Transesterification of conjugated linoleic acid and tricaprylin by lipases in organic solvents

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of tricaprylin with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) ethyl ester was performed to produce triacylglycerols containing conjugated linoleic acid. Six commercially available lipases, and seven solvents were screened for their ability to incorporate CLA into tricaprylin. The transesterification reaction was performed by incubating a 1:2 mole ratio of tricaprylin and CLA ethyl ester in 3 ml solvents at 55°C, and the products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Three lipases, Novozym 435, Lipozym IM and lipase PS-C were chosen to allow a comparison of transesterification activity in our model reaction. The highest CLA incorporation with Novozym 435 and Lipozym IM was achieved in hexane while isooctane produced the highest CLA incorporation with lipase PS-C. Lipase PS-C gave higher CLA incorporation into tricaprylin when fatty acid was used as the acyl donor than other lipases did. Lipozym IM and lipase PS-C had not restrict specificity to sn-1, 3 positions, even though they had high specificity at sn-1, 3 positions. Novozym 435 among lipases tested was the most effective on the incorporation of CLA into tricaprylin.     

Enhanced deactivation of bacterial lipases by a modified UHT treatment

Lipase was produced by three non-fluorescent pseudomonads during culturing in resterilized UHT whole milk at 10°C. The enzymes exhibited pronounced thermostability in milk with 85–88 and 82–89% of the original activities retained after heat treatments at 140°C for 5 sec and 80°C for 10 min, respectively. Also, after a single treatment at 60°C for 10 min approximately 95% of the untreated activities remained.
Double heat treatments consisting of either 130 or 140°C for 5 sec followed by 60–80°C for 3 min enhanced lipase deactivation by as much as 40% compared with the combined effect of both higher and lower temperature treatments performed on separate enzyme samples. No significant enhancement of deactivation was noted when samples were heated at 60°C for 3 min followed by 140°C for 5 sec compared with the latter treatment alone.
Lipase deactivation was non-linear at 60°C following treatment at 140°C for 5 sec; no substantial additional loss of activity occurred at the lower temperature between 5 and 10 min.     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖月桂酸酯的非水相催化合成及其抗菌性的初探

研究了非水相酶催化合成N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖月桂酸酯的反应条件,并对其抑菌性进行了探索.对影响合成N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖月桂酸酯反应的因素(DMF的含量、温度、反应时间、底物摩尔比、加酶量)进行了探讨.结果显示,N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖月桂酸酯合成反应的最佳溶剂为叔丁醇和DMF的混合溶荆,摩尔比为叔丁醇:DMF=7:3,在此溶剂条件下,在酸糖摩尔比为3:1,糖浓度为lmmol/L,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为48h,加酶量为20mg/mL时,产率达到最高.N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖月桂酸酯抑茵性的研究结果显示,该物质对革兰氏阳性茵的抑制性稍强,而对酵母基本无抑制作用.     

Modification of lipases with poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(oxyethylene) detergents and their catalytic activities in organic solvents

The alpha-chymotrypsin-poly(ethylene glycol) complex, which was prepared by lyophilizing an aqueous solution, was found to have high catalytic activity in organic media even when the molar ratio of polymer/enzyme in its preparation stage is unity. In this study, we obtained freeze-dried complexes of lipases and poly(ethylene glycol) or poly(oxyethylene) detergents including newly synthesized gemini-type detergents, and their transesterification activity in organic solvents was evaluated. The freeze-dried lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia prepared by using each modifier showed enhanced transesterification activity, exhibiting a similar dependence on the concentration of the modifier in the preparation stage to that of the alpha-chymotrypsin-poly(ethylene glycol) complex; in contrasts, the one from Candida rugosa did not do so.     

