Computational analysis of responses of a wedge-shaped-tip optical fiber probe in bubble measurement

Optical-fiber probing is widely employed in bubble∕droplet measurement in gas-liquid two-phase flows. Several types of optical fiber probes with a very high S∕N ratio and high performance have been developed, but further improvement in the probes' measurement accuracy and reliability for industrial applications is desired. We tried to eliminate optical noise in the probe measurements, and we found that the signals include some peak signs that have potential for advanced measurement with optical-fiber probing. We developed a ray-tracing numerical simulator and identified the mechanisms underlying the generation of the signals. In order to numerically simulate the optical probing signals, the simulator must use 3D frameworks composed of incident beams, the reflection and refraction on the surfaces of the optical elements (i.e., an optical fiber, a sensing tip, an air phase, and a water phase), and beams returning from the sensing tip to the other tip through the fiber. We used all of these in a simple rendering framework based on a ray-tracing algorithm with Fresnel's law, and we observed the mechanism of some promising signals that may be useful for extracting the hidden potential of optical-fiber probing. To verify the simulator's performance, we carried out three comparative experiments with fundamental setups using a wedge-shaped single-tip optical fiber probe, examining: (1) the beam trajectories and energy leaking out from the sensing tip into the surrounding air phase or water phase, (2) the probing signals throughout penetration of the sensing tip at the air-water free interface in light of the three-dimensional deformation, and (3) the probing signals throughout penetration of the sensing tip into a bubble in light of the three-dimensional bubble shape. As a result, (a) we found that an optical fiber probe with a wedge-shaped tip has particular characteristics of beam emissions from the tip, and the emitting angles switched depending on the phases covering the tip. This phenomenon is very effective for further advanced measurement. (b) We observed numerically that the cutting angle of the sensing tip maximizing the air signal level was approximately 30°, and therefore this angle is the best for obtaining the highest S∕N ratio. (c) We found that the meniscus shape clearly affected the probing signal optically. (d) We observed the mechanism of a pre-signal caused by the reflection at the frontal and rear interfaces of a bubble. The pre-signal is very useful for practical measurement because it appears only when the probe penetrates the center region of a bubble. We compared the above numerical results with the results of the three experiments, and there was satisfactory correspondence between the numerical and experimental results.     

Measurement of the radiation frequency of a pulsed submillimeter-wave gyrotron using beat-note signals with the harmonics of a millimeter-wave frequency synthesizer

A method of frequency measurements of pulse signals in the millimeter/submillimeter wavelength region, including signals with a pulse duration shorter than 10 μs and a repetition rate of 0.1 Hz, is considered. This method is based on the analysis of amplitudes of beat notes between the signal under study and radiation of a millimeter-wave frequency synthesizer. Application of this method to frequency measurements and identification of modes of a pulsed relativistic gyrotron in a configuration of a large-orbit gyrotron operating at three lower harmonics of the cyclotron frequency in the range 100–400 GHz is demonstrated. This method allows radiation-frequency measurements with an accuracy corresponding to the frequency instability during an oscillation pulse. It is shown that the method developed is also applicable to investigations of the oscillation dynamics within a single pulse.     

Analysis of the measured signals in apertureless near-field optical microscopy

We present an analytical model able to explain the optical signal recorded during our experimental approach curves in the infrared at a wavelength lambda=10.6 microm, with a home-made apertureless near-field scanning optical microscope ANSOM. This model uses classical electrodynamics to calculate the scattering cross section of the oscillating tip, considered as a dipole, and its dielectric image in the sample as a function of the tip-sample separation from the near-field to the far-field regime. The dipoles are placed in a non-uniform electric field because of the standing wave arising from the interference between the incident and the specular laser beams. We also added a background field coming from a scatterer on the surface in order to account for zeroing of the optical signal for particular tip-sample separation and interference patterns.     

