A7075搅拌摩擦焊疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验分析

对航空用铝合金A7075-T651的搅拌摩擦焊接头的母材、焊核区和热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率（da／dN）进行了试验研究。疲劳裂纹扩展试验采用CT（紧凑拉伸）试样,在810 Material Test System试验机上进行。用递增多项式法求得疲劳裂纹扩展速率（da／dN）和（△K）,并分别将母材、焊核区和热影响区同一组试样的（da／dN）和（△K）数据点合在一起进行了整体回归分析。试验中得到了以Paris公式表达的铝合金A7075-T651母材、焊核区、热影响区da／dN与△K的关系式。结果表明,热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率高于母材和焊核区,是该合金搅拌摩擦焊接头最薄弱的区域。     

航空铝合金搅拌摩擦焊疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究

通过高频疲劳实验,对航空铝合金LC4CS和7075-T6搅拌摩擦焊预制裂纹穿焊缝中心、预制裂纹穿焊缝前进边、预制裂纹穿焊缝后退边、预制裂纹垂直于焊缝四种形式的焊接接头疲劳性能进行了研究,LC4CS铝合金FSW接头抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力不如7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头,但是相差不大.IIW疲劳试验设计标准对于FSW接头是比较保守的.该实验为建立合理的搅拌摩擦焊接接头的疲劳评定规范提供重要依据,从而推动了搅拌摩擦焊接技术在航天领域的广泛应用.     

7075铝合金FSW接头腐蚀疲劳性能及断裂特征

以7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头为研究对象,对其显微组织结构、3.5% NaCl(质量分数)溶液腐蚀疲劳寿命和腐蚀疲劳断裂特征进行了研究,分析了7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀疲劳性能及断裂过程.结果表明,7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀疲劳S-N曲线方程为lgN=5.845-0.014S,随着应力幅增大,腐蚀疲劳寿命大幅度降低;腐蚀疲劳裂纹起源于接头的热影响区,逐渐扩展最终断裂于接头的焊核区.腐蚀疲劳断口存在多个裂纹源,且受到应力集中作用的影响,裂纹源萌生于腐蚀坑处.高应力作用加剧了试样边角部分的腐蚀损伤,导致边角比平面位置腐蚀程度更严重.裂纹扩展区出现了明显的晶间断裂和疲劳辉纹;在腐蚀介质和交变载荷的共同作用下,裂纹扩展区腐蚀程度最重,晶界处产生了阳极溶解现象并产生了“冰糖块状”和“蚁巢状”的形貌特征;瞬断区产生了大量解理台阶和二次裂纹,为脆性断裂,在第二相粒子分布区域存在孔洞形貌特征.     

7075-T6铝合金激光-MIG复合焊焊接接头疲劳寿命原位研究

本文对7075-T6铝合金激光复合焊焊接接头的疲劳寿命进行了探究。结果表明：疲劳裂纹萌生寿命与疲劳寿命之间存在着一定的比例关系。对于母材试样,该比值为64.5%;而对于焊接接头试样,该比值为20.2%。疲劳断口表面观察发现,母材试样的疲劳断口上存在大量韧窝,而焊接接头试样疲劳断口上存在许多气孔。这些气孔被认为是引起焊接接头疲劳裂纹萌生寿命急剧下降的主要原因。     

7075-T6铝合金激光-MIG复合焊焊接接头疲劳寿命原位研究（英文）

对7075-T6铝合金激光复合焊焊接接头的疲劳寿命进行了探究。结果表明:疲劳裂纹萌生寿命与疲劳寿命之间存在着一定的比例关系。对于母材试样,该比值为64.5%;而对于焊接接头试样,该比值为20.2%。疲劳断口表面观察发现,母材试样的疲劳断口上存在大量韧窝,而焊接接头试样疲劳断口上存在许多气孔。这些气孔被认为是引起焊接接头疲劳裂纹萌生寿命急剧下降的主要原因。     

焊后热处理工艺和背部二次焊接对搅拌摩擦焊接7075-T651铝合金性能的影响

对8 mm厚7075-T651铝合金轧制板进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,重点研究了焊后热处理工艺和背部二次焊接对接头性能的影响.结果表明,焊接态接头致密没有缺陷,接头强度约为母材的71%.T6热处理后,焊核区出现由锯齿形裂纹和微孔组成的"S"线.随着固溶温度升高,"S"线愈加明显,并伴有晶粒异常长大现象.T6热处理后,接头硬度恢复到母材水平,但强度和延伸率显著下降,这是由于裂纹沿"S"线产生和扩展所致.在焊态样品背面进行二次焊接,可明显改善接头的力学性能.     

