Processing edible peanut protein concentrates and isolates to inactivate aflatoxins

Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some oxidizing or other reactive chemicals for destruction of aflatoxins in conjunction with the aqueous extraction process for the production of peanut protein concentrates and/or isolates directly from contaminated raw peanuts. The chemicals tested included acetone, isopropyl alcohol, methylamine, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, ammonia gas, and sodium hypochlorite. Among these chemicals, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite showed very effective destruction of aflatoxins during the aqueous extraction process of infected peanuts. However, the use of benzoyl peroxide may pose some difficulties because it is not readily soluble in the aqueous suspensions. It was therefore concluded that aflatoxins can be effectively destroyed during the aqueous processing of peanuts by properly utilizing either sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide to produce either peanut protein concentrates or isolates.     

Inactivation of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meals by ammoniation

Aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meal can be inactivated by treatment with gaseous ammonia. In pilot plant runs, contaminated peanut meal was ammoniated at two levels each of moisture content, reaction time, temperature and ammonia pressure. Thin layer chromatography indicated that ammoniation inactivated the aflatoxins (121 ppb) in the meal to a nondetectable level. With a similar treatment, total aflatoxins (350 ppb) in cottonseed meal were reduced to 4 ppb. A series of runs was made with large scale equipment using cottonseed meal containing an average of 519 ppb total aflatoxins. Under optimum processing conditions, aflatoxin content of this meal was reduced to below 5 ppb and non-detectable levels. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Elimination of aflatoxins from peanut meal

Peanut meal containing aflatoxins was heat treated in the presence of moisture and chemicals to reduce the aflatoxin content. Treatments with ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and ozone were effective in either destroying aflatoxins or greatly reducing aflatoxin levels as indicated both by TLC analysis and feeding experiments with ducklings and rats. Weight gains for animals receiving the treated meals were essentially comparable to those for animals receiving aflatoxin-free meal. The treated meals, however, had somewhat reduced protein efficiency ratios, as indicated by rat feeding tests. Complete elimination of aflatoxins from contaminated peanut meal was achieved by extraction with a 90% acetone-10% water (w/w) solvent system. The extracted aflatoxin-free peanut meal gave good growth in the duckling and rat feeding tests, and had a relatively high protein efficiency ratio. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Oxidations of coal by aqueous sodium hypochlorite

Oxidations of Illinois No. 6 coal, mostly as insoluble residues of pyridine extractions, by aqueous NaOCl at 30 °C have yielded several products. They range from black, bicarbonate-soluble acids of molecular weight as high as 1000 to nearly colourless, water-soluble acids with molecular weights near 300. Most of the products have a higher ratio of aliphatic/aromatic content than the original coal. The product mix depends mostly on the pH during oxidation and on the state of subdivision of the coal. At pH 13, 96% of the coal introduced is dissolved and 80% of the carbon dissolving is found as the high-molecular-weight acids, which present a promising soluble material for investigation of coal structure. At lower pH, more of the coal structure is destroyed; simple, oxidation-resistant benzene and aliphatic carboxylic acids then become the principal organic products.     

Determination of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed soapstocks

An accurate and sensitive procedure is proposed for estimating aflatoxins in both alkaline and acidulated soapstocks. Sample suspensions in aqueous acetone are adjusted to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid, extracted in a high speed blender, treated with lead acetate and partitioned into chloroform. After silica gel cleanup, aflatoxins in purifie extracts are estimated by thin layer chromatography. The use of acetone and lead acetate together apparently catalyzes the relactonization of flatoxins B₁ nd G₁ and leads to essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxin B₁ and somewhat lower recovery of G₁ added to alkaline or acidulated soapstock. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969.     

GB19106-2003次氯酸钠溶液

前言 本标准表1中的A指标、第7章、第8章为强制性,其余为推荐性. 本标准是参考国内外有关标准及国内生产和使用实际需要而制定. 本标准自实施之日起,化学工业标准HG/T 2498-1993<次氯酸钠溶液>同时废止.     

次氯酸钠溶液

前　言本标准表 1中的A指标、第 7章、第 8章为强制性 ,其余为推荐性。本标准是参考国内外有关标准及国内生产和使用实际需要而制定。本标准自实施之日起 ,化学工业标准HG/T 2 4 98- 1 993《次氯酸钠溶液》同时废止。本标准由中国石油和化学工业协会提出。本标准由全国化学标准化技术委员会氯碱分会 (SAC/TC 63/SC 6)归口。本标准起草单位 :锦西化工研究院、中化化工标准化研究所。本标准主要起草人 :陈沛云、胡立明、魏静、李富荣。本标准解释权归全国化学标准化技术委员会氯碱分会 (SAC/TC 63/SC 6)。1　范围本标准规定了次氯酸钠…     

次氯酸钠消毒控制微生物的效果评价

采用次氯酸钠对南方某水厂砂滤池出水进行消毒,研究次氯酸钠投加量、细菌总数和总大肠菌群、pH值对次氯酸钠杀菌效果的影响。结果表明,随着次氯酸钠投加量的增加,余氯浓度不断升高,处理后水中的细菌不断减少;次氯酸钠对试验范围内不同的细菌总数和总大肠菌群数都有很好的杀菌效果;pH值的变化对细菌和总大肠菌群生长无影响,起灭菌作用的是次氯酸钠。次氯酸钠对微生物的杀菌效果显著,选择最佳次氯酸钠的投加量为1.5 mg/L,出水的菌落总数和总大肠菌群完全达到GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求,微生物安全性可以得到保障。     

Chemical inactivation of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meals

