鄂托克旗地区上古生界优质储层控制因素分析

鄂托克旗地区是长庆油田增储上产的重点开发区域,发育上古生界盒8、山1段致密砂岩气储层。为系统性地研究本地区优质储层发育的控制因素,应用岩石薄片、铸体薄片及其他常规分析资料,在优质储层的物源条件、沉积特征、成岩作用、烃类充注、微裂缝发育方面进行了深入研究。结果表明,近源母岩的供给环境物源充足,石英含量高,为优质储层的发育提供了物质基础;相对高孔渗储层砂体主要沿三角洲平原的主河道方向展布,辫状河心滩、曲流河边滩是优质储层发育的优势相带;储层压实作用、胶结作用明显,溶蚀作用有效地改善了储层的物性,中⁃强等压实下的弱胶结相带、强溶蚀区是研究区优质储层的主要分布区带;高饱和度烃类流体充注促进了优质储层内溶蚀作用的发生,抑制了胶结作用;微裂缝构成了优质储层的疏导体系,在储层增孔扩容、天然气运聚成藏方面作用明显。     

Formation mechanisms and distribution of high quality reservoirs in deep strata in Palaeogene in northern steep slope zone of Bonan sag,Jiyang depression,China

Petrographic analysis combined with various techniques, such as thin section identification, petro-physical property testing, mercury penetration, oil testing results, was used to assess basic reservoir characteristics of deep strata in Palaeogene in the northern steep slope zone of the Bonan sag, China. The formation mechanisms of high quality reservoirs in deep strata were discussed according to evolution characteristics of paleopressures and paleofluids in geological period. The deep reservoirs have poor physical properties and mainly develop extra-low porosity, extra-low and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Reservoir spaces mainly consist of secondary pores and overpressure fractures. Early overpressure, early hydrocarbon filling and dissolution by early organic acids are the major formation mechanisms of high quality reservoirs. The conglomerate in inner fan which had a poor primary physical property mainly experienced strong compaction and calcareous matrix recrystallization. The physical properties of the inner fan were poor with weak dissolution because of poor mobility of fluid. The reservoirs mainly are type IV reservoirs and the distribution extends with the burial depth. The braided channel reservoirs in the middle fan had relative good primary physical properties and strong ability to resist compaction which favored the preservation of primary pores. Large amounts of the secondary porosities were created due to dissolution by early organic acids. A series of micro-fractures generated by early overpressures would be important migration pathways for hydrocarbon and organic acids. Furthermore, early overpressures had retarded maturation of organic matters and organic acids which had flowed into reservoirs already and could keep in acid environment for a long time. This process would contribute significantly to reinforcing the dissolution and enhancing the reservoir quality. The braided channel reservoirs were charged with high oil saturation preferentially by early hydrocarbon filling which could inhibit later cementation. Therefore, the braided channel reservoirs develop a great quantity of reservoir spaces with type I, type II and type III reservoirs in the majority in the deep strata. With the burial depth, distributions of type I and type II reservoirs are narrowed and distribution of type III reservoirs decreases first and then extends. The reservoirs both in outer fan and in interdistributary of the middle fan have extremely poor physical properties because of extensive carbonate cementation. The type of the reservoirs mainly is type IV.     

大北高陡构造地应力测井解释及致密砂岩储层有效性评价

塔里木油田库车前陆盆地地层高陡、地层异常高温高压、地应力分布复杂,储层具有基质孔隙度低、孔隙结构复杂、裂缝发育等典型非常规致密砂岩特征。现有研究资料表明,该区地应力大小和方向与储层有效性关系密切。利用常规测井和声电成像测井资料,基于岩石力学实验,结合压裂、地层测试等实测数据,建立了适合于大北地区致密砂岩储层的地应力计算模型,并提取储层有效性评价指标,为工区从地应力角度评价低孔低渗裂缝性致密砂岩储层有效性提供了重要的判据。     

