高速动车组轴箱静强度疲劳强度试验载荷的确定

以高速动车组轴箱为研究对象,根据实际运用和现有的构架标准来确定其在静强度疲劳强度试验中轴箱承受的垂向、横向和纵向的载荷,并依此为根据,设计轴箱的试验方法。对设计加载方法进行试验,得出该试验方法可行。     

A novel estimating method for steering efficiency of the driver with electromyography signals

The existing research of steering efficiency mainly focuses on the mechanism efficiency of steering system, aiming at designing and optimizing the mechanism of steering system. In the development of assist steering system especially the evaluation of its comfort, the steering efficiency of driver physiological output usually are not considered, because this physiological output is difficult to measure or to estimate, and the objective evaluation of steering comfort therefore cannot be conducted with movement efficiency perspective. In order to take a further step to the objective evaluation of steering comfort, an estimating method for the steering efficiency of the driver was developed based on the research of the relationship between the steering force and muscle activity. First, the steering forces in the steering wheel plane and the electromyography （EMG） signals of the primary muscles were measured. These primary muscles are the muscles in shoulder and upper ann which mainly produced the steering torque, and their functions in steering maneuver were identified previously. Next, based on the multiple regressions of the steering force and EMG signals, both the effective steering force and the total force capacity of driver in steering maneuver were calculated. Finally, the steering efficiency of driver was estimated by means of the estimated effective force and the total force capacity, which represented the information of driver physiological output of the primary muscles. This research develops a novel estimating method for driver steering efficiency of driver physiological output, including the estimation of both steering force and the force capacity of primary muscles with EMG signals, and will benefit to evaluate the steering comfort with an objective perspective.     

An inexpensive system for classifying tool wear states using pattern recognition

The purpose of this research work is to develop an inexpensive model tool wear sensing system using pattern recognition. Accordingly, the combined output of radial force, feed force and acoustic emission (r.m.s. value) is utilized to model the tool flank wear in a turning operation. The tool wear sensing system consists of two phases: training and classification. The training phase is done off-line and is used to determine the weight coefficients for the linear decision functions using the prototype patterns from the cutting tests. The classification phase is in real time. In the first stage of the classification phase, the minimum distance classifier selects a prototype (conditions already trained) cutting test that is closest to the cutting test to be performed. The linear decision functions of the prototype test selected are used for classifying the incoming signal of the actual cutting test into one of three wear classes.

The success rate of training for various tests varied between 39.57% and 100%. The success rate of classifying signals from actual tests was also encouraging, demonstrating that the proposed methodology can be successfully applied to predict the status of the cutting tool on-line using low budget equipment.     

某轿车前副车架服役载荷模拟试验加速方法研究*

服役载荷模拟试验能准确地预测零部件的疲劳寿命。为节省试验时间,急需开发出一套合理、实用的加速试验方法。重点研究在不具备结构局部应变响应,仅具备外部激励载荷如力、位移、和加速度等情况下的试验加速方法。基于修正Miner准则,以伪损伤保留比例作为小载荷删除准则,并结合疲劳数据编辑(Fatigue data editing, FDE)技术,提出一套便于工程应用的服役载荷模拟试验加速方法。以某轿车前副车架的疲劳试验为例,分别编制伪损伤保留比例为99%、95%和90%的加速谱。综合考虑各加速谱的载荷特征和加速效果,选用95%加速谱、90%加速谱和原始谱分别建立台架试验。试验结果表明两种加速谱在有效节省试验时间的同时,均获得了与原始谱相同的试验结果,且90%加速谱的加速试验效果更为显著。本方法便于工程应用,可为其他汽车零部件的服役载荷模拟试验提供参考。     

Friction in orthopaedic zirconia taper assemblies

The torque resistance of zirconia ceramic heads/titanium taper trunnion junctions was tested in accordance with ISO 7206-9:1994(E); using twelve modified heads of 32 mm diameter under representative physiological conditions. Test parameters studied included assembly force, vertical load during test (test load) and head length. Mean torque resistances measured were 8.9 N m for a 1 kN test load and 15 N m at 4 kN test load. Coefficients of friction calculated for the torsional stability ranged from 0.06 to greater than 1.0. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that the failure torques measured were significantly dependent on test load (beta = 0.77; P < 0.001) whereas assembly force and head length played a lesser, insignificant, part in the variation. Data from push-on/pull-off tests were used to calculate coefficients of friction under axial loading, which were significantly correlated with taper angle and material. Torque testing shows greater variability than push-on/pull-off tests for similar combinations, and for zirconia heads on other tapers. The coefficients of friction measured (0.16-0.31) are significantly different from values typically used in stress analyses.     

