非热杀菌技术杀灭食品中芽孢效能及机理研究进展

传统热杀菌会对食品品质产生不利影响,造成食品颜色变化、产生异味、营养损失等不良后果;非热杀菌技术是食品工业新型加工技术,处理过程中可以保持相对较低的温度,对食品的色、香、味以及营养成分影响较小;同时有利于保持食品中各种功能成分的生理活性,可以满足消费者对高品质食品的要求。芽孢在加工过程中抗性强,在食品中萌发和生长的潜力较大,因此,利用低热或非热灭菌技术对芽孢进行灭活是当前食品工业面临的严峻挑战和重要课题。本文综述现有非热杀菌技术（如高静压技术、高压CO2技术、低温等离子体技术、紫外辐射技术、高压脉冲电场技术等）独立处理或与其他处理技术相结合对芽孢灭活的效果及其机理,着重讨论其在食品行业中的应用以及芽孢灭活的分子机制,以期为生产安全食品、减少不同种类食品中微生物污染提供解决方案。     

超临界CO2在肉及肉制品杀菌中的应用研究进展

超临界CO2是一种绿色、环保和实用的超临界流体,目前已广泛用于提取各种生物活性物质.近年来,随着非热杀菌技术的兴起,超临界CO2在杀菌方面的研究也显著增加.与冷等离子体、高压脉冲电场和高压CO2等非热杀菌技术相比,超临界CO2的操作温度和压力相对较低,能最大限度保留食品中的营养成分和提高食品的微生物安全性.本文综述超临...     

超声波及其联合技术灭活细菌芽孢的研究进展

超声波作为新型绿色非热物理加工技术,可以在短时间内杀灭微生物,同时减少对食品中功能性成分的破坏,保持食品品质,在食品工业中有广阔的应用前景.芽孢是细菌营养体的休眠体,由于其致密的结构对各种加工技术手段、杀菌剂等均有较强的抗性,很难将其直接灭活.超声波对芽孢的灭活作用有限,因此较多的研究将超声波与其他技术联合对芽孢进行灭...     

生鲜食品冷链过程中消毒杀菌技术的研究进展

本文旨在概述适用于新冠肺炎疫情阶段且可同时用于冷链过程中生鲜食品表面及外包装的消毒杀菌技术,并讨论其现存的问题,为研发更加安全高效的消毒杀菌技术,实现更有效的疫情防控提供参考。本文主要从臭氧杀菌技术和紫外线杀菌技术的工作机理、对新型冠状病毒的灭活作用、对冷链过程中生鲜食品保鲜效果的影响、食品外包装消毒的有效性及应用现状进行论述。臭氧杀菌技术和紫外线杀菌技术对新型冠状病毒的灭活、生鲜食品表面及外包消毒具有积极作用,在新冠疫情期间具有较大的应用前景。但由于臭氧和紫外线具有一定的物理化学特性限制,加快臭氧覆盖速度与挥发时间、避免紫外线对低温贮藏食物有机分子结构的破坏以及探究其他冷杀菌技术在疫情阶段的适用性是今后的研究方向。     

超高压杀菌效果及机制研究进展

超高压作为一种新型的食品非热加工技术, 处理过程温度低、对食品营养成分破坏小,能在有效杀菌的同时显著提升加工食品品质,是未来食品加工技术发展的热点方向。近年来,超高压技术被广泛应用于食品加工,并在国内外实现了商业化应用。杀菌作为超高压加工食品过程中最重要的环节,是保证食品安全、延长产品货架期的关键点,因此一直是本领域研究的重点。本文介绍了超高压技术的设备和作用原理, 总结了超高压或超高压联合其他手段对微生物营养体、细菌芽孢、真菌孢子及病毒的杀灭效果和杀菌机制, 归纳了超高压杀菌中存在的杀菌机制不清、缺乏杀菌指示菌以及深休眠芽孢等问题, 以期为进一步完善超高压杀菌理论、推动超高压技术在食品加工中的产业化应用指明方向。     

非热杀菌技术在即食肉制品中的应用研究进展

即食肉制品在生产和消费环节极易受到微生物污染,严重影响其品质和安全。传统热杀菌技术虽然能有效灭活微生物,但会对即食肉制品的营养和感官品质产生不良影响。近年来,非热杀菌技术逐渐受到关注,该技术处理温度低,对食品的风味、色泽和营养成分影响较小,避免了传统热杀菌技术造成的食品品质劣变问题。目前,在即食肉制品中应用较为广泛的非热杀菌技术主要有超高压、辐照、紫外照射、脉冲光照射和冷等离子体。本文综述上述5 种非热杀菌技术对即食肉制品的杀菌作用及对其品质的影响,以期为非热杀菌技术在即食肉制品加工中的应用提供参考。     