An adaptive Morlet wavelet filter for time-of-flight estimation in ultrasonic damage assessment

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing has been widely used in assessing the integrity of engineering materials such as high-temperature alloys and structures such as pipelines, bridges, and other load-bearing structures. The ultrasonic signals received from these structures are often noisy. Effective noise-reduction techniques are needed in order to accurately assess their condition. This paper presents a new digital signal processing method for estimating ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD). This method is based on wavelet analysis using the Morlet wavelet and the least mean squares (LMS) adaptive filter. The adaptive line enhancer (ALE) structure is used for the adaptive filter. The filter is designed to remove noise and identify the point at which the ultrasonic signal starts to reflect an echo from the tip of a crack. Both simulated and experimental data obtained from a steel plate with a crack produced by electrical-discharge-machining (EDM) are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. This method is especially useful when the properties of the crack signal are unknown and the signal-to-noise ratio is low.     

ERA4000系列角度编码器

ERA4000系列角度编码器结构紧凑,精度高,内孔径大。全新刻线工艺和扫描技术确保了产品的高精度。边缘清晰度极高的均匀栅线和带光学过滤构造的单场扫描技术使得整个量程范围中输出信号都可以保持恒定的高质量。细分误差小于光栅周期的±1%。除此之外,通过特殊设计还实现了简便的安装,确保产品实际安装后也能获得高精度。     

Autofluorescence removal using a customized filter set

Quantitative fluorescence microscopy is severely hindered by intrinsic autofluorescence (AF). Endogenous fluorescent molecules in tissue and cell samples emit fluorescence that often dominates signals from specific dyes. This makes AF removal critical to the development and practice of quantitative fluorescence microscopy. In this study, we showed that AF signal could be separated from specific signal using a customized filter set. The filter set used the same excitation and beam splitter as the standard filter set, but the emission filter was red‐shifted 40–60 nm from the peak of the specific dye. This filter set configuration collected mostly AF with minimum contribution from the specific dye. A linear transformation of AF images was required to correct for the difference in exposure and filter configuration. The constants (slope and intercept) in linear transformation were obtained through a pixel to pixel comparison between AF images (no staining) obtained by the standard filter set and the customized AF filter set. After staining of specific dye, the standard filter collecting target dye spectra was used to capture both target signal and AF, whereas customized filter was used to capture only AF. AF removal was accomplished by subtracting the linear transformed AF image from the image obtained from the standard filter. To validate our approach, we examined weak staining of androgen receptor in an AF abundant prostate tissue sample. Our method revealed a similar but cleaner nuclear staining of androgen receptor in a specimen, when compared to a traditional autofluorescence removal method. Microsc. Res. Tech., 76:1007–1015, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

对金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度评价的滤波分析

为准确评价超精密金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度,对金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度的评价进行了滤波分析。介绍了刀尖圆弧波纹度的评价方法,针对关键的滤波环节,分析了高斯滤波、高斯回归滤波、样条滤波和小波滤波的原理,根据实际采样数据设计模拟实验对比了上述4种滤波器的滤波特性。结果表明,对于不同轮廓中线但高频分量完全相同的轮廓,样条滤波器的滤波效果优于高斯滤波器,并通过实际应用对比了高斯滤波器和样条滤波器。实验结果表明:对具有不同轮廓中线但高频分量完全相同的模拟轮廓,分别采用高斯滤波器和样条滤波器,当截止波长分别取0.25mm和0.8mm时,高斯滤波器滤波结果的标准差分别为0.4366nm和9.6544nm,样条滤波器滤波结果的标准差分别为0.0271nm和1.1844nm,说明样条滤波器更适合于超精密金刚石刀具刀尖圆弧波纹度的评价。     

自适应滤波在近红外无创生化分析中的应用

提出用血流容积差光谱相减法来消除近红外无创生化分析中组织背景的干扰.为提高光谱相减中所需获得的脉搏波近红外光谱信号的信噪比,研究了自适应滤波处理方法.介绍了最小均方算法(LMS)自适应滤波的基本原理,在此基础上提出了一种适用于处理本实验脉搏波光谱信号的自适应滤波方法;采用实验室自行研制的16元近红外脉搏波采集系统,获得人体脉搏波光谱信号;最后,利用提出的自适应滤波方法处理脉搏波光谱信号并分析其滤波效果.结果表明,利用该方法处理采集的脉搏波信号,可使血流容积光谱相减后血液光谱吸光度噪声由800 μAU降低至12 μAU,相邻波长的脉搏波相关系数由0.994 0提高至0.999 9.分析结果说明该自适应滤波方法可以有效地应用于近红外无创生化分析中.     

