热塑挤压技术对食品营养成分影响的研究进展

热塑挤压技术由于其高效多功能以及低成本和低能耗等优势,在食品领域中的应用越来越广泛。挤压蒸煮对营养品质的影响具有双重性,有利影响包括破坏抗营养因子、提高蛋白质消化率、促进淀粉凝胶化、增加水溶性膳食纤维和减少脂肪氧化等,不利影响包括加剧了蛋白质与还原糖之间的美拉德反应、对热不稳定的维生素可能会有不同程度的损失,这主要取决于原料的类型,成分和工艺条件。本文综述了近年来热塑挤压技术对食品中营养成分影响的研究情况,以期为食品挤压加工业提供技术参考。     

挤压加工技术对食品中营养物质的影响研究进展

挤压加工技术由于其生产高效、功能多样化以及成本低廉和耗能低等优点,在食品领域中的应用越来越广泛。本文综述了最近几年国内外挤压加工在食品领域的研究进展。分析总结了挤压加工对物料中的淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪和膳食纤维等的理化性质和生理功能的改变。同时还讨论了物料在挤压过程中抗氧化能力的变化。多角度揭示了产品营养品质和抗氧化活性在挤压过程中受到的影响。     

Minimally Processed Functional Foods: Technological and Operational Pathways

This paper offers a concise review of technical and operational concepts underpinning commercialization of minimally processed functional foods (FFs), foods with fresh‐like qualities commanding premium prices. The growing number of permitted nutritional content/health claims, many of which relate to well‐being, coupled with emerging extraction and food processing technologies offers new exciting opportunities for small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) specializing in fresh produce to play an active role in the health market. Supporting SMEs, governments could benefit from savings in healthcare costs and value creation in the economy. Consumers could benefit from novel FF formats such as refrigerated RTE (ready‐to‐eat) meals, a variety of fresh‐like meat‐, fish‐, and egg‐based products, fresh‐cut fruits and vegetables, cereal‐based fermented foods and beverages. To preserve these valuable commodities, mild biological (enzymatic treatment, fermentation and, bio‐preservation) and engineering solutions are needed. The latter include nonthermal techniques such as high‐pressure treatment, cook‐chill, sous‐vide, mirco‐encapsulation, vacuum impregnation and others. “De‐constructive” culinary techniques such as 3D food printing and molecular gastronomy as well as developments in nutrigenomics and digital technologies facilitate novel product formats, personalization and access to niche markets. In the operational sense, moving from nourishment to health improvement demands a shift from defensive market‐oriented to offensive market‐developing strategies including collaborative networks with research organizations.     

不同烹饪方式处理的鲟鱼肉营养成分和风味比较

为了探究烹饪方式对鲟鱼肉的蛋白质营养价值和风味物质含量的影响,该研究以人工养殖的鲟鱼肉为原料,比较了清蒸和煎炸烹饪方式,对鲟鱼肉的基本营养物质、氨基酸、蛋白质、风味化合物含量,以及氨基酸指数(AAS、EAAI)、蛋白质效价的影响,结果表明,以生鱼肉为对照,清蒸和煎炸使鲟鱼肉的水分含量分别降低了56.41％和43.73％...     

Tenderness and Chemical Composition of Elk (Cervus elaphus) Meat: Effects of Muscle Type, Marinade Composition, and Cooking Method

Effects of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP; 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3%) and 0.5%NaCl on the color, cooking yield, and tenderness of moisture‐enhanced elk longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were assessed. Injected samples had significantly (P < 0.05) lower L, a, and b values and significantly (P < 0.05) higher cooking yields and lower shear force values compared to controls; shear force values did not differ among marination treatments. The amino acid composition of elk meat was typical for those of red meat species. Elk meat was very lean and had a relatively high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. The present study found that addition of 0.5% NaCl with 0.2% or 0.3% STPP to the marinade was best at improving the cooking yield and tenderness of the resultant products.     

