去除废水中顽固污染物:染料废水脱色和生物降解的联合处理过程(英文)

While conventional wastewater treatments for urban effluents are fairly routine and have proved highly effective,industrial wastewater requires more complex and specific treatments.This paper provides a technological strategy for removal of recalcitrant contaminants based on a hybrid treatment system.The model effluent containing a binary mixture of synthetic dyes is treated by a combination of a preliminary physicochemical stage followed by a biological stage based on ligninolytic enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.This proposal includes biosorption onto peat as pretreatment,which decreases the volume and concentration to be treated in the biological reactor,thereby obtaining a completely decolorized effluent.The treated wastewater can therefore be reused in the dyeing baths with the consequent saving of water resources.     

通过数学规划方法设计具有混合结构的水回用网络

A new design method for a water-reusing network, with a hybrid structure, to reduce the complexity of the network and to minimize freshwater consumption, is proposed. The unique feature of the methodology proposed .in this article is to control the complexity of the water network by regulation of the control number in a water-reusing system. It combines the advantages of a conventional water-reusing network and a water-reusing net work with internal water mains. To illustrate the proposed method, a single contaminant system and a multiple contaminant system serve as examples of the problems.     

具有多个不同质量资源网络的设计与目标值确定

This paper presents a new design procedure for the networks with multiple resources, such as hydrogen and water, of different qualities. The minimum consumption targets of the resources and pinch-causing sources can be identified as well during design. The objective of this work is to reduce the consumption of the resources with higher quality due to their higher cost. A few examples are investigated to show the proposed method. For a net-work of single resource with single contaminant, there is often only one pinch point for the resource. On the other hand, for a network of multiple resources with single contaminant, there might be a few different pinch points. Each resource might have its own pinch point, if its amount is sufficient. The contaminant concentration of the pinch-causing source for a resource with lower concentration will be below that of the higher-concentration resource(s).     

通过模型为基础的溶液选择来调控药品化合物的形貌

In this paper we present a strategy for tuning the crystal morphology of pharmaceutical compounds by the appropriate choice of solvent via an optimization model. A three-stage approach involving a pre-design stage, a product design stage and a post-design experimental verification stage is presented. The pre-design stage addresses the tormulation of the property constraint tor crystal morphology. This involves crystallization experiments aria development of property models and constraints for morphology. In the design stage various property requirements for the solvent along with crystal morphology are considered and the product design problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming model.The design stage provides an optimal solvent/list of candidate solvents. Similar to the pre-design stage, in the post design experimental verification stage, the morphology of the crystals （precipitated from the designed solvent） is verified through crystallization experiments followed by product characterization via scanni＇ng electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction imaging and Fourier transform spectra analysis.     

Selective hydrolysis of lignocelluloses from corn stalk in an ionic liquid

Although lots of basic studies , such as the hydrolysis and dissolution of lignocelluloses has made great progress in recent years , the hydrolysates containing complex mixture of pentose and hexose are very hard to be separated , and these process sometimes cause serious environmental problems in practical application of cellulose polymer degradation science.Herein , an efficient two-stage method for selective hydrolysis of lignocelluloses biomass is being developed in this paper by controlling of pH in an ionic liquid.The lignin-hemicelluloses matrix in corn stalk was hydrolyzed into xylose in 23.1% yield in the first stage ; and cellulose-rich residues from the first stage was by farther hydrolyzed to provide a glucose in 26.9%yield.Structure of the products were identified by 13 C NMR.It should be mentioned that , the ionic liquid which can be regenerated and reused throughout the process. The present work significantly opens an a new path to utilize each component of lignocellulose as raw materials producing biofuels , renewable energy and fine chemicals.     

Integration of a Gas Fired Steam Power Plant with a Total Site Utility Using a New Cogeneration Targeting Procedure

A steam power plant can work as a dual purpose plant for simultaneous production of steam and elec-trical power. In this paper we seek the optimum integration of a steam power plant as a source and a site utility sys-tem as a sink of steam and power. Estimation for the cogeneration potential prior to the design of a central utility system for site utility systems is vital to the targets for site fuel demand as well as heat and power production. In this regard, a new cogeneration targeting procedure is proposed for integration of a steam power plant and a site utility consisting of a process plant. The new methodology seeks the optimal integration based on a new cogenera-tion targeting scheme. In addition, a modified site utility grand composite curve （SUGCC） diagram is proposed and compared to the original SUGCC. A gas fired steam power plant and a process site utility is considered in a case study. The applicability of the developed procedure is tested against other design methods （STAR？ and Thermoflex software） through a case study. The proposed method gives comparable results, and the targeting method is used for optimal integration of steam levels. Identifying optimal conditions of steam levels for integration is important in the design of utility systems, as the selection of steam levels in a steam power plant and site utility for integration greatly influences the potential for cogeneration and energy recovery. The integration of steam levels of the steam power plant and the site utility system in the case study demonstrates the usefulness of the method for reducing the overall energy consumption for the site.     