Kinetic analysis for synthesis of a dipeptide precursor using an immobilized enzyme in water-immiscible organic solvents

N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (Z-AspPheOMe), a precursor of the synthetic sweetener aspartame, was synthesized, using thermolysin immobilized onto Amberlite XAD-7, both in ethyl acetate and in tert-amyl alcohol. The initial rates for synthesis of Z-AspPheOMe in the organic solvents were predicted on the basis of a model proposed for an aqueous/organic biphasic reaction and compared with the experimentally observed substrate concentration dependencies. The experimental synthetic rates using the enzyme immobilized at a high enzyme concentration were lower than the calculated ones over a wide range of the substrate concentration. It was suggested as a reason for this discrepancy that the enzyme molecules form compact aggregates and those existing inside the aggregates cannot be utilized for reaction. The experimental results with the enzyme immobilized at a low concentration in ethyl acetate coincided well with the calculated ones. On the other hand, when tert-amyl alcohol was used, the experimental results were different in tendency irrespective of the amount of enzyme loaded, probably due to the fact that a distinct water phase does not exist around the enzyme aggregates inside the support.     

Enhanced inactivation of bacterial lipases and proteinases in whole milk by a modified ultra high temperature treatment

Cultures of Pseudomonas spp. strains P10, P12 and P15 grown in whole milk which contained approximately 1 x 10(8) viable bacteria ml-1 demonstrated near linear increases in the concentration of short-chain free fatty acids and trichloroacetic acid soluble free amino groups at 20 degrees C, following either ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment (140 degrees C for 5 s) or dual heat treatments (140 degrees C followed by either 57, 60 or 65 degrees C). The dual heat treatments reduced the rates of lipolysis and proteolysis compared to the UHT treatment by up to 25-fold. The dual heat treatment utilizing 60 degrees C for 5 min also effectively limited both lipase and proteinase activities in raw milk culture samples which had contained either 6 x 10(6), 5 x 10(7) or 1 x 10(8) viable bacteria ml-1. In this system enzyme activities were reduced by up to 10-fold following dual heat treatment compared to UHT treatment alone.     

顶空气相色谱法测定叶黄素中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立叶黄素中正己烷、乙醇和乙酸乙酯有机溶剂残留量的顶空气相色谱分析方法,并用该方法测定样品中的有机溶剂残留量。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,色谱柱为DB-624毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm×3μm),载气为氦气,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,以程序升温方式使正己烷、乙醇和乙酸乙酯达到完全分离,外标法定量。结果正己烷、乙醇和乙酸乙酯的线性范围分别为4.95¹98 mg/L(r=0.99998)、8.295198 mg/L(r=0.99998)、8.295³31.8 mg/L(r=0.99994)和8.325331.8 mg/L(r=0.99994)和8.325³33 mg/L(r=0.99999);平均回收率范围为97.79%333 mg/L(r=0.99999);平均回收率范围为97.79%¹03.21%,精密度(以相对标准偏差计,n=3)为1.47%103.21%,精密度(以相对标准偏差计,n=3)为1.47%³.46%;检测限分别为0.09、0.83和0.33 mg/L。利用本方法对实际样品叶黄素中有机溶剂残留量进行了测定,结果表明,该样品中含有正己烷和乙醇,其含量分别为12 mg/kg和45 mg/kg。结论本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于叶黄素中残留溶剂的检测。     

Stability of immobilized thermolysin in organic solvents

Various factors affecting the stability of thermolysin immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde were elucidated, particularly in the water-immiscible organic solvents such as ethyl acetate and tert-amyl alcohol. The main reason for enzyme inactivation in water-immiscible organic solvents was found to be autolysis in the water phase, which may surround the enzyme immobilized inside the support. By contrast, in water-miscible organic solvents thermal denaturation was the predominant cause of enzyme inactivation. Courses of inactivation were expressed by second-order kinetics in the initial stage, after which inactivation proceeded at a slower rate. The extent of autolysis was found to strongly depend on the kind of organic solvent, the water content, and type of support and these dependencies were explained by the difference in the amount and state of water inside the support. Thermolysin was immobilized onto Amberlite XAD-7 as a compact aggregate inside the support which may increase the stability of the enzyme. Finally, it was shown that the stability of the immobilized enzyme could be correlated with the logP value for water-miscible organic solvents and with the solubility of water for water-immiscible organic solvents.     