载荷和相对湿度对微摩擦力的影响

利用自制的微摩擦和粘附力测试装置，研究了在微牛量级载荷下，载荷和相对湿度对Si（100）材料与Si3N4材料组成的摩擦副的最大静摩擦和滑动摩擦的影响。实验发现，最大静摩擦力和滑动摩擦力均随着载荷的增大而增大，而最大静摩擦因数和滑动摩擦因数则随载荷增大而降低。相对湿度对摩擦的影响则随不同载荷的范围而有所不同。载荷较小时，相对湿度对摩擦因数的影响较大；载荷较大时，则相反。利用单峰接触的模型，建立了相对湿度与摩擦力关系的公式。     

Fatigue strength of a wire passing through a cannulated screw: implications for closure of the sternum following cardiac surgery

It has been proposed that the incidence of sternal dehiscence can be decreased by passing the wires used for sternotomy closure through cannulated screws. However, there is a potential risk of fatigue failure as a result of the wire moving against the screw, e.g. during coughing and sneezing. The system of cannulated screws and wire was subjected to static tensile testing to failure. Five tests were performed and failure occurred at 388 +/- 34 N (mean +/- SD). Ten cyclic tests were then performed. Sinusoidal loading was applied at 10 Hz with peak forces in the range 10-90 per cent of the static failure force, at a constant load ratio R = 10. The test with the lowest peak force reached run-out at 6 x 10(6) cycles. The others failed by the ends of the wire closures becoming untwisted (one test), the wire fracturing at the twist (three tests) or the wire fracturing at the screw (five tests). However, calculations based on these results suggest that fatigue failure is unlikely to occur as a result of regular breathing or continuous coughing or sneezing.     

Computational modeling of spine and trunk muscles subjected to follower force

Recently, the follower force concept was introduced in the field of biomechanics to elucidate how the stability of the human spine could be maintained under substantial compressive loads. However, it has been controversial if the follower load concept is feasible to maintain the spinal stability by coordinating the appropriate trunk muscles. The purpose of this paper is to propose a computational model of the human spine and trunk muscles based on finite element method combining with an optimization formulation subjected to the follower force constraint in order to confirm that the follower force is related to the spinal stability and can be generated by the activation of trunk muscles. Spinal motion segments were modeled as linear elastic beam elements and trunk muscles were assumed to be static. In the optimization formulation, the muscle forces, the follower forces and shear forces, and the deformed shape of the spine model were investigated minimizing the sum of the magnitudes of follower forces under the constraints for the equilibrium equations, the directions of resultant forces, and the physiological bounds of muscle forces. Through a numerical example, it was confirmed that there was a combination of muscle activations transmitting external forces and moments along the follower force direction and the spinal stability was maintained with little change of spinal shape.     

Pressure sensor matrix for indirect measurement of grip and push forces exerted on a handle

To date, a large part of workers is exposed to vibrations (23% in Europe) which can negatively impact on their health. This work discusses the importance of measuring grip and push forces in the context of hand-arm vibration tests, bearing in mind the state-of-art of current standards. It proposes a method for indirect measurement of coupling forces using a matrix of polymeric pressure capacitive sensors and discusses the model used for defining these quantities. The matrix of pressure sensors is wrapped around the tool handle and the acting forces, exchanged with the handle, are derived from the pressure values measured by the matrix. Calibration is presented and the effect of curvature is discussed. The work continues with the experimental validation of the model proposed for push force measurements carried out through lifting tests using known masses with a cylindrical handle. An experimental correction coefficient is defined in correlation to the type of grip. The method for measuring the push force, thus corrected, is assessed by means of push force tests on an instrumented handle. Finally the experimental data are analysed in order to assess the uncertainty of the proposed method for measuring the push force, highlighting the contribution of the different sources of uncertainty. The proposed measurement method allows to measure the push and the grip force (known influencing quantities for the measurement of the hand-arm vibration) during tool test and without modifying the handles.     

