浅谈兔产品加工现状与发展

我国是产兔大国,兔肉具有三高三低的营养特点,符合人类的营养要求,成为近几年食品研究开发的热点.本文对兔肉及肉兔副产品加工利用的现状和加工方向进行初步的分析,以提高附加值并促进兔产业的发展.     

Some factors affecting the formation of furan in heated foods

Levels of furan in various foods were measured before and after heating under heating and laboratory conditions. The effect of contact with can coatings, sealing gaskets and the epoxidized oils used in gasket manufacture on furan formation was studied. The objective was to identify factors affecting furan formation. Furan present in heat-processed food samples persisted during cooking. Furan was shown to form in foods on heating, although it did not accumulate to a significant degree on heating in an open vessel. There were no interactions between foods and cans, can coatings or gaskets that had a significant influence on furan formation. Furan accumulated particularly in heat-processed canned and jarred foods because they are sealed containers that receive a considerable thermal load. Heating epoxidized oils used in sealing gaskets formed furan. At the levels used in gaskets, however, epoxidized oils should not affect the formation of furan in foods.     

产卵前后长江刀鲚肉中营养成分差异

对比研究了产卵前后长江刀鲚肉的营养价值以及在产卵过程中营养成分的代谢。结果表明产卵后长江刀鲚肉粗脂肪含量显著降低（p<0.05）。两个时期的鱼肉均含有丰富的脂肪酸,尤其是单不饱和脂肪酸。产卵后大部分不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降,而饱和脂肪酸所占比例显著上升。不饱和脂肪酸中C17∶1,C20∶4和C18∶2n6c含量下降最多,分别为97.72%,96.67%和88.77%。而C14∶1与C20∶3n6的含量发生显著性上升。产卵前后刀鲚肉中n-3/n-6为7.71、9.32,P/S为0.40、0.60。产卵后氨基酸总量显著高于产卵前（p<0.05）,分别为60.00 g/100 g和43.17 g/100 g（干重）。其中半必需氨基酸His含量升高最多,增长了85.12%。产卵前后刀鲚肉AAS值均大于100,EAAI值为157、161。产卵前后K的积累和Na的消减与刀鲚产卵时向淡水洄游的生殖洄游习性相吻合,产卵后Cu和Mn含量显著降低,用于产卵过程中维持卵巢发育。两个时期的刀鲚肉中均含有丰富的Ca。      

Organochlorine pesticides in canned tuna and sardines on the Serbian market

The aim of this study was to determine the level of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in 57 samples of canned tuna and 31 samples of canned sardines in vegetable oil, collected from supermarkets in Serbia. OC pesticides α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), DDE, DDD, dielderin, endosulfane I, endosulfane II, endosulan sulfate, endrin, endrin ketone, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, aldrin, metoxichlor, cis-chlordane and trans-chlordane were determined using a GS-MS method. The highest concentrations (µg kg^?1, arithmetic means) in canned tuna were for δ-HCH (60.6 ± 97.0) and p, p´-DDT (55.0 ± 25.1), while the corresponding values in canned sardines were for δ-HCH (90.7 ± 102.7) and endosulfane II (78.0 ± 145.9). Mean level for the sum of endosulfans was above the maximum limit in canned sardines (85.0 µg kg^?1). Also, dieldrin (39.7 µg kg^?1) was measured above the ML.     

甘肃省居民对市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐的暴露评估

目的了解甘肃省市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量,并对造成的人群健康风险进行评估。方法采用非连续3 d 24 h回顾方法入户调查1 466名居民的肉类食物消费状况,并结合363份市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量检测数据,采用简单分布的方法获得人群熟肉制品亚硝酸盐每日暴露量,并与亚硝酸盐的每日允许摄入量进行比较,评估甘肃省居民熟肉制品亚硝酸盐暴露风险。结果甘肃省市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐检出率为85.40%(310/363),超标率为3.31%(12/363),平均含量为7.76 mg/kg。甘肃省居民熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐每日平均暴露量为0.002 3 mg/kg BW,高端消费人群暴露量(P97.5)为0.008 3 mg/kg BW,为每日允许摄入量的11.86%。结论甘肃省居民通过熟肉制品摄入的亚硝酸盐所致的健康风险较低,但仍需对市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐的规范使用加强监督。     

