Vibration analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite shell structures

This article deals with the vibration analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) shell structures. The material properties of an FG-CNTRC shell are graded smoothly through the thickness direction of the shell according to uniform distribution and some other functionally graded (FG) distributions (such as FG-X, FG-V, FG-O and FG-\({\Lambda}\)) of the volume fraction of the carbon nanotube (CNT), and the effective material properties are estimated by employing the extended rule of mixture. An eight-noded shell element considering transverse shear effect according to Mindlin’s hypothesis has been employed for the finite element modelling and analysis of the composite shell structures. The formulation of the shell midsurface in an arbitrary curvilinear coordinate system based on the tensorial notation is also presented. The Rayleigh damping model has been implemented in order to study the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the damping capacity of such shell structures. Different types of shell panels have been analyzed in order to study the impulse and frequency responses. The influences of CNT volume fraction, CNT distribution, geometry of the shell and material distributions on the dynamic behavior of FG-CNTRC shell structures have also been presented and discussed. Various types of FG-CNTRC shell structures (such as spherical, ellipsoidal, doubly curved and cylindrical) have been analyzed and discussed in order to compare studies in terms of settling time, first resonant frequency and absolute amplitude corresponding to first resonant frequency based on the impulse and frequency responses, and the effects of CNTs on vibration responses of such shell structures are also presented. The results show that the CNT distribution and volume fraction of CNT have a significant effect on vibration and damping characteristics of the structure.     

Modeling and analyses of thermo-elastic properties of radially grown carbon nanotubes-based woven fabric hybrid composite materials

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may be useful due to their sound thermo-mechanical properties. The present work deals with the evaluation and analysis of elastic properties and coefficient of thermal expansions (CTEs) of a CNTs-based 2D plane woven fabric composite material system where the CNTs are radially grown on the surface of the carbon fiber. Detailed constructional features of the proposed trans-scale composite material system is explained in detail. The mathematical modeling for the material properties of each constituent or building block of the hybrid composite is developed. The mathematical model for the thermo-elastic properties of yarns is also formulated based on strength of material method whereas the thermo-elastic properties of representative unit cell is based on the unit cell method. Various numerical results have been obtained by varying the CNTs content, carbon fiber contents, and temperatures. Effects of different geometrical parameters (such as yarn thickness, yarn width, and the ratio of gap length to yarn width of the yarn) on the elastic properties as well as the CTEs are also investigated.     

Wide‐Range Tunable Dynamic Property of Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Fibers

A carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber is formed by assembling millions of individual tubes. The assembly feature provides the fiber with rich interface structures and thus various ways of energy dissipation, as reflected by the nonzero loss tangent (>0.028–0.045) at low vibration frequencies. A fiber containing entangled CNTs possesses higher loss tangents than a fiber spun from aligned CNTs. Liquid densification and polymer infiltration, the two common ways to increase the interfacial friction and thus the fiber's tensile strength and modulus, are found to efficiently reduce the damping coefficient. This is because the sliding tendency between CNT bundles can also be well suppressed by a high packing density and the formation of covalent polymer cross‐links within the fiber. The CNT/bismaleimide composite fiber exhibits the smallest loss tangent, nearly the same as that of carbon fibers. At a higher level of the assembly structure, namely a multi‐ply CNT yarn, the interfiber friction and sliding tendency obviously influence the yarn's damping performance, and the loss tangent can be tuned within a wide range, similar to carbon fibers, nylon yarns, or cotton yarns. The wide‐range tunable dynamic properties allow new applications ranging from high quality factor materials to dissipative systems.     

Vibration damping characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced composites containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Vibration damping characteristic of nanocomposites and carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) containing multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied using the free and forced vibration tests. Several vibration parameters are varied to characterize the damping behavior in different amplitudes, natural frequencies and vibration modes. The damping ratio of the hybrid composites is enhanced with the addition of CNTs, which is attributed to sliding at the CNT-matrix interfaces. The damping ratio is dependent on the amplitude as a result of the random orientation of CNTs in the epoxy matrix. The natural frequency shows negligible influence on the damping properties. The forced vibration test indicates that the damping ratios of the CFRP composites increase with increasing CNT content in both the 1st and 2nd vibration modes. The CNT-epoxy nanocomposites also show similar increasing trends of damping ratio with CNT content, indicating the enhanced damping property of CFRPs arising mainly from the improved damping property of the modified matrix. The dynamic mechanical analysis further confirms that the CNTs have a strong influence on the composites damping properties. Both the dynamic loss modulus and loss factor of the nanocomposites and the corresponding CFRPs show consistent increases with the addition of CNTs, an indication of enhanced damping performance.     

