LZ50车轴钢转动微动摩擦学特性研究

在新型转动微动磨损试验机上,进行LZ50车轴钢/GCr15钢在法向载荷为10N、转动角位移幅值为0.125°～0.5°的转动微动磨损试验。在摩擦动力学行为分析的基础上,结合磨痕的微观分析,研究材料的转动微动磨损机理。结果表明,LZ50车轴钢的微动运行区域仅呈现部分滑移区和滑移区,未观察到混合区。滑移区的摩擦因数明显高于部分滑移区;摩擦因数随着转动角位移幅值的增加而增大。车轴钢在部分滑移区损伤轻微,磨痕呈环状;而在滑移区,接触中心呈现材料塑性流动累积造成"隆起"特征,LZ50钢的转动微动磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、剥层和氧化磨损。     

TC4合金微动磨损过渡区摩擦行为

为研究TC4合金微动磨损过渡区摩擦行为特点,采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机,对球/平面接触的GCr15钢球/合金TC4摩擦副在100 N法向载荷下进行微动磨损试验,得到TC4合金微动磨损过渡区的范围,分析不同状态下摩擦因数演变及磨痕表面形貌特点,研究磨损机制的变化。结果表明:微动状态下,摩擦因数在磨合阶段波动剧烈,达到稳定磨损阶段后趋于稳定,且稳定状态下的摩擦因数随着位移幅值的增加而增加;往复滑动状态下,不同位移幅值下的摩擦因数曲线近乎重合且波动剧烈;微动磨损过渡区的摩擦因数变化处于2种状态的转变阶段。微动状态下,磨痕表面轮廓线粗糙,损伤轻微,磨损机制以黏着磨损和疲劳剥层为主;往复滑动状态下,轮廓线更光滑且损伤严重,磨损机制以磨粒磨损及塑性变形为主;微动磨损过渡区轮廓线由粗糙变为光滑,磨损深度及宽度突增,磨损机制由黏着磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

AZ91D镁合金微动磨损特性研究

采用液压高精度材料试验机考察了平面一球面接触的AZ91D镁合金摩擦副的微动磨损行为，分析了位移幅值、法向载荷和频率等参数对摩擦因数和磨损体积的影响，考察了不同实验条件下的磨斑形貌，并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明：AZ91D镁合金的微动区域可分为部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区3个区域，粘着磨损、疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损分别是3个区域的主要磨损机制；磨损体积随着位移幅值和法向载荷的增加而增大，但却随着频率的增大而减小。在微动部分滑移区和混合区，摩擦因数随着位移增大迅速增加；在微动滑移区，摩擦因数随法向载荷的增大而减小，而位移幅值和频率对摩擦因数的影响较小。     

高温下位移幅值对TC4合金磨损性能的影响

钛合金的微动磨损会加速裂纹的形成与扩展,导致其构件提前失效。利用摩擦磨损试验机考察TC4合金在300和500℃温度下的微动磨损行为,利用扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜对磨痕轮廓及磨痕表面进行分析,探讨在300和500℃温度下TC4合金在不同位移幅值作用下的微动磨损机制。实验结果表明：高温条件下,试样平均摩擦因数和磨损率随位移幅值的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;两种高温环境中,小位移幅值时,微动运行区域为部分滑移区,主要损伤机制为黏着磨损和氧化磨损;位移幅值为100μm时,微动运行区域为混合滑移区,主要磨损机制为氧化磨损、剥层磨损及塑性变形;大位移幅值时,微动运行区域为完全滑移区,主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。对比300和500℃条件下磨损结果,表明温度越高TC4合金耐磨性能越好,这主要是由于摩擦生成的氧化物TiO₂和Fe₂O₃对磨损表面具有保护作用。     

海水环境下2507超级双相不锈钢微动磨损性能研究

采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机研究在干摩擦和水溶液介质中微动振幅对2507超级双相不锈钢微动磨损行为的影响,利用三维轮廓仪和扫描电子显微镜分别对试样的磨痕深度、磨损体积和磨痕表面微观形貌进行表征分析。结果表明:在干摩擦下,随振幅增加微动运行区域发生了由部分滑移区向滑移区的转变,摩擦因数随振幅的增加先增大后趋于稳定,磨痕深度和磨损体积随振幅的增加而增大,磨损机制由局部氧化磨损、局部疲劳磨损转变为氧化磨损、黏着磨损和剥落磨损;水溶液中,海水中摩擦因数随振幅的波动较去离子水中的大,且海水中由于存在腐蚀与磨损交互作用,磨痕深度和磨损体积也都比去离子水中的略大,磨损机制主要是轻微氧化磨损、磨粒磨损伴随疲劳磨损。     

TiAlZr合金微动磨损性能研究

采用高精度液压式微动磨损试验机研究了TiA lZr合金在不同微动运行区域的微动磨损行为,建立了其运行工况微动图。试验结果表明:滑移区、混合区和部分滑移区的摩擦因数随循环次数变化呈现不同的规律,其中部分滑移区摩擦因数较低,磨损体积随着位移幅值的增大而增大;滑移区、混合区磨损体积随着法向载荷的增加而增大,而部分滑移区磨损体积随着法向载荷的增加而减小;滑移区磨屑堆积于中心区域,磨损以磨粒磨损和剥层机制为主;混合区磨损机制主要表现为粘着磨损与磨粒磨损并存;部分滑移区磨损轻微。     