搅拌摩擦焊AA7075-T651铝合金厚板的显微组织和力学性能（英文）

研究厚度为10和16 mm AA7075-T651板的搅拌摩擦焊接过程。通过仔细选择焊接过程参数可获得无缺陷、全渗透焊接样品。两种焊接接头都出现极细的再结晶粒,而10 mm厚板焊接接头的晶粒组织更细。试样的显微组织观察结果表明,焊件热影响区的硬度显著降低。16 mm厚合金板焊接接头的硬度降低较大。与16 mm厚合金板相比,10 mm厚合金板焊件具有较优的拉伸性能。在拉伸实验过程中,两种厚度的合金板焊件均在热影响区发生断裂。样品的TEM结果表明,热影响区由沿晶界的宽化无沉积区和晶体内沉淀的部分溶解组成。因此,采用搅拌摩擦焊在AA7075-T651上可制得单道次无缺陷焊件,且10 mm厚合金板焊件表现出较高的焊接效率。     

厚板铝合金FSW和MIG焊接接头疲劳性能

对厚度10 mm的6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊接接头的疲劳强度进行了试验研究,并与6082-T6母材疲劳性能进行了对比分析.结果表明,6082-T6母材的疲劳S-N曲线最高、MIG焊接接头S-N曲线度最低,而FSW接头的疲劳S-N曲线近似位于两者之间;在高应力区FSW疲劳强度低于MIG焊接接头、而在低应力区高于MIG焊接接头.大部分FSW试样疲劳裂纹启始于焊缝根部的"弱连接"缺陷,采用机械加工去掉1.4 mm厚度焊缝根部材料后,FSW疲劳强度明显提高并接近母材数据.厚板6082-T6铝合金FSW焊缝根部质量控制是影响疲劳性能的关键因素.     

基于等效裂纹初始尺寸的断裂力学疲劳评定

先采用裂纹模拟法对Al6082-T6铝管搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的疲劳强度进行评定,通过将接头模拟成带标准裂纹的构件来计算焊接接头等效应力强度因子范围,并与接头裂纹扩展门槛值比较来判断焊接件是否发生疲劳失效,结果表明,裂纹模拟法能够对Al6082-T6搅拌摩擦焊接头做出合理的疲劳评定。将裂纹模拟法中模拟的裂纹尺寸作为断裂力学中的裂纹初始尺寸用于预测Al6082-T6铝管接头的疲劳寿命,预测结果良好,误差基本在3倍因子之内,结果偏保守,工程应用安全。     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

使用搅拌摩擦焊对8mm厚的7075-T7351铝合金进行了单道平板对接。结果表明,在工艺参数为搅拌头旋转速度为1180r/min、焊接速度为37.5mm/min时,可获得较好的接头,抗拉强度达到390MPa,是母材强度的78%;7075-T7351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织为典型的搅拌摩擦焊接头组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶,晶粒大小为6~7μm,母材组织中的强化相在此区域消失;接头显微硬度值分布趋势沿焊缝中心两侧基本对称,热机影响区-热影响区过渡区及焊核区硬度低于母材,是焊件的薄弱环节。     

Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance.Compared with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and recast.Joint strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget region.Hence,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints.The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

Mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al alloys with different hardening mechanisms

The mechanical properties of precipitation hardened Al 6061-T651 and Al 7075-T6 and strain hardened Al 5083-H32, friction stir welded with various welding parameters, were examined in the present study. 4 mm thick Al 6061-T651, Al 7075-T6, and Al 5083-H32 alloy plates were used for friction stir welding (FSW) with rotating speed varied from 1000 to 2500 rpm (rotation per minute) and welding speed ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mpm (m/min). Each alloy displayed slightly different trends with respect to the effect of different welding parameters on the tensile properties of the FSWed Al alloys. The tensile elongation of FSWed Al 6061-T651 and Al 7075-T6 tended to increase greatly, while the tensile strength decreased marginally, with increasing welding speed and/or decreasing rotating speed. The tensile strength and the tensile elongation of Al 6061-T651 decreased from 135 to 154 MPa and 10.6 to 17.0%, respectively, with increasing welding speed from 0.1 to 0.4 mpm at a rotating speed of 1,600 rpm. Unlike the age-hardened Al 6061-T651 and Al 7075-T6, the strain-hardened Al 5083-H32 showed no notable change in tensile property with varying welding parameters. The change in the strength level with different welding parameters for each alloy was not as significant as the variation in tensile elongation. It was believed that the tensile elongation of FSWed Al alloys with varying welding parameters was mainly determined by the coarse particle clustering. With respect to the change in tensile strength during friction stir welding, it is hypothesized that two competing mechanisms, recovery by friction and heat and strain hardening by plastic flow in the weld zone offset the effects of different welding parameters on the tensile strength level of FSWed Al alloys.     

In situ thermal studies and post-weld mechanical properties of friction stir welds in age hardenable aluminium alloys

Abstract

The 'quench sensitivity' of various friction stir welded (FSW) aluminium alloys were investigated. Cooling rates of FSW were altered by utilising various active (weld side) and passive (anvil side) cooling/heating conditions. Media used included a chilled water mist (active cooling) and hot air (active heating) immediately behind the tool, and water chilled (passive cooling) or heated (passive heating) anvil. Microhardness and transverse tensile properties were used to assess the natural aging response of friction stir welds (FSWs) in 2195-T8 and 7075-T7351 subject to these conditions. Test results indicated that the quench sensitive alloy 7075 exhibits a more rapid natural aging response and improved mechanical properties while the less quench sensitive 2195 exhibits little or no change in mechanical properties. In the present investigation FSWs in alloy 7075 under active and passive cooling conditions exhibited an increase of approximately 10% in tensile properties over conventional FSWs.     