热环境下纤维增强树脂复合薄壁圆柱壳的强迫振动响应

研究了热环境下纤维增强树脂复合薄壁圆柱壳强迫振动响应的理论求解方法。考虑了基础激励载荷的影响,并依托板壳理论、复弹性模量等方法,在确立了受热后材料与结构的本构关系、物理方程及能量方程基础上,建立了该类型纤维增强树脂复合薄壁圆柱壳在热环境下的理论模型。利用双向梁函数法表示振型函数,在引入比例阻尼的基础上,通过Ritz法和振型叠加法成功求解获得了频域振动响应。以TC300碳纤维/环氧树脂复合薄壁圆柱壳为研究对象,测试获得前3阶振动响应曲线。研究发现,相对于测试获得的前3阶共振响应结果,理论计算获得的共振响应误差最大不超过14.8%,验证了所提出的分析方法的正确性和有效性。      

SMA混杂复合材料单层的被动阻尼

由形状记忆合金纤维、普通纤维、基体构成的混杂复合材料是一类用途广泛的智能材料结构系统。阻尼性能研究是结构被动振动控制的一项重要研究内容。本文采用混杂复合材料阻尼预测的细观力学理论计算SMA纤维混杂复合材料单层的阻尼特性。首先计算包含普通纤维和基体材料的复合材料介质的阻尼性能,其次计算由横观各向同性介质和SMA纤维构成的混杂材料的阻尼性能。通过计算实例分析SMA纤维混杂复合材料单层的正轴阻尼特性及其偏轴阻尼的特性随SMA纤维体积含量、纤维铺设角等参数改变的规律。     

Design of hybrid steel/composite circular plate cutting tool structures

Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because composite materials have both high specific stiffness and damping characteristics compared to conventional metallic materials. In this study, circular plate cutting tools which are used for rough machining of bearing sites in crankshafts or camshafts were designed with the fiber reinforced composite material to reduce tool mass and to improve the dynamic stiffness of circular plate cutting tools. The hybrid steel/composite circular plate cutting tool was analyzed by finite element method with respect to material types such as composite and foam, stacking angles of the composite, adhesive bonding thickness, and dimensions of the cutting tool. Also, the constrained damping characteristics of the tools were experimentally investigated with respect to the adhesive bonding thickness and material type such as composite and PVC foam. From the finite element analysis and experimental results, optimal design parameters for the hybrid steel/composite circular plate cutting tool were suggested.     

三维编织碳／碳复合材料高温力学性能的测试与预报

用快速通电加热测试技术研究了细编穿刺３ＤＣ／Ｃ复合材料在２８００℃时的位伸性能，把碳纤维和基体的性能作为已知参数，选取适当细观代表性单胞，利用细观力学和三维有限无方法预报共高温弹性模量，分析了织物结构参数的影响，其随温度的变化规律与实测结果吻合。     

Development of the composite third robot arm of the six-axis articulated robot manipulator

The material used for robot structures should have specific stiffness (stiffness/density) to give positional accuracy and fast maneuverability to the robot manipulator. Also, high material damping is beneficial because it can dissipate the structural vibration induced in the robot manipulator structure. Both the high specific stiffness and damping of the material cannot be achieved through conventional materials such as steel and aluminum because they have almost the same low specific stiffness and low material damping. However, fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials that consist of high specific modulus fiber and high damping matrix have both high specific stiffness and high material damping.

In order to increase specific stiffness and damping, in this work, the third robot arm of the articulated robot manipulator that has 6 d.f. (degrees of freedom), 60 N payload and 0.1 mm positional accuracy of the end effector was designed and manufactured with carbon fiber epoxy composite material. The composite third robot arm was composed of the composite yoke, the composite cylindrical tubular structure and the aluminum flange.

After manufacturing the composite arm, the dynamic property and operational performance were compared to those of the hybrid third robot arm that was composed of the aluminum yoke, the composite tubular structure and the aluminum flange.

From the experiments, it was found that the composite third robot arm contributed to improving both the dynamic characteristics and operational performance of the articulated robot.     