分布式机电系统边缘节点信号预处理方法及应用设计

为提高分布式机电系统边缘节点对本地数据过滤和分析的效率及准确性,提出了一种基于最优变分模式分解(Optimal variational mode decomposition,OVMD)的信号预处理方法.首先,利用一阶差分方法有效消除了原始信号中的奇异点,随之利用最优变分模态分解方法对信号进行模态分解,然后进行相关分析,确定各模式与原始信号的相关程度,从而从噪声信号中准确分离出真实的工作信号.在理论与仿真分析基础上,设计开发了分布式机电系统边缘节点预处理系统,并采用信噪比及均方根误差指标评价信号预处理效果.实验结果表明,该机电信号预处理方法及设计的边缘节点预处理系统能够提取不同特征的信号,提高重构信号信噪比,具有较高的保真性和可靠性,为后续系统健康监测、故障诊断等工作提供了数据保障.     

Plasmon-Enhanced Near-Field Optical Spectroscopy of Multicomponent Semiconductor Nanostructures

Multicomponent semiconductor nanostructures were studied by local spectral analysis based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering by semiconductor nanostructures located on the surface of an array of Au nanoclusters near the metallized tip of an atomic force microscope. In the gap between the metal nanoclusters and the tip, where a semiconductor nanostructure is located, there is a strong increase in the local electric field (hot spot), resulting in a dramatic enhancement of the Raman scattering signal. An unprecedented enhancement of the Raman scattering signal by two-dimensional (over 108 for MoS2) and zero-dimensional (106 for CdSe nanocrystals) semiconductor nanostructures was achieved. The use of the method for mapping the Raman scattering response of a multicomponent system of MoS2 and CdSe made it possible to identify components with a spatial resolution far exceeding the diffraction limit.     

基于自适应噪声抵消的永磁同步电机高频注入信号检测

在永磁同步电机的控制中,无论是矢量控制还是直接转矩控制,都需要适时精确知道转子位置的信息。论文探索性地提出用自适应噪音抵消技术对永磁同步电机的高频电流响应信号进行检测和处理,利用噪声信号和原始被测信号不相关的特点,自适应地调整滤波器的传递特性,将噪声干扰抑制或大幅衰减,提高有用信号的信噪比,以获得正确的转子位置信息。     

表面增强拉曼光谱的研究进展

本文从提高表面拉曼光谱检测灵敏度和空间分辨率两个方面的发展叙述表面增强拉曼光谱和针尖增强拉曼光谱的原理、方法、特点以及最新进展。对利用表面增强拉曼光谱和针尖增强拉曼光谱研究金属表面上分子吸附等方面的应用进行总结 ,并对他们的应用前景做了预测     

Gearbox fault diagnosis using adaptive zero phase time-varying filter based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition

When used for separating multi-component non-stationary signals, the adaptive time-varying filter(ATF) based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition(MCSSD) generates phase shift and signal distortion. To overcome this drawback, the zero phase filter is introduced to the mentioned filter, and a fault diagnosis method for speed-changing gearbox is proposed. Firstly, the gear meshing frequency of each gearbox is estimated by chirplet path pursuit. Then, according to the estimated gear meshing frequencies, an adaptive zero phase time-varying filter(AZPTF) is designed to filter the original signal. Finally, the basis for fault diagnosis is acquired by the envelope order analysis to the filtered signal. The signal consisting of two time-varying amplitude modulation and frequency modulation(AM-FM) signals is respectively analyzed by ATF and AZPTF based on MCSSD. The simulation results show the variances between the original signals and the filtered signals yielded by AZPTF based on MCSSD are 13.67 and 41.14, which are far less than variances (323.45 and 482.86) between the original signals and the filtered signals obtained by ATF based on MCSSD. The experiment results on the vibration signals of gearboxes indicate that the vibration signals of the two speed-changing gearboxes installed on one foundation bed can be separated by AZPTF effectively. Based on the demodulation information of the vibration signal of each gearbox, the fault diagnosis can be implemented. Both simulation and experiment examples prove that the proposed filter can extract a mono-component time-varying AM-FM signal from the multi-component time-varying AM-FM signal without distortion.     