Effects of high‐pressure processing on fungi spores: Factors affecting spore germination and inactivation and impact on ultrastructure

Food contamination with heat‐resistant fungi (HRF), and their spores, is a major issue among fruit processors, being frequently found in fruit juices and concentrates, among other products, leading to considerable economic losses and food safety issues. Several strategies were developed to minimize the contamination with HRF, with improvements from harvesting to the final product, including sanitizers and new processing techniques. Considering consumers’ demands for minimally processed, fresh‐like food products, nonthermal food‐processing technologies, such as high‐pressure processing (HPP), among others, are emerging as alternatives to the conventional thermal processing techniques. As no heat is applied to foods, vitamins, proteins, aromas, and taste are better kept when compared to thermal processes. Nevertheless, HPP is only able to destroy pathogenic and spoilage vegetative microorganisms to levels of pertinence for food safety, while bacterial spores remain. Regarding HRF spores (both ascospores and conidiospores), these seem to be more pressure‐sensible than bacterial spores, despite a few cases, such as the ascospores of Byssochlamys spp., Neosartorya spp., and Talaromyces spp. that are resistant to high pressures and high temperatures, requiring the combination of both variables to be inactivated. This review aims to cover the literature available concerning the effects of HPP at room‐like temperatures, and its combination with high temperatures, and high‐pressure cycling, to inactivate fungi spores, including the main factors affecting spores’ resistance to high‐pressure, such as pH, water activity, nutritional composition of the food matrix and ascospore age, as well as the changes in the spore ultrastructure, and the parameters to consider regarding their inactivation by HPP.     

低温等离子体技术灭活细菌芽孢的研究进展

芽孢是细菌的一类休眠结构,经常存在于食品当中,抗逆性强,难以灭活,给食品安全带来挑战。低温等离子体技术为近几年来逐渐发展起来的一种新型非热物理杀菌技术,通过激发气体产生多种活性成分对微生物进行灭活,杀菌效率高、作用时间短、环保无污染。本文综述了低温等离子体的产生原理、等离子体对芽孢内外结构的影响及影响芽孢灭活的因素等方面的相关内容,为处理食品中细菌芽孢提供了解决方案和技术支持,有利于推动低温等离子体在食品微生物杀菌领域的工程化应用。     

食品加工新型杀菌技术研究进展

食品杀菌是食品加工过程不可或缺的环节之一。本文介绍了食品工业中新型杀菌技术和设备的研究进展,重点阐述了超高压杀菌、微波杀菌、高压脉冲电场杀菌、辐照杀菌、脉冲强光杀菌等新型杀菌技术与装备的研究发展进程,并扼要地介绍了相关技术特点。新型杀菌技术特别是冷杀菌技术可以更好地保持食品品质和风味,保证食品质量安全。     

Viral Inactivation in Foods: A Review of Traditional and Novel Food‐Processing Technologies

ABSTRACT: Over one‐half of foodborne illnesses are believed to be viral in origin. The ability of viruses to persist in the environment and foods, coupled with low infectious doses, allows even a small amount of contamination to cause serious problems. An increased incidence of foodborne illnesses and consumer demand for fresh, convenient, and safe foods have prompted research into alternative food‐processing technologies. This review focuses on viral inactivation by both traditional processing technologies such as use of antimicrobial agents and the application of heat, and also novel processing technologies including high‐pressure processing, ultraviolet‐ and gamma‐irradiation, and pulsed electric fields. These industrially applicable control measures will be discussed in relation to the 2 most common causes of foodborne viral illnesses, hepatitis A virus and human noroviruses. Other enteric viruses, including adenoviruses, rotaviruses, aichi virus, and laboratory and industrial viral surrogates such as feline caliciviruses, murine noroviruses, bacteriophage MS2 and ΦX174, and virus‐like particles are also discussed. The basis of each technology, inactivation efficacy, proposed mechanisms of viral inactivation, factors affecting viral inactivation, and applicability to the food industry with a focus on ready‐to‐eat foods, produce, and shellfish, are all featured in this review.     

HIGH PRESSURE–HIGH TEMPERATURE STERILIZATION: FROM KINETIC ANALYSIS TO PROCESS VERIFICATION†

The inactivation of Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679 spores by high pressure at high temperatures (HP–HT) in phosphate buffer was investigated in a lab‐scale temperature‐controlled HP system (QFP‐6) with an internal heater to maintain the sample temperature. Some inactivation of spores occurred during the pressurization come‐up time (CUT) and depressurization time. The inactivation of PA 3679 was found to be exponential during the adiabatic holding period of the HP cycle at constant pressures and temperatures. The inactivation rate increased with both pressure and temperature. The kinetic parameters – such as D‐values at tested temperatures and pressures that are necessary for the design of process parameters of HP sterilization process – were determined. Within the pressure range of 600–800 MPa, the calculated D‐values ranged from 270.3 to 357.4 and 49.0 to 67.6 s at 91 and 108C, respectively. These studies provided basic data on the effects of pressure and temperature on the inactivation of PA 3679 spores under conditions applicable to the development of preservation specifications for commercial HP–HT processing of low acid foods. The spore strips of C. sporogenes were used as indicators for microbiological verification of delivered lethality of HP–HT sterilization process at different processing conditions in a pilot scale HP vessel.     