位移幅值对ZG230-450铸钢微动磨损行为的影响

在不同位移幅值(60～140μm)下对ZG230-450铸钢进行微动磨损试验,研究了位移幅值对摩擦因数、磨损体积和磨损机制的影响.结果表明:随着位移幅值增大,铸钢的微动磨损行为由混合滑移转变为完全滑移,耗散能逐渐增大;混合滑移状态下,摩擦因数经过上升阶段后就迅速进入稳定阶段,而完全滑移状态下的摩擦因数经历了上升阶段、波...     

钛合金球与骨水泥界面之间的微动磨损机制研究

采用钛合金球与自制骨水泥试样以球/平面接触方式,在自制的微动摩擦磨损试验机上开展干摩擦和25%小牛血清介质中切向微动磨损试验研究,考察钛合金球与骨水泥界面之间的微动运行特性,并采用S-3000N型扫描电镜观察磨痕形貌来分析其微动磨损机制。结果表明:随着微动振幅的增加,微动运行由部分滑移区向混合区转变。随着接触载荷的增加,试样接触面之间更容易发生黏着。与干摩擦相比,在小牛血清溶液中部分滑移区向较大振幅区扩展。部分滑移区摩擦因数值较低且保持稳定,混合区的摩擦因数先增大后保持不变。稳定摩擦因数随着接触载荷的增加而减小,随微动振幅增大而增大。骨水泥试样的磨损量在小牛血清介质中比在空气中大,并且随接触载荷增大而增大。骨水泥在小牛血清介质中微动磨损的损伤机制主要为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,溶液分子在应力作用下对骨水泥基体有削弱作用。     

不同加载条件下柱面/平面微动磨损有限元分析

在ABAQUS中建立柱面/平面微动磨损模型,设置不同的加载条件,分析接触区域的接触应力和相对滑移距离,获得了区分两种滑移状态的临界函数。结合能量模型和FORTRAN语言编写适用于本模型的UMESHMOTION子程序,实现了磨损表面节点的动态更新,建立了动态磨损模型。通过对不同情况下磨损深度和磨损体积的仿真分析,获得结论:随循环次数的增加,磨损深度、磨损宽度和磨损体积都随着增大,部分滑移状态的磨损体积远小于完全滑移状态的磨损体积;循环次数和法向载荷为定值时,随位移幅值的增加,磨损宽度、磨损深度和磨损体积都随着增大,部分滑移状态的磨损体积很小且增长缓慢,完全滑移状态的磨损体积增长迅速;循环次数和位移幅值为定值时,在完全滑移状态,随法向载荷的增加,磨损深度和磨损体积先增大再减小;在磨损体积先增大再减小的过程中,存在一个最大值,对应的法向载荷和位移幅值称为危险加载条件,通过揭示不同位移幅值时危险加载条件的变化规律,为避免该条件的出现提供了理论依据。     

690合金材料的微动磨损特性研究

利用微动磨损试验机,在载荷50N以及位移幅值为60μm、100μm、150μm的工况下,研究了690合金材料在常温下的微动磨损行为及其动力学特性,采用激光共焦扫描显微镜(LCSM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察磨痕微观形貌。结果表明,载荷和位移幅值对微动特征有很大的影响,微动运行完全处于滑移状态。在滑移区,滑移磨损严重、磨痕面积大。690合金材料的磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损与剥层的共同作用。     

Oil-Lubricated Fretting Behaviors of 304 Stainless Steels under Different Fretting Strokes and Normal Loads

The influence of oil lubrication on the fretting wear behaviors of 304 stainless steel flat specimens under different fretting strokes and normal loads has been investigated. The results proved that fretting regimes and fretting wear behaviors of 304 stainless steels were closely related to the fretting conditions. In general, the increase in normal load could increase wear damage during sliding wear. However, according to the results, a significant reduction in wear volume and increase in friction coefficient was observed when the normal load was increased to critical values of 40 and 50 N at a fretting stroke of 50 μm due to the transformation of the fretting regime from a gross slip regime to partial slip regime. Only when the fretting stroke further increased to a higher value of 70 μm at 50 N, fretting could enter the gross slip regime. There was low wear volume and a high friction coefficient when fretting was in the partial slip regime, because oil penetration was poor. The wear mechanisms were fatigue damage and plastic deformation. There was high wear volume and low friction coefficient when fretting was in the gross slip regime, because the oil could penetrate into the contact surfaces. Unlike the wear mechanisms in the partial slip regime, fretting damage of 304 stainless steels was mainly caused by abrasive wear in the gross slip regime.     