大F数高分辨率空间望远镜光学系统

针对离轴三反射镜光学系统,分析了改变入射光的平均波长时,大F数望远镜系统在奈奎斯特频率处实验室静态传递函数的变化规律,进而论证了大F数望远镜的可行性。分析结果表明:对于大F数空间望远镜,其入射光平均波长愈短,它的传递函数值愈高,愈能满足对地面分辨率的要求,该结论可作为研制轻型空间望远镜的参考。     

基于LabVIEW编写数字滤波器程序的仿真信号与实测信号的分析

在控制工程领域,信号分析技术有广泛的应用,为了能够更好地分析信号,必须将时域内的信号转换成频域内的信号。通过LabVIEW编程实现滤波器软件设计,通过仿真信号对其进行验证,并将该滤波器运用到高空行吊设备轨道谱测控信号分析中。     

Changes of optical properties of retroreflector installed in LHD

This article describes changes of optical properties of retroreflectors installed on the inner wall of the vacuum vessel of the Large Helical Device. They were made of stainless steel and were used for a CO(2) laser polarimeter. The reflectivity for a CO(2) laser beam dropped up to 40% after the start of glow discharge cleanings and main plasma experiments. Then it decreased gradually. The reflectivity in a wavelength range shorter than 10 mum decreased significantly through one experimental campaign (about 4 months). On the other hand the reflectivity in a wavelength range longer than 50 mum was larger than 70%. Decrease in the reflectivity in the central region of mirrors was more significant (the reflectivity for visible beams became almost zero) than that in the edge. The distribution of the reflectivity along the radial direction is expected to be related to the shape of the retroreflector. The parallelism of the reflected beam to an incident one also deteriorated. The changes in the polarization angle and in the ellipticity of reflected light polarization were not observed from the visible to the far infrared range.     

数字存储示波器观测高速信号的关键参数分析

文章从信号完整性的角度介绍了高速信号。由于其特征明显,如何准确地观测高速信号对数字存储示波器的选用提出了严格要求。数字存储示波器有很多关键参数,对于观测高速信号,重点分析了采样率和波形刷新率两个参数的影响,以及它们之间的关联。以偶发的存在畸变的高速信号为例,阐述了采样率和波形刷新率对信号捕获的概率大小。采样率越高,捕获信号的细节越明显,越容易定位信号的畸变位置。波形刷新率越高,整个采集过程中,“死区”时间就越短暂,越容易捕获畸变信号。分析表明,对于观测高速信号,选择合适规格参数的数字存储示波器至关重要。     

摆式列车未平衡加速度信号的数字滤波

在利用未平衡加速度信号获取摆式列车的控制信号时 ,由于存在车体横向振动等许多干扰 ,需要进行低通滤波 ,本文针对信号的特点设计了切比雪夫和巴特沃思滤波器 ,并对滤波结果进行了分析和比较 ,以获得较准确的控制信号     

An image processing method for scanning electron microscopy based on the information transmission theory

Based on the information transmission theory, topographic image signals in scanning electron microscopy are used to evaluate contrast, gradient, acutance, and Laplacian operator, the total of which represent the image sharpness of an edge line. One may consider the impulse and step functions as an input to the Gaussian system function of a low-pass filter, the impulse and step response functions possibly representing a single spot and image contrast of an edge profile, respectively. It is shown that the response function of acutance defined as the power of the gradient normalized by density is a more realistic representation of image edge sharpness. Also, edge sharpness can be greatly enhanced by utilizing the Laplacian operator through digital image processing for a disk specimen model with a rounded edge. Contrast increased by specimen tilt, and an edge effect due to side-scattered electrons, as well as the signal attenuation by specimen collection, are consistently obtained as the response function in the system. The exact measurement of spot size and edge-to-edge resolution, and image sharpness improvement, are derived by digital image processing.