川西北地区栖霞组白云岩储集层研究

根据川西北地区栖霞组野外及钻井岩心的宏观、微观及地球化学特征，结合物性资料，研究了该套地层中白云岩储集层的基本特征及主要控制因素，归纳并总结了这类储层的分布规律及形成与演化过程。认为栖霞组白云岩储集层以细晶白云岩、中-粗晶白云岩和颗粒白云岩为主；储集空间以次生成因的孔、洞为主，裂缝除具有一定的储集性能以外，更重要的是起到了连通孔隙的作用；储集空间组合类型以裂缝-孔洞型和裂缝-孔隙型为主。这类储集岩的形成与演化主要受到沉积和成岩作用的控制。     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起东翼石炭系火山岩储层主控因素定量评价

以准噶尔盆地车排子凸起东翼石炭系火山岩储层为研究对象,利用测井、录井、钻井、试油、岩芯、岩屑、薄片等资料,分析研究区火山岩储层主控因素。在此基础上,运用灰色关联分析对储层主控因素进行定量评价;选用油气累积产量作为母因素,与油气累积产量相关性较高的主控因素作为子因素,衡量火山岩储层质量。结果表明:影响车排子凸起石炭系火山岩储层形成的主控因素包括岩性和岩相类型、裂缝发育程度以及风化淋滤作用;通过对各评价参数权重系数计算,风化淋滤作用权重系数最大,为0.271,其次为裂缝密度,权重系数为0.261,最后是岩相和岩性类型,权重系数分别为0.247、0.222;根据储层综合评价指标(I_REI)结果,将I_REI≥0.6定为Ⅰ类储层,0.3≤I_REI＜0.6定为Ⅱ类储层。运用该储层定量评价标准对单井储层进行综合评价验证,结果与实际油气累积产量吻合率高达90%;单井储层定量评价分类结果与实际油气累积产量及研究区有利储层平面分布预测吻合度较高,评价结果可靠。     

Current research into the use of supercritical CO_2 technology in shale gas exploitation

The use of supercritical CO_2 for shale gas extraction is a promising new technology. This paper explores current research into this process, looking at analysis of the mechanism of CH_4 displacement in nanoporous shale, the positive and negative effects accompanying its use for sequestration as well as organic extraction, the migration of elements and the swelling process, and the macro and micro control mechanisms involved in permeability enhancement in reservoirs. Fruitful directions for future research are also considered through comparison with hydraulic fracturing. The research findings indicate that Sc CO_2 fluid replacement can be used to increase gas production and seal up greenhouse gases as an effective, clean and safe method of shale gas exploitation. It is particularly effective for promoting the desorption of CH_4 in shale reservoirs that have developed fine neck-wide body pores, and the subtle structural changes effected by Sc CO_2 fluid in sensitive minerals in reservoirs with a high brittle mineral content also have a positive effect on permeability and storage capacity. The adsorption process has been characterized as consisting of three stages: short-term shrinkage, slow swelling, and stability; an expansion equation has been proposed for CO_2/CH_4 that incorporates competitive adsorption, collision desorption, and impingement re-adsorption. Sc CO_2 fracturing has been found to be more effective than hydraulic fracturing for dense reservoirs and more effective at linking up pore-micro-fissure-fracture systems.     

LD油田高倍数水驱油效率实验研究

为探索介于热采开发界限的高孔高渗疏松砂岩稠油油藏在大液量提液冷采模式下的水驱油效率及其影响因素,以渤海辽东矿区LD油田样品为例,在实验流速分别为1.0、7.5、15.0 mL/min的情况下,开展了2 000 PV高倍数水驱油效率的实验研究,同时结合压汞、X衍射全岩和气测渗透率等实验数据对提液方式进行优化,分析各因素对此类型稠油油藏提液后的水驱油效率的影响。结果表明,微观孔喉结构、填隙物体积分数、渗透率等储层地质特征差异对提液后的驱替特征具有较大影响,微观孔喉结构越差、填隙物体积分数越高、渗透率越低,高倍数水驱油效率越低;相比于直接提液方式,分步提液方式能取得更高的水驱油效率。对处于热采界限内的该类型稠油油藏进行水驱冷采开发,为避免造成前缘突进、降低微观波及,提液幅度控制在7.5倍为宜。实验结果可以有效指导该类型稠油油藏在矿场利用水平井规模化大幅提高生产井产液量进行剩余油挖潜。     

