富硒乳酸菌筛选及其富硒工艺初探

首先对含有嗜酸乳杆菌(La),保加利亚乳杆菌(Lb),嗜热链球菌(St)的分离样品进行分离,纯化,筛选出纯菌种,然后分别进行富硒试验,通过抗性筛选和三角瓶发酵培养获得富硒能力优良的菌株和富硒条件。试验结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌(La)富硒能力最强,其富硒条件初步确定为:选用番茄汁液体培养基,亚硒酸钠添加量为18μg/mL,pH6.6,37℃,培养24h,富硒能力为62.22%。     

富硒乳酸菌种的筛选

本实验从样品中分离,纯化,筛选出嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus,简称 LA),保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus Bulgaria,简称 LB),嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermopiles,简称 ST)。通过富硒抗性筛选,确定了 LA 为耐硒菌种。通过对其发酵培养获得富硒能力优良的菌株和富硒条件,试验结果表明:选用番茄汁液体培养基,接种量 10%,加硒量 18μg/ml,pH 6.8,37℃培养 24h,有机硒含量可达 12.99μg/ml,转化率为 72.17%。     

乳酸菌富硒技术初步研究

本文首先对含有嗜酸乳杆菌(LA),保加利亚乳杆菌(LB),嗜热链球菌(ST)的分离样品进行分离,纯化,筛选出纯菌种,然后分别进行富硒试验。通过抗性筛选和三角瓶发酵培养获得富硒能力优良的菌株和富硒条件,试验结果表明:嗜酸乳杆菌(LA)富硒能力最强,其富硒条件初步确定为:选用番茄汁液体培养基,亚硒酸钠添加量为18μg/ml,pH6.6,37℃,培养24h,富硒能力为62.22%。     

富硒乳酸菌种的筛选

本实验从样品中分离，纯化，筛选出嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus，简称LA)，保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus Bulgaria,简称LB)，嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermopiles，简称ST)。通过富硒抗性筛选，确定了LA为耐硒菌种。通过对其发酵培养获得富硒能力优良的菌株和富硒条件，试验结果表明：选用番茄汁液体培养基，接种量10％，加硒量18ug／ml，pH6．8，37℃培养24h，有机硒含量可达12．99μg／ml，转化率为72．17％。     

富硒乳酸菌的制备

课题以嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、动物双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium animals)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermopiles)作为供试菌株,进行富硒发酵试验,测定菌株的富硒能力及确定其适宜硒浓度。采用单因素试验和正交试验优化了益生菌的培养基组成。采用响应面法研究了富硒益生菌的发酵工艺,获得了富硒菌粉。结果显示:(1)在选购的4种乳酸菌中,嗜酸乳杆菌的富硒能力最强,且硒添加量为0～1 000 mg/kg时,嗜酸乳杆菌冻干粉的活菌数均能达到千亿级(即1×1012);优化的益生菌的培养基配方为蔗糖5%、蛋白胨与酵母膏的总添加量0.35%、蛋白胨-酵母膏比例3∶2、K2HPO4的总添加量0.1%;(2)优化嗜酸乳杆菌的最佳富硒工艺,并进行验证试验:菌种硒含量为2 902.81 mg/kg,加硒量为15.30 mg/kg,加硒时间为6.64 h。在此条件下,富硒益生菌产品得率为498.46 mg/kg,硒含量为13 039.62 mg/kg。     

乳酸菌发酵改善脱脂富硒米糠的抗氧化活性

富硒米糠是生产富硒精米过程中的主要副产品，富含硒、膳食纤维及酚类化合物等活性物质，但其高值化利用尚未充分开发。本研究利用4种乳酸菌(嗜酸乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、植物乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌)对脱脂富硒米糠进行发酵处理，比较了发酵后富硒米糠理化指标、营养特性、微观结构、物化特性及抗氧化活性。结果表明，乳酸菌发酵使脱脂富硒米糠非水溶性膳食纤维/水溶性膳食纤维增加20%～45%。发酵后富硒米糠总酚、总黄酮质量分数分别增加5%～6%、16%～31%，且无机硒转化为SeCys₂的效力提高42%～49%。发酵使富硒米糠粒径变小，颗粒表面疏松多孔，水合特性、胆固醇吸附力和抗氧化活性增强。主成分分析综合得分排序为植物乳杆菌>保加利亚乳杆菌>嗜热链球菌>嗜酸乳杆菌，其中植物乳杆菌体外抗氧化活性相对最强，总酸、SeCys₂、总酚和总黄酮含量相对最高。本研究为促进富硒米糠的精深开发利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

富硒灵芝酸豆奶的研制

以豆奶和富硒灵芝液为原料,研究一种发酵型酸豆乳饮料。从产品感官质量出发,采用响应面法确定合理的配方和生产工艺,并对产品质量进行评价。结果表明,富硒灵芝酸豆乳的最佳工艺参数为25℃条件下,以浓度为0.5% 的NaHCO3 浸泡黄豆8h,磨浆豆水比1:6,豆浆与牛奶以质量比3:1 混合,加入2% 葡萄糖、6.3% 蔗糖、5% 富硒灵芝液,接种量(保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌比例为1:1 的混合菌种)为5%,42℃发酵6.1h,产品色泽均一、组织细腻、酸甜爽口、营养丰富。     