过程工业中具有能量集成的用水网络优化设计

Effective utilization of water and energy is the key factor of sustainable development in process industries, and also an important science and technology problem to be solved in systems engineering. In this paper,two new methods of optimal design of water utilization network with energy integration in process industries are presented, that is, stepwise and simultaneous optimization methods. They are suitable for both single contaminant and multi-contaminant systems, and the integration of energy can be carried out in the whole process system, not only limited in water network, so that energy can be utilized effectively. The two methods are illustrated by case study.     

不确定性条件下对固体氧化物燃料电池-质子交换膜燃料电池联合系统的综合/设计优化(英文)

Solid oxide fuel cell–proton exchange membrane (SOFC–PEM) hybrid system is being foreseen as a valuable alternative for power generation. As this hybrid system is a conceptual design, many uncertainties involving input values should be considered at the early stage of process optimization. We present in this paper a general-ized framework of multi-objective optimization under uncertainty for the synthesis/design optimization of the SOFC–PEM hybrid system. The framework is based on geometric, economic and electrochemical models and focuses on evaluating the effect of uncertainty in operating parameters on three conflicting objectives:electricity efficiency, SOFC current density and capital cost of system. The multi-objective optimization provides solutions in the form of a Pareto surface, with a range of possible synthesis/design solutions and a logical procedure for searching the global optimum solution for decision maker. Comparing the stochastic and deterministic Pareto surfaces of different objectives, we conclude that the objectives are considerably influenced by uncertainties because the two trade-off surfaces are different.     

Synthesis and optimization of utility system using parameter adaptive differential evolution algorithm☆

Synthesis and optimization of utility system usual y involve grassroots design, retrofitting and operation optimi-zation, which should be considered in modeling process. This paper presents a general method for synthesis and optimization of a utility system. In this method, superstructure based mathematical model is established, in which different modeling methods are chosen based on the application. A binary code based parameter adaptive differential evolution algorithm is used to obtain the optimal configuration and operation conditions of the sys-tem. The evolution algorithm and models are interactively used in the calculation, which ensures the feasibility of configuration and improves computational efficiency. The capability and effectiveness of the proposed approach are demonstrated by three typical case studies.     

含反应节点过程数据校正的扩展独立物流法

Among the techniques developed for bilinear data reconciliation problems, the method based on independent flows is well known in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. However, the independent flow method is not effective when reactor units are present in the process. In this paper, an extended independent flow method is proposed for the data reconciliation of the process with chemical reaction. By the new method, the independent flows finding algorithm is adjusted to avoid the difficulties caused by the reactors in the process, and the reaction constraints are introduced into the objective function of data reconciliation. As a result, the new method can be applied to the process with chemical reaction while retaining high solution accuracy. To test the performance, the new method and the most typical Crowe‘s projection method are used in the data reconciliation of a typical industrial process. The results show that the new method can effectively accomplish the data reconciliation of the muhicomponent process with chemical reaction and gives more accurate estimates than the Crowe‘s method.     

单杂质废水处理网络设计

提出一种用于单杂质废水处理网络设计的新方法.这种方法由1个原则和3个规则构成,其指导思想是全局的最优性通过保证每一步的最优性来实现.新方法以除去单位质量杂质所需的费用作为选择下一个设计步骤的依据,每做出一次选择之后,需对剩余问题做一次更新.这样得到初始分步式网络结构,然后再根据规则对其做进一步的调优.与现有的图形化方法和数学规划法相比,新方法的特点是简单而且有效.     

分阶段线性规划法快速设计含有多种污染物的用水网络

针对含有多种污染物用水网络的设计问题,提出了一种新方法.该方法先基于各个用水过程的污染物最大出口浓度对过程排序,然后采用GAMS(general algebraic modeling system)语言建立线性规划模型,依次对序列中的每个过程的废水回用方案进行优化计算,以确定出其最小新鲜水用量和来自前驱的废水回用量.该方法虽然不能保证所得解的全局最优性,但它能快速地找到最优或近似最优解,而且方法简单.     