Development of a test device for the evaluation of fretting in point contact

Fretting wear and fatigue may occur between any two contacting surfaces, wherever short‐amplitude reciprocating sliding is present for a large number of cycles. A test device has been developed for the evaluation of fretting fatigue and wear in partial and gross slip conditions. Three similar sphere‐on‐plane contacts run at the same time. Normal force, tangential force or displacement amplitude and constant bulk stress can be controlled and measured separately. Reciprocating tangential displacement is produced with rotational motion, the amplitude and frequency of which can be adjusted and controlled accurately by an electric shaker. The number of load cycles for crack initiation and growth is determined with strain‐gauge measurements near the fretting point of contact. The contact surfaces are measured with 3D optical profilometer before fretting measurements to determine actual contact geometry. The measurements were done with quenched and tempered steel. The initial results indicate that cracks are mostly formed in partial slip conditions, whereas fretting wear is more heavily involved in gross slip conditions. The initiation of a crack occurs near the edge of the contact in the slip direction, where the calculated cracking risk has its maximum value in partial slip conditions. The number of cracks increases as the displacement amplitude, i.e. friction force, increases in partial slip conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粘结石墨固体润滑涂层微动磨损性能研究

在不同位移幅值与载荷下研究了粘结石墨固体润滑涂层的微动磨损特性，并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析了涂层微动磨斑。结果表明：粘结石墨涂层具有良好的抗微动损伤性能，随循环次数的变化只存在部分滑移区和滑移区，部分滑移区涂层损伤轻微；滑移区损伤严重，主要表现为裂纹萌生和扩展，最终按剥层机制呈层状剥落。     

基于双重扩展自适应卡尔曼滤波的汽车状态和参数估计

准确实时地获取行驶过程中的状态信息是汽车动态控制系统研究的关键,为此提出了一种新的汽车状态估计器。建立了包含不准确模型参数和未知时变统计特性噪声的非线性汽车动力学模型,针对该非线性系统提出一种双重扩展自适应卡尔曼滤波算法（DEAKF）。该算法采用两个卡尔曼滤波器并行运算,状态估计和参数估计互相更新,同时将带遗忘因子的噪声统计估值器嵌入到状态校正过程和参数校正过程之间,以解决系统的噪声时变问题。基于ADAMS的虚拟试验和实车试验结果表明,该算法的状态估计精度高于EKF方法和DEKF方法的状态估计精度,同时具有良好的模型参数校正能力,对汽车动态控制系统中估计器的设计具有理论指导意义。
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聚四氟乙烯基粘结固体润滑涂层微动磨损性能研究

在不同位移幅值与载荷条件下研究了酚醛环氧粘结聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)基固体润滑涂层的微动磨损特性，并利用扫描电子显微镜、表面轮廓仪和傅里叶表面红外仪等对涂层磨斑进行分析。结果表明，粘结PTFE基涂层具有良好的抗微动损伤性能，随循环次数的变化只存在部分滑移区和滑移区，部分滑移区的损伤轻微，滑移区的损伤强烈依赖于栽荷，其损伤与PTFE分子链在往复交变载荷作用下的疲劳断裂相关。     

桨-毂轴承材料扭动微动磨损行为研究

采用面接触扭动微动形式,以动力定位系统可调距螺旋桨桨-毂轴承摩擦副材料(CuNiAl-42CrMo4)为对象,以不同的角位移幅值模拟海水波动影响下的微动磨损行为,并结合扫描电子显微镜和超景深三维显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析,探究桨-毂轴承摩擦副材料扭动微动磨损规律。结果表明,随着角位移幅值的增加,扭动微动依次运行于部分滑移区、混合区、滑移区,摩擦因数减小,同时磨损量增加,微动损伤中剥层机制所占的比例逐渐增加,且由于疲劳裂纹扩展的不利影响,实际运行过程中要尽量避开混合区。     

Friction behavior of quenched and tempered steel in partial and gross slip conditions in fretting point contact

Tangential traction caused by friction in contacting surfaces is a major factor in fretting fatigue that increases stress levels and leads to a reduction in fatigue life. Friction in fretting contact was studied in partial, mixed and gross slip conditions on quenched and tempered steel. Measurements were made with sphere-on-plane contact geometry for polished and ground surfaces. Friction was evaluated from on-line energy ratio and, after the tests, from wear marks. A maximum friction coefficient of over 1.0 was measured at mixed slip zone with polished surfaces, whereas ground surfaces promote lower values in similar operating conditions. The friction coefficient dependence on load cycles and loading frequency is also presented and briefly discussed. The friction data and understanding thus gained is to be used for evaluation of crack initiation with the numerical fretting fatigue model.     

Fretting wear mechanisms of Zircaloy-4 and Inconel 600 contact in air

The fretting wear behavior of the contact between Zircaloy-4 tube and Inconel 600, which are used as the fuel rod cladding and grid, respectively, in PWR nuclear power plants was investigated in air. In this study, number of cycles, slip amplitude and normal load were selected as the main factors of fretting wear. The results indicated that wear increased with load, slip amplitude and number of cycles but was affected mainly by the slip amplitude. SEM micrographs revealed the characteristics of fretting wear features on the surface of the specimens such as stick, partial slip and gross slip which depended on the slip amplitude. It was found that fretting wear was caused by the crack generation along the stick-slip boundaries due to the accumulation of plastic flow at small slip amplitudes and by abrasive wear in the entire contact area at high slip amplitudes.