Reaction Kinetics at High Pressure and Temperature: Effects on Milk Flavor Volatiles and on Chemical Compounds with Nutritional and Safety Importance in Several Foods

Consumers demand, in addition to excellent eating quality, high standards of safety and nutrition in ready-to-eat food. This requires a continuous improvement in conventional processing technologies and the development of new alternatives. Prevailing technologies such as thermal processing can cause extensive and undesirable chemical changes in food composition while minimal processing strategies cannot eliminate all microbial pathogens. This review focuses on pressure-assisted thermal processing, a new alternative for shelf-stable foods. Its implementation requires an analysis of reaction kinetics at high pressure and elevated temperature. Acceleration of the inactivation of bacterial spores by the synergistic effect of pressure and temperature is expected to allow processing at lower temperature, shorter process time, or a combination of both. Therefore, thermal degradation of quality is expected to be lower than that of conventional thermal processes. However, few studies have focused on the effect of the conditions required for the inactivation of bacterial spores on the kinetics of chemical reactions degrading food quality, particularly at the high temperatures required for the processing of low-acid foods.     

The impact of high pressure and temperature on bacterial spores: inactivation mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis above 500 MPa

Abstract: High‐pressure thermal sterilization (HPTS) is an emerging technology to produce shelf stable low acid foods. Pressures below 300 MPa can induce spore germination by triggering germination receptors. Pressures above 500 MPa could directly induce a Ca⁺²‐dipicolinic acid (DPA) release, which triggers the cortex‐lytic enzymes (CLEs). It has been argued that the activated CLEs could be inactivated under HPTS conditions. To test this claim, a wild‐type strain and 2 strains of Bacillus subtilis spores lacking germinant receptors and one of 2 CLEs were treated simultaneously from 550 to 700 MPa and 37 to 80 C (slow compression) and at 60 to 80 C up to 1 GPa (fast compression). Besides, an additional heat treatment to determine the amount of germinated cells, we added TbCl₃ to detect the amount of DPA released from the spore core via fluorescent measurement. After pressure treatment for 120 min at 550 MPa and 37 °C, no inactivation was observed for the wild‐type strain. The amount of released DPA correlated to the amount of germinated spores, but always higher compared to the belonging cell count after pressure treatment. The release of DPA and the increase of heat‐sensitive spores confirm that the inactivation mechanism during HPTS passes through the physiological states: (1) dormancy, (2) activation, and (3) inactivation. As the intensity of treatment increased, inactivation of all spore strains also strongly increased (up to ?5.7 log₁₀), and we found only a slight increase in the inactivation of one of the CLE (sleB). Furthermore, above a certain threshold pressure, temperature became the dominant influence on germination rate. Practical Application: The continuous increase of high‐pressure (HP) research over the last several decades has already generated an impressive number of commercially available HP pasteurized products. Furthermore, research helped to provoke the certification of a pressure‐assisted thermal sterilization process by the U.S. FDA in February 2009. However, this promising sterilization technology has not yet been applied in industrial settings. An improved understanding of spore inactivation mechanisms and the ability to calculate desired inactivation levels will help to make this technology available for pilot studies and commercialization at an industrial scale. Moreover, if the synergy between pressure and elevated temperature on the inactivation rate could be identified, clarification of the underlying inactivation mechanism during HP thermal sterilization could help to further optimize the process of this emerging technology.     

超声波与过氧乙酸的杀菌机制及在食品保鲜中的应用进展

果蔬、肉类、水产品等食品中微生物的生长繁殖会引起食品腐败变质,引发食品安全问题,造成经济损失与食物浪费。超声波作为一种绿色环保的非热加工技术,可利用空化效应消灭微生物。过氧乙酸是一种环境友好型的清洗剂,可作为含氯清洗剂的良好替代物。超声波与过氧乙酸均为环境友好型保鲜方式,二者联合使用在食品保鲜中具有巨大的应用潜力。本文就超声波、过氧乙酸单独使用或者二者联合处理的杀菌机制、对微生物生长的抑制作用、及在食品保鲜中的应用进行综述,并展望了未来的发展趋势,以期为新型绿色环保保鲜技术的创建与应用提供参考。     

Continuous Versus Discontinuous Ultra‐High‐Pressure Systems for Food Sterilization with Focus on Ultra‐High‐Pressure Homogenization and High‐Pressure Thermal Sterilization: A Review

