Grains

Grain fermenting with separate layers in a fermentation pit is the typical and experiential brewing technology for Chinese Luzhou‐flavor liquor. However, it is still unclear to what extent the bacterial communities in the different layers of fermented grains (FG) effects the liquor's quality. In this study, the spatial distributions of bacterial communities in Luzhou‐flavor liquor FG (top, middle, and bottom layers) from 2 distinctive factories (Jiannanchun and Fenggu) were investigated using culture‐independent approaches (phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] and polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gel electrophoresis [DGGE]). The relationship between bacterial community and biochemical properties was also assessed by Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). No significant variation in moisture was observed in spatial samples, and the highest content of acidity and total ester was detected in the bottom layer (P < 0.05). A high level of ethanol was observed in the top and middle layers of Fenggu and Jiannanchun, respectively. Significant spatial distribution of the total PLFA was only shown in the 50‐y‐old pits (P < 0.05), and Gram negative bacteria was the prominent community. Bacterial 16S rDNA DGGE analysis revealed that the most abundant bacterial community was in the top layers of the FG both from Fenggu and Jiannanchun, with Lactobacillaceae accounting for 30% of the total DGGE bands and Lactobacillus acetotolerans was the dominant species. FG samples from the same pit had a highly similar bacterial community structure according to the hierarchal cluster tree. CCA suggested that the moisture, acidity, ethanol, and reducing sugar were the main factors affecting the distribution of L. acetotolerans. Our results will facilitate the knowledge about the spatial distribution of bacterial communities and the relationship with their living environment.     

Comparison on aroma compounds in Chinese soy sauce and strong aroma type liquors by gas chromatography–olfactometry,chemical quantitative and odor activity values analysis

In order to elucidate the differences on aroma compounds in Chinese liquors with different aroma styles and the reasons, aroma compounds of Xijiu in soy sauce aroma and strong aroma type were investigated in the research. By gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O), aroma compounds in Chinese liquor were chosen for quantitative and odor activity value (OAV) analysis. Ethyl hexanoate, butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexanoic acid and dimethyl trisulfide were considered to be the most powerful odorants in both liquor samples (aroma intensity ≥3.5) by GC–O. As important aroma compounds (OAV ≥10) in the liquors, ethyl propanoate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate and 1-propanol were considered with much higher OAVs in soy sauce aroma type liquor, while OAVs of ethyl pentanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl lactate, hexyl acetate, butyl hexanoate, hexyl hexanoate and hexanoic acid were far lower in strong aroma type liquor. The OAV of ethyl hexanoate in strong aroma type liquor exceeded 50,000, which explained the reason why strong aroma liquor was considered with prominent fruity aroma. The odor differences between the liquors were mainly caused by the manufacturing practices.     

古井贡酒酒醅挥发性香气成分的GC-MS与GC-O分析

应用溶剂辅助风味蒸发法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术、气相色谱-嗅闻技术对古井贡酒酒醅中的挥发性香气成分进行分析。经计算保留指数并结合标准品比对,共定性出148 种挥发性香气成分,其中有21 种香气强度较高的化合物。应用内标法并结合相关阈值对这21 种嗅闻强度高、持续时间长的重要风味组分进行定量分析及香气活度值（odor activity value,OAV）分析,比较它们对酒醅整体香气的贡献程度,其中香气贡献度最高的4 种物质分别为己酸乙酯（OAV=2 817）、辛酸乙酯（OAV=534）、丁酸乙酯（OAV=519）、乙酸-3-甲基丁酯（OAV=137）,酒醅中其他较重要的香气化合物为癸酸乙酯、丁酸、乳酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、苯丙酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、己酸、2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、丙酸和苯乙醇。     

Characterisation of odour‐active compounds in papaya (Carica papaya L.) wine

The volatile compounds of papaya wine were isolated by continuous solvent extraction and analysed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A total of 118 volatile constituents were detected, and ninety‐seven were positively identified. The composition of papaya wine included fifty‐three esters, twenty‐two alcohols, nine acids, seven phenols and derivatives, seven sulphur compounds, five lactones, five terpenes, three ketones, two aldehydes and five miscellaneous compounds. The aroma‐active areas in the gas chromatogram were screened by application of the aroma extract dilution analysis and by odour activity values. Six odorants were considered as odour‐active volatiles: ethyl octanoate, (E)‐β‐damascenone, 3‐methylbutyl acetate, benzyl isohtiocyanate; ethyl hexanoate and ethyl butanoate.     

Study of methods for the extraction of volatile compounds from fermented grape must

The main objective of the present study was to analyze the volatile compounds extracted from fermented grape musts by two extraction methods in order to characterize the samples. The purge and trap system provided the necessary sensitivity for the analysis of low-boiling point compounds, such as acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate, and the liquid–liquid extraction method allowed for the analysis of a great number of medium to high boiling point volatile compounds, such as phenylethyl alcohol, hexanoic and octanoic acids, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate. Ethyl propionate and propyl acetate, extracted by the liquid–liquid method, characterized the sample of grape must fermented by Kloeckera apiculata. The sample of grape must fermented by Pichia membranaefaciens was characterized by 2-propanol and 2-hexanone, extracted by the purge and trap system and liquid–liquid method, respectively. These results show that the purge and trap/dynamic headspace system and liquid–liquid extraction method are complementary in the determination of the aroma profiles of fermented grape musts and characterization of the samples.