搅拌摩擦焊和熔化极气体保护焊6082铝合金疲劳性能分析

对10 mm厚6082-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和熔化极气体保护焊(MIG焊)焊接,利用疲劳性能试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等手段对6082铝合金FSW和MIG焊接头的疲劳力学性能、微观组织、裂纹扩展特征、疲劳断口进行了分析. 结果表明,在疲劳寿命为2×106周次时,6082铝合金母材及其FSW和MIG焊接头的名义应力分别为126.3,110.2,84.2 MPa;在高应力水平下(Δσ=160 MPa),FSW接头疲劳寿命明显大于MIG焊接头、与母材的疲劳寿命相当. MIG焊疲劳断口均位于焊趾处,焊缝内的气孔缺陷为其主要裂纹源;FSW疲劳断口大多发生在轴肩边缘. 接头的微观断口具有准解理特征,断口中存在疲劳条纹和韧窝.     

异种铝合金摩擦塞补焊工艺与组织性能

采用顶锻式摩擦塞补焊方法,以2219-T6铝合金为塞棒材料,分别对8 mm厚2024-T3和7075-T6两种铝合金FSW接头进行了摩擦塞补焊试验研究,深入探讨了不同焊接压力下塞补焊接头的微观组织、显微硬度、力学性能及断口形貌特征. 结果表明,塞棒和母材或FSW焊缝是由等轴晶进行过渡,获得了紧密结合的接头,热力影响区和热影响区晶粒发生长大. 整个塞补焊接头塞棒区软化最严重,硬度在85 ~ 95 HV之间. 2024铝合金塞补焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别达到了母材的70%和65%以上,7075铝合金塞补焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别达到了母材的62%和48%以上. 塞补焊接头断裂模式为韧性特征.     

焊接方法对AA2219铝合金接头性能的影响(英文)

使用钨电极惰性气体保护焊接、电子束焊接和搅拌摩擦焊接技术制备无填充金属的AA2219铝合金对焊接头。研究三种焊接工艺对材料拉伸、疲劳和腐蚀行为的影响。使用光学和电子显微镜研究显微结构。结果表明,与钨电极惰性气体保护焊和电子束焊接相比,搅拌摩擦焊制备的接头具有较高的拉伸和疲劳性能与较低的耐蚀性能,这主要是由于其中的细化晶粒和均匀分布的强化析出相所引起的。     

Effects of Welding Processes and Post-Weld Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy square butt joints without filler metal addition were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding (EBW), and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. The fabricated joints were post-weld aged at 175 °C for 12 h. The effect of three welding processes and post-weld aging (PWA) treatment on the fatigue properties is reported. Transverse tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated. Microstructure analysis was also carried out using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that the post-weld aged FSW joints showed superior fatigue performance compared to EBW and GTAW joints. This was mainly due to the formation of very fine, dynamically recrystallized grains and uniform distribution of fine precipitates in the weld region.     

Optimizing friction stir welding parameters to maximize tensile strength of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. In contrast to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force etc., and the tool pin profile play a major role in determining the joint strength. An attempt has been made here to develop a mathematical model to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy by incorporating FSW process parameters. A central composite design with four factors and five levels has been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The response surface method (RSM) has been used to develop the model. The developed mathematical model has been optimized using the Hooke and Jeeves search technique to maximize the tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints.     

Effect of welding heat input and post-weld aging time on microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075–AA5086

The effects of welding heat input and post-weld heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural aspects of dissimilar friction stir welds of age-hardened AA7075-T6 and strain hardenable AA5086-H32 aluminium alloys were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress analysis and tensile testing together with optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to assess the effects of process parameters on welded joints. It was discovered that joints produced without heat sink exhibited more homogeneous stir zones than other joints. Of the natural aging time studied, higher amount of solid solution during rapid cooling of welds produced higher driving force for increase in hardness in the AA7075 side during natural aging. Natural aging within stirring zone and thermo-mechanical affected zone of AA7075 side resulted in a 10 to 25 MPa reduction in the residual stress in these zones; its effect decreased considerably in the welds performed without heat sink. In addition, natural aging had no noticeable effect on the joint strength.     

Friction Stir Welding of Tailored Blanks: Investigation on Process Feasibility

Tailor welded blanks (TWBs) are conventionally produced by laser or traditional welding processes. In either case, the joints are created by solid-liquid-solid phase transformations that result in undesirable microstructures and tensile residual stresses detrimental to joint performance. This study investigates feasibility of an alternate joining process, friction stir welding (FSW). The joining of AA7075-T6 blanks of different thickness is investigated through FE analyses and controlled experiments. It is found that for a successful joint, the welding parameters have to be carefully designed so that the resulting metal flow and the temperature history during FSW are consistent for the two thicknesses.