最小化新鲜水量与废水处理量的图形方法

水分配网络由回用、再生和废水处理3个相互作用的子系统构成。设计水分配网络需考虑质量负荷固定和流量固定两类用水操作模型。目前,兼顾两类用水操作的图形方法对水分配网络的研究局限于一个或两个子系统的设计,而缺少一种能同时处理3个子系统的方法。本文用新的方法合成了反映用水网络水源盈亏情况的总组合曲线,并由此得到最小废水量和新鲜水量。为考虑废水再生情况,提出通过用再生水线和废水线合成废水排放线的方法求解再生情况下的最小新鲜水量。同时,根据总组合曲线得到了废水组合曲线,求得最小废水处理量。实例表明,本文所提方法可在具体网络设计前,在同一浓度-质量负荷图中确定单杂质水分配网络的各目标参数,且简便易行。     

两段曝气生物滤池废水处理的研究

淹没式曝气生物滤池具有占地小、效率高和能耗低等一系列优点。本文研究了用两段曝气生物滤池处理废水时，有机物、TSS和氨氮去除的规律。结果表明COD和TSS主要在第一段被去除，而氨氮则主要在第二段被去除-从微生物显微分析可以发现两段的生物群落有明显的不同。经过两段生物处理后的出水水质好并且稳定。     

混凝-Fenton氧化法处理制浆造纸厂生化出水的研究

针对制浆造纸废水二级生化处理难以实现达标排放的问题,对比研究了混凝法、Fenton氧化法及混凝-Fenton氧化法作为深度处理技术对其二级生化出水的处理效果,并分析了污泥产量和经济性。结果表明:混凝-Fenton氧化法是较适用于制浆造纸生化出水深度处理的技术,其预处理混凝阶段投加350 mg/L的Al_2(SO_4)_3和0.5 mg/L的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺,并根据混凝出水COD按n(H_2O_2)∶n(COD)∶n(Fe SO4)=2∶1∶1投加H_2O_2和FeSO_4,处理后出水可满足国家排放标准的要求。混凝-Fenton氧化法的污泥产量约为0.85 g/L。     

100kt／a硫酸装置水洗净化的污水处理

硫酸装置水净化工艺的污水处理，若单纯用石灰乳中和大都会出现超标排放、污染环境，采用两次中和、两次絮凝沉降、一次真空过滤、一次冷却降温工艺处理水洗净化的污水，实现了封闭循环，达到了零排放 。介绍该污水处理的工艺原理、反应机理、工艺流程和设备与管道的选用，分析了经济效益，经环境监测部门监测，治理效果显著，为硫酸装置水洗净化的污水处理开创了一条有效的治污途径。     

基于改进集合经验模态分解和深度信念网络的出水总磷预测

出水总磷的准确预测对于城市污水处理厂的高效、稳定的运行至关重要。文中针对城市污水处理过程中出水总磷难以预测的问题,提出一种基于改进集合经验模态分解（modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition, MEEMD）和深度信念网络（deep belief network, DBN）的出水总磷预测方法。首先,设计一种MEEMD算法对城市污水处理过程出水总磷数据信号进行分解,获取多个本征模态函数（intrinsic mode function, IMF）组合;然后,建立一种基于模拟退火（simulated annealing, SA）算法的深度信念网络预测模型,通过优化的模型结构对分解后得到的每个IMF分量进行有效预测;最后,通过大气CO₂浓度预测和城市污水处理出水总磷预测验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

钻井废水混凝-氧化-活性炭吸附处理方法研究

采用"混凝—Fenton氧化—活性炭吸附"联合处理方法对新疆某油田钻井废水进行实验研究,通过对处理后水质分析,筛选出了各处理阶段处理剂的最佳投加量。实验结果表明,在合适的条件下,混凝处理能初步降低钻井废水中的CODCr值、浊度;Fenton氧化阶段CODCr去除率可达到75%;最后,采用活性炭吸附进行深度处理,可使CODCr值达到100 mg/L以下,出水无色,达到排放标准。     

Smooth penalty function method for rigorous optimization of distillation processes

Integer decisions on stage numbers and feed locations, and global optimality are still challenging for rigorous optimization of distillation processes. In the present article, we propose a smooth penalty function method to address both these problems. The proposed method is based on the relaxation of the integer decision problem into continuous nonlinear programming (NLP) problem by adopting the bypass efficiency model developed by Dowling and Biegler. A smooth penalty term (SPT) is proposed and added to the total annual cost (TAC) function to form a new objective function, namely, the smooth penalty function. Using the new objective function, the problem is initially solved with negative weight coefficients for the SPTs regarding each column section to get an optimum near the global optimum of the SPT. Then, starting from this solution, the problem is solved again iteratively by increasing the values of the weight coefficients until all the stage numbers become integers. The performance of the method is validated by an illustrating problem and in three case studies, including a reactive distillation optimization problem.