Biocatalytic production of chiral epichlorohydrin in organic solvents

Enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic epichlorohydrin was accomplished for the production of enantiopure epichlorohydrin using the whole cells of an isolated Aspergillus niger spps. To overcome the spontaneous chemical degradation of epichlorohydrin that occurs in aqueous buffer, organic solvents were employed in the reaction medium. The enantioselectivity was highly dependent on the solvent structure, water content of the medium, and the initial epichlorohydrin concentration. (S)-epichlorohydrin could be obtained from its racemates (60 mM) with an optical purity of 100% enantiomeric excess (ee) and 20% yield in cyclohexane supplemented with 2.0% (v/v) water.     

气相色谱法测定胃蛋白酶中7种有机溶剂残留

目的 建立测定胃蛋白酶原料中7种有机溶剂残留的气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC).方法 样品以纯化水为溶剂,80℃顶空加热20 min,采用DM-Wax毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25μm),程序升温对有机溶剂进行分离,氢火焰离子化检测器(flame ionization dete...     

有机相脂肪酶催化合成肉桂酸肉桂酯的研究

肉桂酸肉桂酯是一种重要的花香型香精定香剂。本实验对有机相中脂肪酶催化合成肉桂酸肉桂酯进行研究,对酶催化条件进行了优化研究。实验结果表明:Candida anatarctic脂肪酶(Novozyme 435)有较好的催化活性。通过单因素实验考察各反应参数(反应溶剂、温度、底物摩尔比、底物浓度等)对脂肪酶Novozyme 435合成肉桂酸肉桂酯反应的影响,确定了反应最优工艺条件:在5 mL甲基叔丁基醚溶剂(分子筛脱水)体系中,肉桂醇100 mmol/L,n(肉桂醇):n(肉桂酸乙酯)=2:1,反应温度50℃,Novozyme 435脂肪酶添加量1%(质量体积比),反应36 h后反应转化率可达到55%,产物结构经气相质谱(GC/MS)鉴定。     

气质联用法测定REACH法规中的5种有机溶剂

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定REACH法规中列举的乙二醇单甲醚、乙二醇单乙醚、乙二醇乙醚乙酸酯、1,2,3-三氯丙烷和N-甲基吡咯烷酮等5种高度关注物质的方法,并对色谱条件和样品前处理条件进行了优化:以丙酮为提取溶剂,超声提取,0.45μm有机相微孔滤膜过滤.在本试验研究范围内,标准工作曲线溶液呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.994.该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高,回收率较高,相对标准偏差小于10％,检测限远低于REACH法规0.1％的限量要求.     

顶空-气相色谱法测定南极磷虾油中有机溶剂残留量

目的基于顶空-气相色谱(head space-gas chromatography, HS-GC) 内标法，建立同时测定南极磷虾油中甲醇、丙酮、异丙醇、正己烷和乙酸乙酯5种有机溶剂残留的方法。方法样品溶解于苯甲醇，顶空进样器80℃平衡10 min，有机溶剂经DB-624毛细管色谱柱(60 m×0.32 mm, 1.8 μm)分离，氢火焰离子化检测器(flame ionization detector, FID)检测。对该方法进行了方法学验证，并实际应用于样品的分析测定。结果HS-GC可以将5种待测溶剂以及内标物很好地进行分离。标准曲线在所考察的浓度范围内线性良好，相关系数为0.9992~1.0000，检出限为0.6~9.0 mg/kg，定量限为1.2~15.0 mg/kg。方法日内精密度和日间精密度良好，在3个不同添加水平下，平均加标回收率为80.5%~105.0%，符合测定需求。结论该方法简单快捷，无需复杂前处理过程，结果可靠，可用于南极磷虾油中有机溶剂残留量的大规模快速检测。     