松辽盆地北部齐家-古龙地区断层裂缝体系分维特征及其应用

在对松辽盆地北部齐家－古龙地区泥岩裂缝油藏形成机理进行分析的基础上,应用盒式维数和信息维数计算了该区Ｔ２反射层不同区域内断层裂缝体系分维值。通过对各区断层裂缝体系分维特征的分析,发现断层裂缝体系分维高值区域与泥岩裂缝油藏的分布存在着较好的对应关系,这不仅表明断层伴生裂缝是该区泥岩裂缝的主要成因类型,同时也表明断层裂缝体系分维特征是定量描述泥岩裂缝油藏油气运移和聚集条件的一个重要参数。根据这一规律对该区泥岩裂缝油藏的有利分布区进行了预测。     

杏六区薄差储层水驱油特征

通过对杏六区薄差储层典型相对渗透率曲线进行筛选,采用流动系数作为权重系数对单层归一化后的曲线进行复合,得到复合相对渗透率曲线。由复合相对渗透率曲线可知,杏六区薄差储层具有残余油饱和度、束缚水饱和度小,驱油效率低,共渗区范围较窄的相渗特征。根据相对渗透率曲线计算含水率和采出程度,得出含水率与采出程度的关系曲线分为“凸”型和“S”型两种。通过研究杏六区薄差储层的驱油效率与渗透率、原油黏度、驱替压力梯度的关系曲线可知,驱油效率随渗透率、驱替压力梯度的增加而增加,随地层原油黏度的增加而降低。对驱油效率与微观结构孔隙参数进行相关性分析。结果表明,孔隙半径与驱油效率之间的相关系数最小,仅仅为0.090,驱油效率和喉道半径之间的相关性最大,相关系数为0.437;另外,微观孔隙结构参数中孔隙半径对驱油效率的影响较小,喉道半径与孔喉比对驱油效率的影响较大。     

低渗凝析气井反凝析、反渗吸伤害及解除方法

凝析气藏衰竭开采过程中，受相态变化影响，在近井带地层将形成反凝析液堆栈和井筒积液。井筒积液在井筒回压、岩石润湿性及微孔隙毛管压力作用下将产生反渗吸水锁效应，造成地层渗流通道的堵塞，从而引起气井产能下降，特别是对低渗凝析气井影响更大。在分析了反凝析、反渗吸地层伤害机理和国内外现有降低和解除反凝析、反渗吸堵塞技术方法的基础上，针对低渗凝析气藏，建议采用一种有效的解除凝析气藏近井地层反凝析、反渗吸堵塞．提高气井产能的技术方法：即在注气吞吐之前注入一个甲醇(乙醇、表面活性剂)溶液前置段塞来有效地解除反凝析特别是反渗吸水锁效应所产生的地层伤害和堵塞。     

张强凹陷上侏罗统成岩作用及储层分布

上株罗统碎屑岩为成熟度低的岩屑少岩，岩石经历了多种成岩变化，降低孔隙度的成岩作用主要为压实作用和方解石、沸石、伊利石及绿泥石的胶结作用，增大孔隙度的成岩作用为溶蚀作用。     

川西丰谷地区须四段钙屑砂岩含气储层预测

丰谷须四段钙屑砂岩储层具有低伽玛、高电阻、高波阻抗等特点,储层含气后波阻抗值有所降低,但仍高于或接近于泥岩.运用波阻抗、GR联合反演,可以消除泥岩对识别含气储层的影响,并预测出钙屑砂岩段含气储层的平面展布特征.研究认为:联合反演能够识别出8～10 m厚的有效储层,具有较高的纵向分辨率,该方法预测结果的可靠性,取决于参与反演的钻井数量多少及其分布状态,钻井多且分布均匀的地区,运用多井约束反演技术提高预测储层及其含气性的纵、横向分辨率是行之有效的.     