High‐pressure thermal sterilization (HPTS) and ultra‐high‐pressure homogenization (UHPH) are two emerging sterilization techniques that have not been implemented in the food industry yet. The two technologies apply different acting principles as HPTS uses isostatic pressure in combination with heat whereas UHPH uses dynamic pressure in combination with shear stress, cavitation, impingement, and heat. Both technologies offer significant benefits in terms of spore inactivation in food production with reduced thermal intensity and minimized effects on sensory and nutritional profiles. These benefits have resulted in relevant research efforts on both technologies over the past few decades. This state of the art of the discontinuous HPTS‐based and the continuous UHPH‐based sterilization concepts are assessed within this review. Further, various basic principles and promising future preservation applications of HPTS and UHPH for food processing, that are also applicable in the pharmaceutical, biochemical, and biotechnological sectors, are summarized. In addition, the applications and limitations of these technologies in terms of optimizations needed to overcome the identified challenges are emphasized.     

肉制品主要组分对Surfactin抑制蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢效果的影响研究

高温杀菌后的肉制品在贮藏货架期中发生腐败变质,主要原因是由于其中残存少量芽孢导致的,为了最大限度保障肉制品的安全,探讨Surfactin对芽孢的灭活效果。研究肉制品不同组分对Surfactin抑制芽孢的影响,旨在为其科学使用奠定理论依据。通过设计肉制品中常见食品组分NaCl、蛋白质和脂肪的不同浓度,检测残存芽孢存活数量,评价不同浓度Surfactin对蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢存活的抑制效果。研究结果表明,NaCl、牛血红蛋白、亚油酸对Surfactin灭活蜡样芽孢杆菌芽孢有不同程度的影响。在低浓度Surfactin时,低浓度NaCl(1%)有保护芽孢不被灭活效应,而高浓度NaCl(3%~9%)则有促进芽孢被灭活效应,显示出协同效应。而在高浓度Surfactin时,只有9%NaCl浓度显示出协同效应。蛋白质表现出一定程度的保护作用,脂肪只有在高浓度组(25%以上)才显示出对芽孢的保护效应。     

光动力杀菌机制及在食品应用中的优势与不足

有害微生物是引起食品安全问题的重要原因之一。广谱抗生素的使用虽然有效地抑制了有害微生物,但耐药性导致其无法得到有效控制,这加重了食品安全隐患,同时造成更严重的经济损失。因此,迫切需要开发其它替代杀菌技术,这也是保护食品安全的重要挑战。光动力杀菌技术是通过光激发光敏剂后,产生的活性氧物质破坏致病菌的形态结构、细胞膜、核酸和蛋白质等,同时触发多种细菌难以抵消的死亡机制,此机制不易造成细菌耐受性。光动力杀菌技术杀菌效果佳,但此杀菌技术对食品营养成分及品质的影响关注较少,限制了其在食品领域中的推广和应用。本文系统综述了光动力杀菌技术的杀菌机制及影响因素,并且介绍了光动力杀菌在食品中的研究应用,就杀菌技术在食品应用中的优势和不足提出新见解,以期为我国光动力杀菌技术的工业化应用提供参考。     

非热杀菌技术在低温鸡肉制品致病菌控制中的应用研究进展

由于低温鸡肉制品具有较好的感官品质,能够保留鸡肉原有的营养,成为我国肉制品发展的一个趋势。低温鸡肉制品水分含量和pH值较高,在加工和贮藏过程中极易受到食源性致病菌的污染,影响产品的质量安全,甚至引发食源性疾病,因此采用合适的杀菌技术来解决致病菌的污染是低温鸡肉制品贮藏保鲜需要解决的关键问题。由于热杀菌技术不适合用于低温鸡肉制品的灭菌,非热杀菌技术的应用就显得尤其重要。目前,应用在低温鸡肉制品加工中的非热杀菌技术主要包括超高压、辐照、超声、低温等离子体、脉冲紫外线、脉冲电场和脉冲微波。本文主要综述以上7 种非热杀菌技术的杀菌机制以及在不同低温鸡肉制品加工应用时对致病菌的控制效果,为未来非热杀菌技术在低温肉制品加工中的应用提供参考。     

脉冲强光在食品工业中的研究和应用进展

脉冲强光是一种非热物理杀菌新技术,利用氙气灯瞬时高强度、广谱的脉冲光来杀灭固体表面、气体和透明液体中营养细菌及芽孢、真菌和真菌孢子、病毒和原生动物等腐败病原微生物,具有能耗低、杀菌效率高、对产品质量和营养的负面影响较低等优点。本文综述了脉冲强光设备的工作原理、杀菌机理、杀菌影响因素及在果蔬、食品包装材料、水处理等中的研究和应用进展。