用于反演云底高度的峰值面积积分算法

反演云底高度是激光云高仪最重要的应用之一,而找到一种能够有效反演不同类型云的云底高度算法是激光云高仪测云的关键。对于厚度比较大的云层测量可根据信号强度和脉冲宽度不同于噪声和气溶胶信号将其分选出来,而薄云的测量往往由于信号强度弱、脉冲宽度小而被忽略掉,为此提出了一种峰值面积积分算法反演云底高度。该算法通过对云回波信号进行面积积分,叠加放大信号中的云层信息,以峰值和面积积分值作为判断准则,通过选取合适的阈值,将云层与噪声、气溶胶区分开来,进而反演出云底高度。经实验验证表明,该算法能可靠地反演半导体激光云高仪探测范围内不同类型云的云底高度。     

HHT在激光云高仪后向散射信号处理中的应用

根据半导体激光云高仪后向散射信号的特点,基于希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)提出了一种突出后向散射信号细节特征的处理方法。该方法有效地发挥了HHT对非线性、非平稳信号处理的能力,从原始后向散射信号中分别重构出初步去噪项和信号趋势项并实现二者的结合,从而生成全新的经特征突出的后向散射信号。大量实验数据分析证明,该特征突出方法利用了EMD分解和重构滤波的优势,摒弃了其去噪同时削弱有用信号、忽略细节特征的缺陷,适用于云高仪后向散射信号处理;配合相应的后向散射参数反演方法,可以有效提高云高识别能力和垂直能见度反演的精度,降低了云高误报和漏报率。     

半导体激光云高仪小波去噪算法研究

针对半导体激光云高仪回波信号所含噪声的特点,提出并详细论述了一种能够对半导体激光云高仪回波信号进行有效消噪的小波自适应阈值方法。为了验证该方法的有效性,对包含高斯白噪声的模拟信号进行了仿真消噪,并对半导体激光云高测量系统实际探测得到的大气回波信号进行了消噪处理。同时,将该方法与小波模极大值消噪、小波分解重构、小波默认阈值的消噪效果进行了对比分析。仿真和实验结果表明,小波自适应阈值方法能够有效降低半导体激光云高仪回波信号中所含噪声,并且其消噪效果明显优于另外三种小波分析方法。     

机载双波长米散射激光雷达大气回波信号与信噪比的模拟计算

为了研究机载双波长米散射激光雷达的技术参数对其探测性能的影响,为该激光雷达的设计与研制提供理论分析依据,使用合适的大气消光模式和机载米散射激光雷达方程,对其接收的大气后向散射回波信号以及信噪比进行了模拟计算,讨论了几何重叠因子和不同消光模式对回波信号的作用,分析了激光脉冲能量、累积激光脉冲数、接收视场、滤光片半宽度等技术参数对信噪比的影响.结果表明设计的机载激光雷达完全可以进行10 km高度以下大气气溶胶和云的探测.     

激光云高仪云量自动反演算法

云是气象预测和航空航海等领域中非常重要的因素之一,所以对云进行观测具有重要的现实意义。而云量作为其中重要的气象参数之一,已成为气象观测的重要内容。目前,对于云量的观测主要还是靠目测,由于各种因素的影响导致误差较大。测量云量是激光云高仪的一个重要应用。提出了一种激光云高仪云量自动反演算法,算法以激光云高仪单点测量数据为基础构造一个关于时间和云层高度的二维图像,按照云层所占用的时间比率进行反演计算云量。对比实验验证表明,算法能较为准确地反演出云量信息,对激光云高仪具有实用价值。     

多次散射的激光雷达消光系数反演方法研究

给出了在考虑多次散射时大气消光系数、后向散射系数的激光雷达反演方法.用半解析Monte-Carlo方法对大气多次散射激光雷达回波信号进行了模拟计算.讨论了激光雷达接收视场角(FOV)以及光学厚度对多次散射回波信号的影响.米散射激光雷达测量数据反演的结果表明,在反演含有云、雾等大气消光系数廓线分布时,需要考虑大气粒子的多次散射效应的影响.     

基于菲佐干涉仪的星载测风激光雷达仿真模拟

星载测风激光雷达具有高精度、高垂直分辨率、全球覆盖等特点,是获取全球风场的有效手段。聚焦于米散射通道测风模式,对冰云与气溶胶同时存在的较复杂场景实施星载激光雷达测风的仿真模拟。基于菲佐干涉仪的测风原理构建了一套包含6个子模块的正演模型,以大气激光多普勒雷达（ALADIN）仪器参数作为输入值,模拟了典型场景下的探测信号,并结合反演分析了测风精度水平。结果发现,云层和气溶胶的回波能够增强探测器获取信号的信噪比,从而提升反演精度,将风速误差控制在±1.2 m/s范围内;但当云层冰水含量较大时,由于衰减作用使得云层下方信噪比削弱,从而增大反演风速误差,部分区域甚至无法实施有效探测。另外,在采用重心法反演风速时,可通过增加累积电荷耦合器件（ACCD）探测器通道数来减小风速振荡误差。上述研究可为设计和改进星载测风技术提供参考。     

云粒子探测器研究

介绍了米氏(Mie)散射理论,设计了基于米氏散射理论的云粒子探测器.该探测器使用685nm的二极管激光器照亮敏感区域的云滴粒子.光学接收部分分为前向散射和后向散射两部分,前向散射接收云粒子立体角在4°～12°的散射而后向散射接收126°～134°之间的能量.根据前向散射信号的强度可以确定云滴粒子尺寸,云粒子尺寸确定后,可以利用前向散射和后向散射的比值推断被测云粒子的相态.利用米氏散射理论计算了云粒子散射能量强度随粒子尺寸的变化和前、后向散射能量比随云粒子折射率的变化.     

用于激光云高仪的微分增强云检测方法

激光云高仪是对大气中云的时空分布进行自动连续监测的有力工具之一,现有的云检测算法在低信噪比或有气溶胶影响时容易产生误判或漏判。文中分析了激光云高仪回波的原始信号、一阶微分信号和二阶微分信号特征,构造了两个新的信号序列,提出了一种微分增强云检测方法。该算法可以实现对云回波信号中云峰和云边界特征的增强和分离,有效修正了低信噪比和气溶胶层对云检测带来的误差。通过实验对比了微分增强法和微分零交叉法的云检测结果,结果表明:微分增强法在不影响云高判别的情况下,能有效地减少云的漏判和误判。     

相干激光雷达平衡式相干探测技术研究

为了分析影响平衡式相干探测信噪比的因素,采用数学模型推导了平衡式相干探测原理和信噪比公式,分析了影响平衡式相干探测信噪比的因素,研制了用于相干激光雷达信号接收的平衡式激光探测器,并通过相干雷达样机,完成了气溶胶粒子发生米氏散射回波信号的探测。结果表明,研制的平衡式激光探测器具有非常低的噪声和高探测灵敏度特性,能较好地探测出大气中气溶胶粒子发生米氏散射的激光回波信号。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.