鸡腿菇菌丝深层培养富硒的研究

通过正交试验,从4株鸡腿菇菌株中筛选出1株具有较高生物量和较强富硒能力的鸡腿菇菌株CcⅢ,并探讨了其耐硒和富硒特性。结果表明,CcⅢ菌株具有一定的耐硒能力和很强的富硒能力,其固态培养最大耐硒浓度为10μg/mL,液态培养最大耐硒浓度为4μg/mL。在硒浓度2μg/mL时,菌丝体生物量为4.11 g/L,富硒量246.74μg/g,富硒率为50.57%,有机化程度高达92.95%。     

富硒乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

对5 种15 株乳酸菌的生长曲线进行了测定,并对亚硒酸钠添加质量浓度、耐硒和富硒能力进行比较,筛选出了富硒优势乳酸菌,并进行了生理生化和分子鉴定。结果表明：适宜的加硒时间为培养后的第6小时,培养时间为24 h。通过对9 株菌株比较,确定了较适宜的亚硒酸钠添加质量浓度为6 μg/mL。最终筛选出BC-25为富硒优势菌株,富硒量425.79 μg/g,硒转化率达27.00%,经16S rDNA分析鉴定其为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantaru）。     

乳酸菌富硒能力及其体外生物活性评估

从13株乳酸菌中筛选出耐硒较好的菌株,对其富硒能力及生物活性进行研究。通过测定OD值及菌体显色观察,确定菌株的最适耐硒质量浓度;通过3,3’-二氨基联苯胺(3,3’-DAB)比色法测定菌株富硒量;对富硒菌株在抗氧化活性、胆盐耐受以及体外抗菌活性的变化进行探究;通过电镜扫描结合EDX能谱分析,观察富硒乳酸菌细胞表面结构,分析其化学成分。试验结果表明:13株中有8株菌具有较好的耐硒能力;WY1,WY2适宜的富硒质量浓度为60μg/mL,WY5,WY8,WY9,WY10,WY12富硒质量浓度为80μg/mL,WY3富硒质量浓度为100μg/mL;WY12的富硒率最高,为79.19%±3.01%;其它依次为WY3(78.72%±1.07%)、WY10(73.42%±1.61%)、WY9(67.65%±3.24%)、WY1(64.27%±3.31%)、WY8(61.49%±4.49%)、WY2(56.29%±3.01%)和WY5(34.98%±1.46%);富硒菌在1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2’-连氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并二氢噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)自由基清除率以及还原力上均有显著提高,胆盐耐受力也有所增强;此外,富硒菌株对于大肠杆菌以及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌具有较强的抑制作用。电镜扫描结合EDX分析证实,富硒菌菌体表面吸附有纳米硒微粒。结论:乳酸菌能够富集并转化无机硒,且富硒菌株体外生物活性有一定提高。     

Natural pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains--characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability

Pigments are present in all living matter and provide attractive colors and play basic roles in the development of organisms. Human beings, like most animals, come in contact with their surroundings through color, and things can or cannot be acceptable based on their color characteristics. This review presents the basic information about pigments focusing attention on the natural ones; it emphasizes the principal plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Special considerations are given to their salient characteristics; to their biosynthesis, taking into account the biochemical and molecular biology information generated in their elucidation; and to the processing and stability properties of these compounds as food colorants.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Tyrosinase, Laccase, and Peroxidase in Mushrooms (Agaricus, Crimini, Oyster, and Shiitake)

Enzyme assays and electrophoresis were used to monitor the activity of tyrosinase, laccase, and peroxidase in Agaricus bisporus (common cultivated button mushrooms and Crimini mushrooms), Oyster, and Shiitake mushrooms. The three enzymes could be differentiated using specific substrates and inhibitors. Tyrosinase seemed to be the major phenol oxidase in the Agaricus strains, while Oyster and Shiitake mushrooms had much lower levels. Peroxidase activity was low or undetectable in all types examined. Control of enzymatic browning in different mushroom types may depend upon the distribution of different oxidases within any given type.     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