合理应用高压注水技术 开发好低渗透油藏

低渗透油藏物性条件差 ,常规注水难以达到配注要求 ,注水效果不理想。采取高压注水措施 ,可以有效提高注水量 ,促进油井见效增产 ,达到提高低渗透油田注水波及效率和采收率的目的。本文总结了近几年来江汉油田高压注水的实践效果 ,对开发好低渗透油藏具有重要的指导意义     

裂缝水窜形成的剩余油研究

裂缝水窜在注水开发的火山岩、变质岩类块状裂缝型油藏中相当普遍,位于裂缝发育带附近的高产井,常常就是裂缝水窜最严重的井.裂缝性油田一个显著特点就是少数几口高产井控制着全油田多数的储量和产量,开发效果好坏决定全油田的开发成败.以克拉玛依及内蒙古注水开发的火山岩油田为例,研究发现,国内多个火山岩油田,存在相当数量快速水淹的高产井,当这些高产井水窜水淹以后,只要采取及时的停注强排措施,油井产能大部分就可顺利恢复.分析出现这种生产动态的原因,在于裂缝水窜水流形成连续相以后,运动粘度较低的水流形成"水锁"封闭流道中的可动油.据此提出了裂缝与大孔洞水窜机理以及水窜后的剩余油分布模式.     

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组生物碎屑灰岩储集层非均质性成因

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组生物碎屑灰岩储层非均质性强,开发过程中矛盾突出。基于岩芯资料、铸体薄片和实验分析数据,开展储层非均质性成因分析。结果表明:M油田Mishrif组生物碎屑灰岩储层主要受沉积作用、生物扰动作用、成岩作用和海平面升降旋回控制。沉积作用控制了岩石的结构组分和原始物性,并影响了后期的成岩演化; 生物扰动作用破坏了岩石原始结构构造,造成岩石结构松散,为成岩流体提供了渗流通道; 成岩作用控制了岩石物性的改造趋势; 海平面升降旋回造成沉积相变,并控制了海水成岩环境和大气淡水成岩环境。高能沉积环境中,岩石颗粒组分含量高,原始物性好,海平面下降阶段,滩体顶部优先发生溶蚀作用,而滩体底部胶结作用较强,储层物性产生两极分化,优质储层通常与物性隔夹层伴生。低能沉积环境中,岩石泥质组分含量高,原始物性差,但生物扰动作用充分,潜穴物性通常高于基底物性,海平面大幅下降造成岩石处于大气淡水成岩环境,溶蚀性流体可沿生物潜穴渗入,有效改善岩石物性。Mishrif组内部发育多期海平面升降旋回,沉积环境演变迅速,成岩环境不断变化,生物潜穴随机展布,不同成因的储层互相叠置,造成厚层生物碎屑灰岩储层垂向非均质性强。     

Spatial-temporal coupling between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs for tight sandstone oil and gas accumulations in the Songliao Basin,China

The spatial-temporal relationship between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs is a key factor when evaluating the formation, occurrence, and prospectivity of tight oil and gas reservoirs. In this study, we analyze the fundamental oil and gas accumulation processes occurring in the Songliao Basin, contrasting tight oil sand reservoirs in the south with tight gas sand reservoirs in the north. This is done using geochemical data, constant-rate and conventional mercury injection experiments, and fluid inclusion analyses. Our results demonstrate that as far as fluid mobility is concerned, the expulsion center coincides with the overpressure zone, and its boundary limits the occurrence of tight oil and gas accumulations. In addition, the lower permeability limit of high-quality reservoirs, controlled by pore-throat structures, is0.1*10~(-3) lm~2 in the fourth member of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation(K_1 q~4) in the southern Songliao Basin, and 0.05 *10~(-3) lm~2 in the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K_1 sh) in the northern Songliao Basin. Furthermore, the results indicate that the formation of tight oil and gas reservoirs requires the densification of reservoirs prior to the main phase of hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rocks.Reservoir ‘‘sweet spots" develop at the intersection of high-quality source rocks(with high pore pressure)and reservoirs(with high permeability).     