Screening of lipases for the enantiomer resolution of R,S-2-octanol by esterification in organic medium

Summary Eleven commercially available lipase preparations of microbial and animal origin were screened for enantiomer resolution of R,S-2-octanol by esterification with dodecanoic acid in heptane. The influence of temperature, substrate/enzyme ratio and reaction time was studied. Among the lipases used, three microbial (2212 D, Röhm,Aspergillus niger; MY, Meito Sangyo,Candida cylindracea; S 80000, Gist-Brocades,Rhizopus arrhizus) and three porcine pancreas lipases (MKC, Sigma, Röhm) showed the highest rates of ester formation (13%–67%), in which (R)-(–)-2-octanol was predominantly selected by the enzymes. Quantitative capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) revealed ee values for the ester, ranging from 10% to 83%. Enantioselectivity was influenced, in part, by the temperature used. For microbial lipases, increasing the temperature led to a decrease of the enantioselectivity, whereas at 40 °C and 70 °C similar ee values were observed for porcine pancreas lipases.

---

Einsatz von Lipasen zur Enantiomerentrennung von R,S-2-Octanol durch Veresterung in organischem Medium

Zusammenfassung Elf handelsiibliche Lipase-Präparate mikrobiellen und tierischen Ursprungs wurden zur Enantiomerentrennung von R,S-2-Octanol durch Veresterung mit Dodecansäure in Heptan untersucht. Der Einfluß von Temperatur, Substrat-/Enzymverhältnis und Reaktionszeit auf Esterbildung und Enantioselektivität wurde überprüft. Unter diesen Lipasen zeigten drei mikrobielle Enzyme (2212 D, Röhm,Aspergillus niger; MY, Meito Sangyo,Candida cylindracea; S 80000, Gist-Brocades,Rhizopus arrhizus) und drei Schweinepankreas-Lipasen (MKC; Sigma; Röhm) die höchsten Esterbildungsraten (13%–67%) bei vorwiegender Selektivität für (R)-(–)-2-Octanol. Die capillargaschromatographisch ermittelten ee-Werte variierten zwischen 10 bis 83%. Die Enantioselektivität wurde teilweise durch die Temperatur beeinflußt; bei den mikrobiellen Lipasen führte eine Temperaturerhöhung zur Abnahme der Enantioselektivität, während bei den Pankreas-Lipasen bei 40 °C und 70 °C ähnliche ee-Werte festgestellt wurden.

     

顶空气相色谱法测定食品包装复合膜中 挥发性有机物

目的 建立1 种利用岛津GC-2010 plus气相色谱仪及Equity-1色谱柱用于食品包装复合膜中常见15 种挥发性有机物（苯类、酯类、酮类、醇类等）含量的顶空-气相色谱检测方法,为有效检测挥发性有机物提供参考。方法 采用顶空-气相色谱法,选用Equity-1（30 m×0.53 mm×5.0 μm）的毛细管色谱柱进行各挥发性有机物的分离测定。结果 所建立的方法分离效果理想,该法在含量0.01~1.00 mg/m2线性关系良好,15 种挥发性有机物的线性相关系数均大于0.999（除了邻二甲苯为0.998外）,加标回收率为82%~111%,相对标准偏差（n=5）为2.9%～7.1%,检出限均达到10-3数量级。结论 所建立的岛津色谱仪方法能够满足实际分析的要求。     

Solubility of hydrophobic organic pollutants in binary and multicomponent aqueous solvents