Organic and inorganic reagents have been tested for destruction or inactivation of the aflatoxins present in peanut and cottonseed meals. The treatments were made in a special laboratory-scale reactor, and were evaluated by determination of the aflatoxins in the products by thin layer chromatography. In some instances, a larger pilot-plant scale reactor was used. Ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde reduced aflatoxin levels and appear practical for large scale treatments. Effects of various reaction parameters including time, temperature and moisture content on the efficiency of these reagents are presented. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, April 1969. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Determination of aflatoxins in individual peanuts and peanut sections

Subsamples of a given lot of peanuts may vary greatly in aflatoxin content due to extreme variability in the degree of contamination of individual kernels. A micro method, adapted from the aqueous acetone procedure recently proposed by Pons and Goldblatt for the determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products, was developed to permit accurate determination of aflatoxins in individual kernels and kernel sections. Use of this procedure permitted the topographic distribution of aflatoxins within single kernels to be mapped and indicated that the toxins are not uniformly distributed within contaminated kernels, even when the kernel contains a high level of aflatoxins. Although wrinkling or discoloration sometimes indicated that a kernel was contaminated, this type of physical damage was not found to be a reliable indication of aflatoxin content. Also it was noted that a few apparently sound and mature kernels contained high levels of aflatoxins. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Houston, April 1965. Honorable Mention Bond Award Competition. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

次氯酸钠氧化去除废水中氨氮的研究

以次氯酸钠为氧化剂,对质量浓度为200 mg/L的氨氮模拟废水进行处理。研究了有效氯与氨氮的摩尔比n(Cl2/NH3-N)、反应时间、p H值、温度对氨氮去除效果的影响。结果表明,较适宜的反应条件为:n(Cl2/NH3-N)为1.7,反应时间30 min,p H值7⁹,温度159,温度15²5℃。同时研究了加入次氯酸钠后的氧化还原电位(ORP),表明可通过ORP的变化为运行控制提供依据。     

次氯酸钠氧化脱除废水中氨氮的研究

与传统的氯系氧化剂液氯相比,次氯酸钠不仅使用安全无氯气外泄的危险,而且可进一步减少消毒副产物的产生,因此用于废水中氨氮的去除是较合适的氯化氧化剂。研究以质量浓度为100mg/L的氨氮模拟废水为对象,通过正交试验和单因素试验系统地探讨了氯与氨氮的量比、反应时间和pH值等因素对次氯酸钠氧化脱除氨氮的影响。结果表明,影响次氯酸钠氧化脱除氨氮的主次因素顺序为氯与氨氮的量比、反应时间、pH值。此外,分别在高低两种氨氮浓度下,考察了有机污染物苯酚的存在对氨氮去除效果的影响,试验结果表明两种氨氮浓度条件下,氨氮去除率都随苯酚浓度增加而减少,但高浓度氨氮受苯酚的影响程度较低浓度的小。     

次氯酸钠氧化去除废水中氨氮的研究

以次氯酸钠为氧化剂,对质量浓度为200 mg/L的氨氮模拟废水进行处理。研究了有效氯与氨氮的摩尔比n(Cl2/NH3-N)、反应时间、p H值、温度对氨氮去除效果的影响。结果表明,较适宜的反应条件为:n(Cl2/NH3-N)为1.7,反应时间30 min,p H值7~9,温度15~25℃。同时研究了加入次氯酸钠后的氧化还原电位(ORP),表明可通过ORP的变化为运行控制提供依据。     

工业次氯酸钠溶液中氯酸钠含量的测定

利用次氯酸钠和氯酸钠的氧化能力不同,以双氧水消解次氯酸钠的影响,以硫酸中和次氯酸钠溶液中的氢氧化钠,以硫酸亚铁作还原剂,将试样中的氯酸钠还原,再用重铬酸钾标准溶液氧化过量的硫酸亚铁,从而测定工业次氯酸钠溶液中氯酸钠的准确浓度.方法简单可靠,测得的回收率高,检测极限（质量浓度）可达0.05g/L以下.     

次氯酸钠消毒在自来水厂中的应用

次氯酸钠溶液挥发性低、腐蚀性小,便于采购、运输和储存。采用次氯酸钠消毒能够降低出水中消毒副产物的产生,获得更好的出水水质,运行成本会有一定上升。为保障周边居民生命财产安全,提高供水可靠性,使用更为安全的次氯酸钠作为自来水厂的消毒剂已经成为一种趋势。     

次氯酸钠装置运行总结

介绍了次氯酸钠装置设计工艺,分析了运行中存在的问题,并提出解决措施。     

Mechanism of the degradation of Orange G by sodium hypochlorite

Products in the degradation of the monoazo dye, Orange G, by sodium hypochlorite in water were investigated. A variety of products, including chlorobenzene, p -dichlorobenzene, biphenyl, 4-chlorobiphenyl and azobenzene, were detected in the diethyl ether extract of the reaction mixture by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three water-soluble products were observed primarily in the reaction mixture by ion-pair chromatography using the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Two of the three water-soluble products were separated from the reaction mixture and their structures were elucidated. A possible mechanism for the formation of these products is proposed.     

钠法漂粉精装置干燥过程的有关计算

分析了漂粉精的干燥工艺过程并找出了影响该过程的主要因素,通过计算干燥过程所需空气量和热量,为降低该过程的能量消耗提供理论依据。     

废次氯酸钠中乙炔的闪蒸回收及废液回用复配次氯酸钠

介绍了废次氯酸钠中乙炔气的闪蒸回收及废液回用复配次氯酸钠的工艺、实际生产情况,废液的回用可节约大量水资源,实现污水零排放。