Recent Applications of Spectroscopic and Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques with Chemometric Analysis for Rapid Inspection of Microbial Spoilage in Muscle Foods

Muscle food is one of the most perishable food products because of its vulnerability to microbial spoilage, which can result in critical food safety problems. Traditional techniques for detection and evaluation of microbial spoilage in muscle foods are tedious, laborious, destructive, and time‐consuming. In recent years, spectroscopic and imaging technologies have shown great potentials for the assessment of food quality and safety due to their nondestructive, noninvasive, cost‐effective, and rapid responsive nature. This review focuses on the applications of several valuable spectroscopic techniques including visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging for the rapid and nondestructive detection of microbial spoilage in common muscle foods such as meat, poultry, fish, and related products. Combined with chemometric analysis, such as spectral preprocessing and modeling methods, these potential technologies have been successfully developed for the determination of total viable count, aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and lactic acid bacteria loads in muscle foods. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed and some perspectives about future trends are also presented.     

浅谈兔产品加工现状与发展

我国是产兔大国,兔肉具有三高三低的营养特点,符合人类的营养要求,成为近几年食品研究开发的热点.本文对兔肉及肉兔副产品加工利用的现状和加工方向进行初步的分析,以提高附加值并促进兔产业的发展.     

Physical and Sensory Properties of Model Foods Supplemented with Cauliflower Fiber

Cauliflower floret/curd and stem, as by-products of processing, are a source of pectic-polysaccharide-rich fiber concentrates for use as water and oil binding agents and textural agents to improve the properties of model foods. Dehydration resulted in a 10% decrease in methyl esterification at above 40°C. Water retention capacity of florets (40°C) was reduced from 12.8 g/g to 5.7 g/g in 75°C dried samples, demonstrating the importance of matrix structure rather than polysaccharide composition for functional properties. Incorporation gave a 10% increase in the yield of beefburgers and a partial substitution for purified gums in sauces. Cauliflower fibers can be incorporated into food systems at concentrations found in vegetables but sensory characteristics depend on processing history.     

不同生长阶段翘嘴鲌肌肉营养成分的比较分析

为了评价不同生长阶段翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)肌肉营养成分,本研究分析了翘嘴鲌肌肉营养成分、质构特性、矿物元素含量、氨基酸、脂肪酸等营养指标.结果表明:三组翘嘴鲌肌肉水分、粗蛋白、灰分含量无显著差异(P＞0.05),0.5 kg和1 kg组翘嘴鲐肌肉粗脂肪含量显著升高(P＜0.05),分别比0.2 kg组...     

卵巢发育不同阶段长江刀鲚肉营养成分的分析及评价

本文对卵巢发育Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期的长江刀鲚肉进行营养成分分析和评价,研究表明:在卵巢发育Ⅱ期~Ⅴ期,粗脂肪含量显著下降,粗蛋白、水分显著上升(p0.05),灰分含量先升后降,说明长江刀鲚在卵巢发育过程中脂肪为主要供能物质。其中,单不饱和脂肪酸作为优先分解供能的脂肪酸,在卵巢发育Ⅱ期~Ⅴ期呈下降趋势,但各生殖阶段含量最丰富的均为C16:1和C18:1,可能是主要的供能脂肪酸。卵巢发育Ⅱ期至Ⅴ期,多不饱和脂肪酸中的n-3脂肪酸,尤其是EPA和DHA含量显著下降(p0.05)。氨基酸含量在卵巢发育Ⅱ期~Ⅴ期显著上升(p0.05),但氨基酸组成相对稳定与合理,总必需氨基酸/总氨基酸为39.65~40.93%,总必需氨基酸/总非必需氨基酸为59.07~60.35%,且氨基酸评分均大于100,可以作为氨基酸的良好来源。卵巢发育不同阶段常量元素含量K最高,其次为Na和Ca,微量元素中Cu和Mn在Ⅱ期~Ⅴ期显著下降(p0.05)。     

鲣鱼佃煮工艺优化及佃煮液组分分析

以鲣鱼为研究对象,通过色差、质构和感官评定探究鲣鱼佃煮最优工艺,利用还原糖、蛋白质含量和pH值等指标进行营养品质评价,同时分析佃煮液中还原糖和氨基态氮含量的变化规律。结果表明：经梯度佃煮制得的鲣鱼产品感官评分最高为92.5分,还原糖和非蛋白氮含量较高,分别为6.22、3.63 g/100 g,工艺A和B鲣鱼产品的盐溶性蛋白含量分别为15.18、14.65 g/100 g,显著高于工艺C产品,工艺A产品的碱溶性蛋白含量为43.22 g/100 g,显著高于工艺B、C产品,表明鲣鱼经工艺A梯度佃煮后蛋白含量变化较小,营养成分流失少,产品风味最佳;佃煮液浸泡组的质构品质较好,产品富有弹性和咀嚼性,各组pH值没有显著差异;梯度佃煮液中的还原糖为美拉德反应提供充足的羰基化合物,促进产品产生良好的色泽及风味,氨基态氮含量的变化较小验证了经梯度佃煮制得的鲣鱼产品具有较好的营养品质。综合各指标结果,梯度佃煮产品品质最优,在保持较好质构特性的基础上具有良好的色泽和蛋白质营养。     