Hormones, metabolites, and reproduction in Holsteins, Jerseys, and their crosses

Holsteins (HH), Jerseys (JJ), and their crosses in first (n=157) and second (n=107) lactation were used to determine if reproduction, progesterone (P4), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and milk production differed between genetic groups. Thirty-four cows were Holstein-Jersey (HJ) crosses, 46 were Jersey-Holstein (JH) crosses, 48 were purebred Holsteins (HH), and 29 were purebred Jerseys (JJ) in first lactation, whereas the second-lactation animals included 23 HJ, 35 JH, 35 HH, and 14 JJ. Blood samples were collected weekly for the first 10 wk postpartum. Analyses were conducted using the MIXED, chi-square, and GLIMMIX procedures (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Seasons of calving were cold (November to May) and hot (June to October) and were combined with year to form 8 year-seasons. Days open and number of services were affected by genetic group. The HH were open 169±8 d, which was greater than HJ (143±9 d), JJ (132±10 d), and JH (127±8 d). The HH had 2.4±0.1 services per pregnancy, which was greater than JH (1.9±0.1), but not different from HJ (2.1±0.2) or JJ (2.1±0.2). Concentrations of NEFA were greater in lactation 2 (0.52±0.02 mEq/L) than in lactation 1 (0.45±0.02 mEq/L) and decreased over the 10-wk period. Concentrations of NEFA were greater in the cold season except in yr 3. Insulin in lactation 1 (0.81±0.03 ng/mL) was greater than in lactation 2 (0.72±0.03 ng/mL); insulin decreased to wk 2 then gradually increased. The HJ had the greatest insulin concentrations (0.87±0.04 ng/mL) and the JJ had the lowest (0.66±0.04 ng/mL), and IGF-1 gradually increased over the 10-wk period. Milk production (actual yield in the first 305 d, not adjusted for fat and protein) was affected by genetic group, lactation number, year-season, and wk 1 insulin. The HH produced 10,348±207 kg of milk, which was greater than the HJ (9,129±230 kg), the JH (9,384±190 kg), and the JJ (7,080±240 kg). Milk production in lactation 2 (9,676±163 kg) was greater than that in lactation 1 (8,294±160 kg). The JJ (10.3±4.7%) had the highest frequency of mastitis. The chance of getting mastitis for HH (1.1±0.9%) differed from that for HJ (9.4±4.1%), JH (8.1±3.4%), and JJ (10.3±4.7%). Genetic group affected hormones and metabolites, which may partially explain differences in reproductive measures and milk yield.     

Water-, oil-, and soil-repellent treatment of textiles,artificial leather,and leather

Several products are on the market to realize water-, oil-, and soil-repellent properties on textiles or textile-related materials. To make an adequate and fast rating of repellent properties of finished textiles, different drop tests according to AATCC and ISO standards are commonly used. For evaluation of the repellent properties of solid substrates against different liquids often contact angle measurements are performed. The aim of the work presented here is to determine and evaluate the repellent effects gained by the application of three different finishing agents on three different substrates, such as polyester fabric, artificial leather, and leather. The main questions are at that point: It is possible to gain similar repellent effects with the same finishing product applied on different substrates? Do the different testing methods lead to comparable results? Is there a relation to the repellency against everyday consumer products as red wine, ice tea, or coffee? This article should help the reader to evaluate different testing methods and the influence on common substrates.     

Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences

The spice Capsicum is the fruit of the cultivated species of the genus Capsicum (family, Solanaceae), C. annuum principally, and C. frutescens L. to a lesser extent. A third variety of C. annuum var. annuum fruits, the large-sized, fleshy bell capsicum is used as a fresh vegetable and valued for its aroma, color, and crisp texture, but with no pungency. This variety is not considered in this series of reviews covering primary processing, production, international trade, chemistry, and biochemistry of functional components--the red keto carotenoids, the aromatic volatiles and the pungent capsaicinoids in Parts I to III. The valid qualitative aspects correlating the specific components of capsicum and their sensory responses are critically covered in Part IV. In this the concluding part of the series of reviews, the significant preference of the spice for initially evoking an aversive response, its potent physiological and pharmacological effects, and the aspects of structure-activity relationships of the pungent stimuli of the capsaicinoids are reviewed. The beneficial effects particularly associated with long usage by some ethnic groups and its safe consumption levels, with a critical review of the studies on the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, the sensory system, thermoregulation, nutritional impacts, and an overview of the five series is also detailed.     

Simultaneous and Direct Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn in Milk by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Tungsten permanent modifier with coinjection of Pd(NO₃)₂ and W–Ru permanent modifiers are proposed for the direct and simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se (group 1) and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn (group 2), respectively, in milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The performance of modifiers was evaluated by means of thermal behavior of analytes, sensitivity, atomic signal profile, repeatability, graphite tube lifetime, and background intensity. An air-assisted pyrolysis step was necessary to quantitative elimination of the organic matter. After methods optimization, 14 commercial milk samples were analyzed. The found concentrations of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, Se, Co, and Cr were lower than their limit of detection (2.13, 2.21, 1.49, 1.63, 2.05, 1.0, and 1.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were in the 1.58–5.74 μg L⁻¹, 9.79–49.3 μg L⁻¹, and 2.25–4.08 μg L⁻¹ intervals, respectively. The limits of detection for Cu, Fe, and Mn were 1.7, 5.3, and 2.0 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The accuracy of methods was checked after analysis of two milk standard materials. Results for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Mn were in agreement with certified values of SRMs at the 95% confidence level. Accuracy was also evaluated by addition–recovery tests and recoveries in the 86–127% range were obtained for all elements. The use of pretreat platform of graphite tubes with W or W–Ru allowed enlarging the lifetime of atomizer in 750 heating cycles.