The difference in the uplift force at each support point of a container crane between FSI analysis and a wind tunnel test

We analyzed the difference between FSI (fluid-structure interaction) analysis and a wind tunnel test regarding the uplift force at each support point of a container crane and also design stowing devices — a tie-down rod and a stowage pin — and an alarm system to prevent overturning of a container crane under wind loads. We know that FSI analysis agrees more with wind tunnel tests than with structural analysis, but the results of FSI analysis are different from those of the tests. To evaluate the effect of the wind load on the stability of the crane, two container cranes that are widely used in container terminals-50 ton-class and 61 ton-class container cranes-are adopted for the analytic model and 19 values are considered for the wind direction as the design parameter. First, a wind tunnel test for the reduced-scale container crane model is performed according to the wind direction using an Eiffel-type atmospheric boundary-layer wind tunnel. Next, FSI analysis for a full-scale container crane is conducted using ANSYS and CFX. Then, the uplift force obtained from FSI analysis is compared with that yielded by the wind tunnel test. Finally, a formula is suggested to compensate the difference between FSI analysis and the wind tunnel test.     

Design and calibration test of a support force measuring system for hypersonic vehicle aerodynamic measurement

With the development of air-breathing integrated vehicle test models equipped with engines, the designing of traditional internal balance force measuring systems has become complicated. This is partly because hypersonic vehicle models have slender bodies, and engine systems inside such model cavities are densely distributed, thereby limiting the space available to house traditional internal balance systems. Moreover, traditional force measuring systems are assembled mechanical systems, and their dynamic force transmission characteristics are inevitably degraded under extremely short test time conditions. Thus, herein, we propose a support force measuring system that integrates the traditional internal balance system with a support in an integral design. The designed internal triangular concurrent force system considerably reduces the additional moment generated by the thrust/resistance force. Calibration tests reveal that the new system demonstrates good linearity and repeatability, and the results prove the correctness of the triangular concurrent force system structure principle.     

FORCE FEEDBACK DATAGLOVE BASED ON PNEUMATIC ARTIFICIAL MUSCLES

An exoskeleton force feedback dataglove is developed, which uses the pneumatic artificial muscles as actuators. On the basis of the simplified hand model, the motion equation is deduced according to the theory of Denavit-Hartenberg. The model of the equivalent contact forces exerted by the object on the finger is proposed. By the principle of virtual work, the static equilibrium of finger is established. The force Jacobian matrix of finger is calculated, and then the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects are obtained. The theory and structure of the force feedback datagolve are introduced. Based on the theory of motion stabilization of four-bar linkage, the flexion angles of joints are measured. The torques on finger joints caused by the output forces of pneumatic artificial muscles are calculated. The output forces of pneumatic artificial muscle, whose values are controlled by its inner pressure, can be calculated by the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects. The arms of force, driving torques and the needed output forces of pneumatic muscle are calculated for each joint of the index finger. The criterion of output force of pneumatic muscle is given.     

Measurement of transient cutting force by means of a Fourier analyser

Measurements of transient cutting force are often required for analysing transient phenomena in cutting or detecting tool chipping. With most existing tool dynamometers which detect cutting force through strain, however, accurate measurements of transient cutting force cannot be expected because of inadequate frequency characteristics or large time lag. This paper proposes a method of measuring the transient cutting force. In this method, cutting force is calculated by means of a digital Fourier analyser from the output of a tool dynamometer and the transfer function, which has been identified in advance under the same set-up as used for the cutting test. The assessment tests have revealed that the cutting force calculated in this way is extremely close to the real value, regardless of the dynamic rigidity of the tool dynamometer. This method is also applicable for accurate detection of acceleration of a simple system.     

组合支撑方式下气动多维力多点测量研究

飞行器的设计通常需以其模型在风洞试验中所获取的气动载荷为依据.对于大尺寸、大长径比的飞行器模型,其测试空间受限,常规支撑装置与测量方法难以满足风洞试验的尺寸与动态特性要求.针对上述问题,以压电传感器为核心测试元件,提出了一种结合张线支撑和尾部支撑的组合支撑方式,开发了一种支撑装置与测试元件一体化的气动多维力测试系统.分...     

Research on force-sensing element's spatial arrangement of piezoelectric six-component force/torque sensor

This paper proposes a novel piezoelectric six-component force/torque sensor with four-point supporting structure, and makes research on force-sensing element's spatial arrangement of the novel sensor. Two kinds of different spatial arrangements are advanced, lozenge and square arrangement. The mathematical models are built and calculated. The influence on using performance of the two kinds of different spatial arrangements of the sensor is analyzed by FEM (ANSYS software). In order to investigate the validity of the proposed method, a prototype of piezoelectric six-component force/moment sensor is developed with two kinds of different spatial arrangements, and characteristic tests of the piezoelectric six-component force/moment sensor are performed. The test shows that both of the different spatial arrangement sensors could be used to measure six-component force/torque, but the square arrangement piezoelectric six-component force/moment sensor is more suitable for measurement of six-component force/torque on axis. The interference errors of square arrangement sensor are less than 5%, which are lower than those of the lozenge arrangement sensor. The natural frequencies in six directions are analyzed and discussed.     