物流运输对鱼类肌肉品质影响研究进展

现代物流运输技术高速发展,呈现智能化、信息化和高效化的趋势.通过物流运输可满足国内外消费者对鱼类产品多样性的需求,实现渔业资源优化配置.肌肉是鱼体主要食用部分,其品质直接影响产品加工适应性和经济价值.本文将鱼类产品分为鲜活、冰鲜和冷冻三大类,首先概述鱼类物流运输的方式、网络图和特点;其次,从营养价值、组织结构、风味特点...     

Texture Modification Technologies and Their Opportunities for the Production of Dysphagia Foods: A Review

Dysphagia or swallowing difficulty is a common morbidity experienced by those who have suffered a stroke or those undergone such treatments as head and neck surgeries. Dysphagic patients require special foods that are easier to swallow. Various technologies, including high‐pressure processing, high‐hydrodynamic pressure processing, pulsed electric field treatment, plasma processing, ultrasound‐assisted processing, and irradiation have been applied to modify food texture to make it more suitable for such patients. This review surveys the applications of these technologies for food texture modification of products made of meat, rice, starch, and carbohydrates, as well as fruits and vegetables. The review also attempts to categorize, via the use of such key characteristics as hardness and viscosity, texture‐modified foods into various dysphagia diet levels. Current and future trends of dysphagia food production, including the use of three‐dimensional food printing to reduce the design and fabrication time, to enhance the sensory characteristics, as well as to create visually attractive foods, are also mentioned.     

Microwave Processing: Current Background and Effects on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Aspects of Dairy Products

Overheating is still a major problem in the use of conventional heating for milk and various dairy products, because it leads to the lowering of quality and sensory and nutritional values. Microwave (MW) heating has been credited with providing superior‐quality dairy‐based products with extended shelf‐life, representing a good alternative to conventional heat treatment. The main drawback of MW heating refers to nonuniform temperature distribution, resulting in hot and cold spots mainly in solid and semisolid products; however, MW heating has been shown to be suitable for liquid foods, especially in a continuous fluid system. This review aims to describe the main factors and parameters necessary for the application of MW heating technology for dairy processing, considering the theoretical fundamentals and its effects on quality and safety aspects of milk and dairy products. MW heating has demonstrated great ability for the destruction of pathogenic/spoilage microorganisms and their spores, and also inactivation of enzymes, thereby preserving fresh characteristics of dairy products.     

Technologies and Mechanisms for Safety Control of Ready-to-eat Muscle Foods: An Updated Review

Ready-to-eat (RTE) muscle foods refer to a general category of meat and poultry products that are fully cooked and consumable without reheating. These products, including whole and sliced pork, beef, turkey, chicken, and variety of meats, in the forms of ham, roast, rolls, sausage, and frankfurter, are widely available in the delicatessen section of retail stores or various food service outlets. However, difficulties in avoidance of contamination by foodborne pathogens, notably Listeria monocytogenes, during product postlethality repackaging render RTE meats labile to outbreaks. Accordingly, the USDA-FSIS has established processing guidelines and regulations, which are constantly updated, to minimize foodborne pathogens in RTE products. Technologies that complement good manufacturing practice have been developed to control RTE meat safety. Among them, various antimicrobial product formulations, postpackaging pasteurization (thermal and nonthermal), and antimicrobial packaging are being used. Through these efforts, outbreaks linked to RTE meat consumption have substantially reduced in recent years. However, the pervasive and virulent nature of L. monocytogenes and the possible presence of other cold-tolerant pathogens entail continuing developments of new intervention technologies. This review updates existing and emerging physical and chemical methods and their mode of action to inactivate or inhibit threatening microorganisms in RTE muscle foods.     