Meta-analysis of food processing on pesticide residues in fruits

The combining and quantifying effects of food processing on pesticide residues in fruits were analysed by a meta-analysis approach. Data were collected from many publications and used to calculate response ratios, confidence intervals and intra-assay coefficients of variation. The response ratios for washing by tap water, boiling and sun drying were 0.59, 0.71 and 0.65, respectively, indicating that they could reduce the pesticide residues effectively. Peeling and juicing, where response ratios were 0.11 and 0.14, respectively, showed they could reduce the pesticide residues to a very small extent. An increase of pesticide residues was indicated by oven drying with a response ratio of more than 1. Oven drying and sun drying indicated both a reduction and an increase at the 99.5% confidence interval. The response ratios given by a meta-analysis approach could be used as processing factors in food safety risk assessment and as a guide for consumers on how to reduce pesticides effectively in fruit.     

肉制品3D打印技术及应用进展

肉类食品在人类饮食中扮演着重要角色,但传统肉类生产面临着资源消耗和环境影响等诸多挑战。近年来,3D打印技术在食品领域因其可实现食品复杂结构、个性化定制和降低资源消耗等优势,在肉制品领域展现出巨大的应用前景,有望在一定程度上缓解传统肉制品行业所面临的资源消耗和环境影响等挑战。本文在概述食品3D打印技术的基本原理、常见打印方式和打印原料种类基础上,综述了3D打印肉制品的应用,包括家禽肉制品、海洋肉制品、牛肉制品和人造肉制品。最后,本文提出了3D打印肉制品所面临的挑战和应用前景,为未来的肉制品研究方向提供有意义的指导。     

儿童贝类营养食品的研制

儿童贝类营养食品是针对儿童的口味研制,并能够满足儿童的蛋白质等营养素需求的一种食品。通过对比实验和正交实验,确定主要原辅料的最佳配比,着重对贝肉香肠天然风味保留,产品色、香、味的调配,烘干工艺的研究和优选,生理活性成分的保存,生产工艺的优选和确定等方面进行了研究。     

鱼肉营养面条加工工艺的研究

将鱼肉漂洗、脱水后,添加食盐制成鱼肉糜,添加到小麦粉中加工成鱼肉面条,试验结果表明最佳工艺为:鱼肉漂洗2次,每次10min,鱼肉中添加3%的食盐,鱼肉糜与小麦粉的配比为1:1,水的添加以小麦粉和鱼肉糜搅匀后呈细颗粒状为好.可添加香辛料、调味料等调制风味.也可加鸡蛋、食用碱等使面条更筋道.该鱼肉面条滑腻性和粘结性好,没有鱼腥味,具有鱼肉自然风味,营养价值极高.     

Control of Food Animals in Their Chains: Tools to Detect Unwanted Substances and Factors

Food safety asks for zoonoses/animal health, residues/ contaminants, zoonotic agents/ resistance genes, also for wellbeing of animals. Food chains with animal categories, the presence of risk factors in the region, also local keeping techniques characterize the list of risk factors to be considered. Good Practices are intended to keep the chains safe (prevention), for verification, internal or external control tests are established for the absence/ presence of unwanted factors in daily work's performance (called “meat inspection” for slaughter animals). Consequently, for meat inspection, appropriate methods from different disciplines should be provided for any of inspection targets.     