微电子产品冲击试验机

微电子产品在一般使用和各种运输过程中都可能因为不同形式的冲击而造成功能失效,因此电子产品的抗冲击强度成为电子产品可靠性的一个评价指标,也是结构设计的一个重要考虑因素。但是目前常用的冲击试验机都是针对结构尺寸较大,质量较重的产品,对于微电子产品这种结构小、重量轻的特点,一般的试验机不能有效的检测出其冲击的力学特性。文章介绍了所设计的冲击试验机的原理结构及其功能,并使用移动电话在该机上进行一系列冲击试验,获得了载荷、加速度、应变等重复性良好动态力学参数,反映移动电话的抗冲击能力。掌握这些动态力学参数,对产品可靠性的设计有很大的帮助。     

PCBN刀具端面铣削淬火钢的铣削力研究

通过试验分别研究了铣削用量、刀具几何参数、工件材料硬度、刀具磨损情况和PCBN材料的晶粒粒度对铣削力的影响，得出了铣削力的经验公式，并提出了降低铣削力的具体途径。     

Importance of sarcomere length when determining muscle physiological cross-sectional area: a spine example

Muscle physiological cross-sectional area predicts the maximum capability of a muscle to generate isometric force. Biomechanical models often use estimates of individual muscle physiological cross-sectional area to partition internal forces among different muscles and predict joint forces and stability. In the spine literature, these physiological cross-sectional area values are generally obtained from imaging or cadaveric studies that have not accounted for a potential lengthened or shortened (and thus thinned or thickened, respectively) state of the muscles in question. Sarcomere length measurements can be used to normalize muscle lengths and correct for these length discrepancies. This article was designed to demonstrate potential effects of not accounting for instantaneous sarcomere length when calculating the physiological cross-sectional area of muscles of the spine region. Because some muscles of the spine region appear to be shortened and others lengthened in the neutral spine posture, both over- and under-estimations of physiological cross-sectional area are possible. Specifically, it is shown that the muscle physiological cross-sectional area could be over-estimated or under-estimated by as much as + 36% (multifidus) and -21% (rectus abdominis), respectively. This differential error effect poses difficulties in accurately estimating individual muscle forces and subsequent spine forces and stability that result from biomechanical models incorporating physiological cross-sectional area data obtained in the absence of sarcomere length measurements. Future work is needed to measure the dynamic range of sarcomere lengths of all spinal muscles to ensure correct inputs to biomechanical models.     

Modifications to a fretting-fatigue testing apparatus based upon an analysis of contact stresses at complete and nearly complete contacts

An earlier form of fretting-fatigue test apparatus employs two collinear hydraulic actuators to impose bulk tension and shear. This apparatus employed a Hertzian contact to induce well-defined tractions. However, it is very difficult to make use of information culled from such tests in designing contacts which are either complete or almost complete in nature. A modified apparatus for investigating experimentally fretting fatigue under complete and nearly complete contact conditions is described. For these cases, any misalignment in the plane of the contact would alter the contact pressure distribution significantly leaving the results of the test questionable. Additionally, when applying a shearing force, it should be in the plane of the contact, eliminating the risk of a rocking moment which would otherwise have a similar effect. Here, we describe a testing apparatus that allows the above two issues to be addressed and resolved. The contact then sits in its “natural position” on the test specimen and the applied shearing force is in the plane containing the contact. Further implications for the development of the coefficient of friction are discussed.     

Determination of cohesive zone model parameters for tape delamination based on tests and finite element simulations

Adhesive tapes are commonly used in electronics and automotive parts, and it is important to predict the peel force of the tapes by finite element simulations. Much research has been conducted to propose different functional forms of the cohesive zone model which are used in finite element simulations, but it is difficult to determine the parameters of those functional forms. In this study a methodology was proposed to determine the parameters of a bilinear cohesive zone model based on the results of the double cantilever beam test and several peel tests, and to predict the peel force at other peel tests by conducting finite element simulations. By comparing the estimated peel forces from finite element simulations to the measured peel forces, the methodology proposed in this study was proven to be simple yet effective.