High‐Pressure Thermal Sterilization: Food Safety and Food Quality of Baby Food Puree

The benefits that high‐pressure thermal sterilization offers as an emerging technology could be used to produce a better overall food quality. Due to shorter dwell times and lower thermal load applied to the product in comparison to the thermal retorting, lower numbers and quantities of unwanted food processing contaminants (FPCs), for example, furan, acrylamide, HMF, and MCPD‐esters could be formed. Two spore strains were used to test the technique; Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, over the temperature range 90 to 121 °C at 600 MPa. The treatments were carried out in baby food puree and ACES‐buffer. The treatments at 90 and 105 °C showed that G. stearothermophilus is more pressure‐sensitive than B. amyloliquefaciens. The formation of FPCs was monitored during the sterilization process and compared to the amounts found in retorted samples of the same food. The amounts of furan could be reduced between 81% to 96% in comparison to retorting for the tested temperature pressure combination even at sterilization conditions of F₀‐value in 7 min.     

不同生长月龄下有机山黑猪背最长肌肉营养成分和食用品质的分析比较研究

以有机山黑猪为研究对象,分析其在不同生长月龄下的背最长肌肉营养成分及食用品质,以最终确定其最佳屠宰月龄。结果表明:月龄对水分、肌内脂肪、pH值、肉色、嫩度、滴水损失率、熟肉率均有显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响;随着月龄的不断增长,山黑猪背最长肌肉水分含量逐渐降低,在7月龄最高为74.55%;蛋白质含量差异不显著(P>0.05),在8月龄最高为19.56%,其平均值为18.63%;肌内脂肪含量呈现递增趋势,有极显著(P<0.01)的影响,在10月龄最高为5.24%;有机山黑猪宰杀后45min,在4个不同生长月龄下肌肉亮度L1*平均值为44.26、肌肉红度a1*平均值为7.49,嫩度(剪切力)平均值为57.05N。结果表明:有机山黑猪肉色红润富有光泽、蛋白质及矿物质含量丰富、肌内脂肪含量适中且分布均匀等,具有肉质优良的宝贵特性,最终确定最佳屠宰月龄为8月龄。     

肌肉细胞膜脂肪酸组成和变化对猪肉风味的影响

脂肪酸在猪肉风味的形成中扮演重要的角色,脂肪酸的氧化是影响猪肉风味的主要原因之一。细胞膜上磷脂部分脂肪酸的氧化,是肌肉系统在细胞内膜水平上的磷脂组分变化,它决定了肉风味的形成。因此,猪肉肌肉细胞膜脂肪酸对猪肉风味的形成有着重要意义。本文主要综述猪肉肌肉细胞膜脂肪酸的组成、代谢及其氧化和挥发对于猪肉风味的影响及其调控。     

山东、江苏省部分城市居民膳食中“非定态食物”营养比重调查

目的:"非定态食物"指外观表现为单一食物,但其原料构成和成分变化不定,在消费环节无法判断其构成和成分的食物,如稀饭类食物。本文拟调查山东、江苏省部分城市居民日常膳食中的"非定态食物"种类、食用频率,了解其在整个膳食中的食物比重和营养贡献比例。方法:采用多阶段抽样方法在山东济宁、淄博,江苏南京、常州地区抽样调查,采用24小时膳食回顾法对非定态食物的消费状况和摄入量进行调查。结果:828名被调查者的一日膳食中,非定态食物的食用率为86.2%,地区、性别之间无统计学差异。非定态食物的定态原料主要为谷类和干豆,被调查者中这两类食物非定态消费的摄入量达到本类别食物总量10%以上者分别为69.1%和25.7%,达到50%以上者分别为11.0%和22.5%。非定态食物提供的营养素占比中位数分别为:能量13.2%、蛋白质14.4%、碳水化合物18.5%;非定态食物贡献的B族维生素、多数微量营养素的占比也均在10%以上。非定态食物的摄入量、营养素占比具有地区差异,山东调查点明显高于江苏调查点。结论:非定态食物的食用率较为广泛,涉及食物品种较多,摄入量和贡献的营养素占比较高,在整个膳食中的地位较为可观,是影响营养评价准确性和制约营养指导有效性的重要因素,需要提高膳食调查中涉及此类食物的质控水平。