The present paper deals with the application of fluctuation theory of solutions to the solubility of poorly soluble substances of environmental significance in aqueous mixed solvents. The fluctuation theory of ternary solutions was first used to derive an expression for the activity coefficient of a solute at infinite dilution in a binary mixed solvent. This equation contains the activity coefficients of the constituents of the solute-free mixed solvent and the molar volume of the solute-free mixed solvent. Further, the derived expression for the activity coefficient of a solute at infinite dilution was used to generate a number of expressions for the solubility of solids in aqueous mixed solvents. Several expressions for the activity coefficients of the components were considered: first, the mixed solvent was considered an ideal mixture; second, the activity coefficients of the constituents of the binary solvent were expressed using the two-suffix Margules equations; third, the activity coefficients of the constituents of the binary solvent were expressed using the Wilson equations. The obtained expressions were applied to 25 experimental data sets pertaining to the solubilities of hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOP) in aqueous mixed solvents. It was found that the suggested equations can be used for an accurate and reliable correlation of the solubilities in aqueous mixed binary solvents. The best results were obtained by combining our expression for the activity coefficient of a solute at infinite dilution in a mixed solvent with the Wilson equations for the activity coefficients of the constituents of a solute-free mixed solvent. The derived equations can also be used for predicting the solubilities of poorly soluble environmentally important compounds in aqueous mixed solvents using for the Wilson parameters those obtained from vapor-liquid equilibrium data. A similar methodology was applied to the solubility of poorly soluble substances of environmental significance in multicomponent (ternary and higher) aqueous mixed solvents. The expression for the activity coefficient of a solute in an ideal multicomponent mixed solvent was used to derive an equation for the solubility of a poorly soluble solute in an ideal multicomponent mixed solvent in terms of its solubilities in two subsystems of the multicomponent solvent and their molar volumes. Ultimately the solubility could be expressed in terms of those in binary or even in the individual constituents of the solvent and their molar volumes. The computational method was applied to predict the solubilities of naphthalene and anthracene in ternary, quaternary and quinary aqueous mixed solvents. The results were compared with experiment and good agreement was obtained.     

不同溶剂提取燕麦油脂的抗氧化活性研究

燕麦中油脂含量通常7.5%～9%,经前期的研究表明燕麦油脂具有较高的营养价值,为了解燕麦油脂的抗氧化性能,分别以乙醚、丙酮、丙酮/无水乙醇、正己烷对燕麦进行萃取,结果表明:丙酮、丙酮/无水乙醇两种溶剂浸提燕麦油脂的提取率较高,分别为7.5%和8%,通过对POV值的测定,抗氧化能力也较强,尤以溶剂丙酮-无水乙醇效果最佳.     

Expression of Rhodococcus opacus alkB genes in anhydrous organic solvents

Rhodococcus opacus B-4 is a benzene-tolerant bacterium which was isolated from a gasoline-contaminated soil sample. We previously demonstrated that this organism was able to survive and exhibit biocatalytic activity in anhydrous organic solvents for at least 5 d. In the present study, we cloned the alkB1 and alkB2 genes encoding alkane hydroxylases from R. opacus B-4. Heterologous expression of the alkB1 and alkB2 genes in Escherichia coli JM109 showed that they encode functional alkane hydroxylases with a substrate range of C(5)-C(16). Promoters of the alkB1 and alkB2 genes, designated P(alkB1) and P(alkB2), respectively, were examined for activity in anhydrous bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) containing C(5)-C(16)n-alkanes. Two recombinant plasmids, pP(alkB1)EGFP and pP(alkB2)EGFP, were constructed by inserting the egfp gene downstream of P(alkB1) and P(alkB2), respectively and transformed into R. opacus B-4. Resting cells of R. opacus B-4 (pP(alkB1)EGFP) showed greater levels of EGFP fluorescence in anhydrous BEHP than in 0.85% NaCl, when C(8)-C(16)n-alkanes were supplied as an inducer. Furthermore, n-alkane inducibility of P(alkB1) activity in anhydrous BEHP was noticeably different from that in 0.85% NaCl. This paper presents the first evidence that bacteria can express their genes in essentially anhydrous organic solvents.