碳纳米管类型对CNTs/Lyocell复合纤维结构与性能的影响

分别采用单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）和多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）这两种碳纳米管（CNTs）制备不同的CNTs/Lyocell复合纤维,探讨了碳纳米管类型对复合纤维的结构与性能的影响。结果表明,碳纳米管类型并未影响CNTs/Lyocell纤维的结晶结构,质量分数为1%的SWNTs或MWNTs在Lyocell基体中分布都比较...     

碳纳米管加入方式对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层间性能的影响

针对碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料,对比了直接在树脂中加入碳纳米管(CNTs)后制备预浸料以及将CNTs喷涂在预浸料表面2种CNTs加入方式对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板I型与II型层间断裂韧性及层间剪切强度的影响。通过对树脂黏度、固化反应以及玻璃化转变温度的考察,分析了CNTs含量对树脂性能的影响,考察了添加方法对CNTs长度与形态的影响。分析了2种CNTs加入方式对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂层合板断裂韧性及层间剪切强度的改善效果与作用规律。结果表明:CNTs的加入使树脂的黏度提高,固化反应程度下降;2种分散方法对CNTs的长度与形态无明显影响;直接在树脂中加入CNTs对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料I型与II型层间断裂韧性的提高效果低于在碳纤维/环氧树脂预浸料表面喷涂CNTs的方式,后者的CNTs利用率较高;由于CNTs团聚及对树脂固化反应的影响,CNTs含量过高会使得其对CNTs-碳纤维/环氧树脂层合板的增韧效果下降。     

频率相关自由阻尼层复合材料加筋板动力分析

采用子空间迭代法和精细积分对敷设粘弹性阻尼层的含损伤复合材料加筋板结构进行了频率和动力响应分析。分析中对层合板和层合梁采用了Adams应变能法与Raleigh阻尼模型相结合的阻尼矩阵构造方法;对表面粘弹性阻尼材料则考虑了材料性质和耗散系数对激振频率与温度的依赖性,建立了频率相关粘弹性材料阻尼矩阵的计算方法。通过有限元分析,分别研究了敷设自由阻尼层无损伤和含分层损伤复合材料加筋板的自振频率和模态特征,并根据幅频曲线讨论了阻尼材料模量、耗散系数和阻尼层厚度等因素对结构响应的影响,提出的计算方法对通过合理选择阻尼层材料与几何参数来有效地控制加筋板结构的振动特性,具有一定的参考价值。     

Significant improvement in static and dynamic mechanical properties of graphene oxide–carbon nanotube acrylonitrile butadiene styrene hybrid composites

Herein, hybridization of graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been made to solve the problem of restacking of graphene nanosheets and agglomeration of CNTs. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and graphene oxide–carbon nanotubes (GCNTs) reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites have been prepared using micro-twin-screw extruder. The effect of these reinforcements on static and dynamic mechanical properties of composites is studied. The ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus for 7 wt.% GCNT–ABS composites show enhancement of 26.1 and 71.3% over pure ABS matrix, respectively. Various parameters such as coefficient “C” factor (the ratio of storage modulus of the composite to polymer in glassy and rubbery regions), degree of entanglement, crosslink density and adhesion factor have been calculated to analyze the interaction between fillers and polymer matrix. The 3-D hybrid structure of GCNTs overcomes the associated problem of CNTs agglomeration and graphene restacking. GCNT hybrid composites show higher dispersion as well as effectiveness for increased filler amount as compared to RGO and MWCNTs based composites. GCNTs prove its superiority over MWCNTs and RGO by showing a synergistic effect in the glass transition temperature and storage modulus. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are used to confirm the interaction and distribution of the filler and matrix, respectively.     

湿热环境对碳纳米管复合材料界面应力传递的影响

基于碳纳米管的热膨胀系数及弹性模量分别为温度变化的函数,基体的热、湿膨胀系数及弹性模量分别为温度变化和湿度变化的函数,应用连续介质力学的经典弹性壳理论及传统纤维拉拔模型,分析了湿热环境对碳纳米管复合材料界面应力传递的影响。数值计算表明,湿度、温度的效应及碳纳米管的层数等参数对界面应力的传递均有显著影响。     