陆相盆地低煤级煤储层特征研究—以准噶尔、吐哈盆地为例

研究了准噶尔、吐哈盆地低煤级煤储层的特征,结果表明：该储层几何形态复杂,且受成煤环境的控制,表现出显著的规律性变化。煤体形态可归纳为与成煤环境对应的4种类型,其中形成于湖成三角洲的朵状、舌状煤体成藏规模最大,浅部煤储层以含气量低、甲烷浓度低、含气饱和度中等、含气强度大为特征;但在构造相对简单的盆缘斜坡深部具有很好的勘探开发潜力,煤储层孔容及比表面积都很大且变化范围也大;中值孔径、孔隙率的变化特征与孔容一致,预示了低煤级煤储层较高的基岩渗透率,兰氏体积和兰氏压力都显著低于中、高煤级煤储层,煤储层达到饱和的机率更大,更容易解吸。古构造应力场控制着煤储层割理裂隙系统的发育程度和分布规律,现代构造应力场特征影响煤储层割理裂隙系统的开合程度,盆缘斜坡多为高渗区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地宜川—黄龙地区马家沟组古岩溶储层特征及形成机理

鄂尔多斯盆地宜川—黄龙地区具备良好勘探潜力,研究其储层主控因素及形成机理对黄龙气田勘探工作具有重要指导意义。以岩芯观察、铸体薄片鉴定、阴极发光及地球化学测试分析为基础,结合钻井、测井资料,研究宜川—黄龙地区马家沟组古岩溶储层基础特征、储层主控因素及形成机理。结果表明:研究区主要发育含膏粉晶云岩、粉晶砂屑云岩及粉—细晶云岩;石膏铸模孔、晶间孔(溶孔)、溶孔及溶缝是最主要的储集空间;储层孔隙度以0.1%～5.0%为主,渗透率以(0.002～0.100)×10^-3 μm²为主,具有低孔低渗—特低孔特低渗特点;有利储层分布受多种地质作用共同影响,含硬石膏结核云坪、白云岩坪及颗粒滩是优质储层发育的物质基础,储层平面分布受控于古岩溶地貌,而垂向分布受控于岩溶旋回,有利储层分布于表生期岩溶垂直渗流带,晚成岩期次生灰化及3期不同组合类型充填作用使有效孔隙锐减,是该区储层物性较差的直接原因。     

低电阻率油层的成因类型与测井响应

低电阻率油层根据其成因影响因素可划分5种类型：岩石骨架导电型、高束缚水饱和度型、高矿化度地层水型、双孔隙度结构与裂缝并存型、咸水泥浆侵入型。导致油层电阻率降低的主要内在因素包括：储层岩石骨架中含有导电物质如含黄铁矿等金属矿物时,是导致低电阻油层形成原因之一;岩石中黏土矿物阳离子交换性与平衡阳离子的附加导电作用可以造成油层电阻率的明显降低,形成低电阻率油层;岩性细、泥质含量高、储层孔隙结构复杂化,孔隙吼道变小,微孔隙增多为束缚水提供了储存空间,形成高束缚水饱和度储层,导电能力增强,使油层电阻率变低。咸水泥浆侵入是油层电阻率变低的外在因素。     

宝浪油田低渗油藏高效开发技术研究

以宝浪油田宝北区块为例,针对油藏特点,应用波动方程串级深度偏移处理技术识别了高陡构造;应用测井资料分析及古构造应力场分析技术识别了裂缝;应用反射振幅-厚度法和小波处理技术进行了储层横向预测;在精细地质模型的建立和合理井网密度研究的基础上,形成了低渗油藏综合调整技术和屏蔽暂堵技术,以及油管传输负压射孔为主的整体油层保护技术;应用防气杆式泵机械采油技术解决了高气油比问题;应用多级冲压酸化和高压分层酸化工艺技术解决低渗油层吸水难的问题.在油田开发过程中,形成了一整套的低渗油藏高效开发技术,现场应用取得了较好的效果.