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in various food items of animal origin collected in four European countries

This study summarises the results of the levels of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 50 selected pooled samples representing 15 food commodities with the special focus on those of animal origin, as meat, seafood, fish, milk, dairy products and hen eggs, which are commonly consumed in various European markets, e.g. Czech, Italian, Belgian and Norwegian. A new, rapid sample preparation approach based on the QuEChERS extraction procedure was applied. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode was used for the quantification of target analytes. Method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the range of 1–10 ng kg^?1 (ng l^?1) for fish, meat, hen eggs, cheese and milk, and in the range of 2.5–125 ng kg^?1 for butter. Only 16 of the group of 21 PFASs were found in at least one analysed sample. From 16 PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most frequently detected analyte present in approximately 50% of samples (in the range of 0.98–2600 ng kg^?1). PFCAs with C8–C14 carbon chain were presented in approximately 20% of samples. The concentration ranges of individual compounds in the respective groups of PFASs were: 2.33–76.3 ng kg^?1 for PFSAs (without PFOS), 4.99–961 ng kg^?1 for PFCAs, 10.6–95.4 ng kg^?1 for PFPAs, and 1.61–519 ng kg^?1 for FOSA. The contamination level in the analysed food commodities decreased in the following order: seafood > pig/bovine liver >> freshwater/marine fish > hen egg > meat >> butter. When comparing the total contamination and profiles of PFASs in food commodities that originated from various sampling countries, differences were identified, and the contents decreased as follows: Belgium >> Norway, Italy > Czech Republic.     

3种即食鱼豆腐营养成分分析及凝胶性能评价

以3种市售即食鱼豆腐(鱼豆腐A、B、C)为研究对象,对其营养成分和凝胶性能进行分析及评价。结果表明:3种鱼豆腐的水分质量分数分别为65.94%、69.34%和67.20%;粗蛋白质量分数分别为25.63%、22.02%和23.81%;粗脂肪和灰分含量较低。氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸/总氨基酸质量分数分别为39.43%、39.64%和39.57%,鲜味氨基酸/总氨基酸质量分数分别为37.11%、36.06%和36.32%;第1限制氨基酸均是亮氨酸,必需氨基酸指数评分分别为43.81、53.14和49.57。分别检出21、22、21种脂肪酸,且多不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,分别为59.14%、63.39%和44.59%。3种鱼豆腐持水性较好,分别为84.61%、86.36%和82.98%;p H值分别为6.04、6.06、6.23;凝胶强度较高,分别为320.17、203.63、212.71?g·cm。3种鱼豆腐均属于营养种类齐全,凝胶性能良好的即食食品。研究数据为进一步评定市售鱼豆腐产品质量提供了一定参考。     

草鱼鱼肉肠质构性质的影响因素研究

研究了鸡蛋清、玉米淀粉、植物油对草鱼鱼肉肠白度、凝胶破裂强度、凝胶强度和弹性的影响,发现向鱼肉肠中添加适量的鸡蛋清、玉米淀粉和植物油都能增加产品的白度、凝胶强度和弹性,而添加15%的玉米淀粉可以使鱼肉肠的弹性和凝胶强度增加约1倍。以鱼肉肠凝胶强度为质构指标,确定制备鱼肉肠的辅料添加量为:15%的玉米淀粉,3%的鸡蛋清,1%的植物油。     

Distribution of POPs,pesticides and antibiotic residues in organic honeys from different production areas

Demand for honey is increasing, especially if it is organic and if its nutritional properties are linked to untreated environments in order to guarantee quality for health. Sources of contamination of honey can be divided into environmental and apicultural. Therefore, the distribution of persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and antibiotic residues from geographical areas with different contamination sources (high anthropic impact, intensive farming, husbandry and low anthropic impact) was investigated in order to confirm the potential transfer of xenobiotics into the supply chain and to give beekeepers tools for the selection of areas dedicated to organic production. The presence of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ether and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was confirmed, not only in proximity to highly urbanised centres, where the concentrations were higher, but in all environment contexts, confirming their ubiquity. No antibiotics or neonicotinoids were detected in 95 organic honeys, demonstrating the absence of apicultural treatments and consequently the good quality of honey of different areas. These results are important due to the undefined regulatory European situation on honey antibiotic limits.