环氧树脂混杂复合材料的阻尼性能研究

从本文研究的混杂复合材料阻尼特性的影响因素看,玻璃纤维和碳纤维混杂复合材料中两种纤维对阻尼性能和力学性能的作用和贡献是不同的。经GF/CF混杂后,复合材料的阻尼性能符合混合率,阻尼因子界于GF复合材料和CF复合材料的之间。另外,纤维zk强复合材料的模量变化和玻璃化转变温度受所加纤维的种类、含量和混杂效果的影响。     

Hybrid composites based on polyethylene and carbon fibres Part 2: influence of composition and adhesion level of polyethylene fibres on mechanical properties

Combining high performance polyethylene (HP-PE) and carbon fibres as reinforcing elements in so-called hybrid composite structures results in a unique class of structural materials possessing high damping and impact resistance. Mechanical properties of unidirectional HP-PE/carbon-epoxy hybrids have been studied, emphasizing basic mechanical characterization such as tensile, compressive and shear strength, initial as well as long-term modulus, vibrational damping and impact response. This paper describes the influence of overall composition and adhesion level of the HP-PE fibres on the mechanical properties of such hybrids.     

叠层复合材料圆柱壳的细-宏观阻尼特性预测

研究了叠层复合材料圆柱壳的细-宏观阻尼特性。基于Reissner-Naghdi薄壳理论,给出了圆柱壳的振动微分方程,在分量变量的过程中,采用Haar小波级数表示轴向振型,Fourier级数表示环向振型,通过边界条件求解积分过程中出现的未知系数,进而得到用于分析圆柱壳自由振动特性的特征方程;基于单层混杂材料的细观力学阻尼计算方法和多胞模型,分别获得单层复合材料的等效阻尼特性和等效弹性特性,利用复模量法对复合材料圆柱壳的阻尼特性进行预测。通过与其他文献中阻尼预测的结果进行对比,验证了该研究所采用方法的有效性;进一步针对四种典型的边界条件,即固支-固支(C-C)、固支-简支(C-S)、简支-简支(S-S)、固支-自由(C-F)等边界,从细-宏观层面分析了纤维含量、环向波数、铺层方式和几何参数等因素对复合材料圆柱壳阻尼特性的影响规律。     

环己烷浮游催化法在碳纤维表面生长碳纳米管

以环己烷为碳源、二茂铁为催化剂前躯,采用浮游催化法成功的在碳纤维表面生长了碳纳米管(CNT),制备了多尺度杂化材料CNTs/CF。实验重点考察了反应温度、二茂铁浓度、载气等参数对CNT在纤维表面生长的影响,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、投射电镜(TEM)研究了CNTs/CF的形貌及产物CNT的微观结构。当固定反应温度为820℃、二茂铁-环己烷浓度为2g/100mL时,随着氢气在载气中含量在0～100%范围内变化,产物CNT直径亦有86nm降低至39nm。通过单丝拉伸测试发现,相比初始碳纤维,不同长度的CNTs/CF单纤维强度下降幅度均在10%以内。     

环氧树脂基复合材料的阻尼性能及在降噪上的应用研究

玻璃纤维ＧＦ和碳纤维ＣＦ混杂复合材料中期两种纤维对阻尼性能和贡献是不同的,混杂纤维种类、方式、含量的选择与设计对兼顾最终复合材料的力学性能和阻尼性能是起决定性的。通过复合材料的设计,利用阻尼复合材料制备的螺旋桨比金属螺旋桨显示出更好的抑制振动的能力,可以研制出满足条件的复合材料制品。     

A shear lag model of Piezoelectric composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes-coated Piezoelectric fibers

A novel hybrid piezoelectric composite in which the microscopic piezoelectric fiber reinforcements are coated with radially aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is analyzed in this study. A shear-lag model is developed to analyze the load transferred to such coated fibers from the aligned-CNT reinforced matrix in a hybrid composite application in the absence and the presence of the electric field along the length of the fiber. It is found that if the aligned CNTs are radially grown on the surface of the piezoelectric fiber then the axial load transferred to the fiber is reduced in the absence of the electric field while the axial stress in the fiber increases in the presence of the electric filed only. The radial stress in the active piezoelectric fiber significantly increases due to the radial growth of aligned CNTs on the surface of the fibers. This indicates a probable critical window for engineering the surface of the piezoelectric fiber for improving the effective piezoelectric properties. Effects of the variation of the aspect ratio of the piezoelectric fiber and the CNT volume fraction on the load transferred to such CNT-coated piezoelectric fibers are also investigated.