新农村电气化村典型供电模式

为推进新农村电气化建设,提高农村配电网建设水平,以《新农村电气化建设实施纲要》和《新农村电气化标准体系》为依据,在充分调研、多方征求意见的基础上,研制、编写了新农村电气化村典型供电模式。根据经济水平将新农村电气化村划分为A,B,C等3类,电气化村的典型供电模式相应分为A,B,C等3类。另外,根据村的建筑布局,将村分为多层、联排和分散居住3类。在此基础上,有针对性地提出了10种电气化村典型供电模式,其中:A类3种,B类3种,C类4种。研究成果已在新农村电气化村建设中广泛应用,效果明显。     

Soviet electrification: the roads not taken

Drawing on material presented in greater detail in his book The Electrification of Russia, 1880-1926 (1992), the author discusses the history of electrification in Russia and details the formation of the State Committee for the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO). GOELRO's plan for using a network of regional stations controlled by the Soviet government is described. A discussion on why the Soviet state favored large-scale electrification instead of alternatives that promised more immediate economic and social returns is given. GOLERO's aim to use technology to transform a backward country into a modern, Communist state is also discussed     

Economic analysis of PV/diesel hybrid power systems in different climatic zones of South Africa

Recently hybrid power systems (HPSs) consisting of integrated operation of two or more different types of energy sources and storage devices are being deployed for rural electrification or electrification of remote areas in many countries across the world. This is seen as a cost effective solution in contrast to extending the utility grid in remote areas. The types of upcoming renewable and low-carbon generation technologies are being preferred for such systems depending on their availability and economic viability in these countries. Moreover, HPSs are also being preferred in order to improve the overall energy efficiency of the system and to get a judicious generation mix which would minimise the operating cost of the system. Rural communities in South Africa endure poor access to electricity mostly due to the lack of grid connected power lines. It is therefore the ideal place to conduct a study on the economic feasibility of introducing HPSs for typical residential loads for the rural community in South Africa. This paper reports on the investigating economic feasibility of a PV/diesel HPS in various climatic zones within South Africa.     

Some Aspects On Design And Development Of Human Operated Generator For Desalination Plant ER

ABSTRACT

Development of local energy sources from wind, Bun, tidal, bio-gas and bio-mass are wellknown today in the context of ‘Technology in Rural Areas’. Some of the sources are being considered in a microscale to cater for household requirements such as solar energy to pump water or to use for lighting. However, application of technology in rural areas require certain amount of training and establishment of development centres to promote and propogate proper technologies.

This paper describes the development of an energy source wherein human energy is exploited to generate electrical energy. The equipment is called as “Human Operated Generator” and used to supply a micro-electro-dialysis plant, to desalinate brackish water in remote village areas, where there is no electricity or skill to use any other equipments. It may be questioned that why not small diesel generator set for desalination of water ? The equipment is designed for rural areas where the skill to use any equipment or the resource to borrow any equipment is limited.

The equipment comprises a high efficiency d.c. permanent magnet generator, a cycle pedalling mechanism and an open-loop controller. Energy is generated by pedalling the cycle by human being. The equipment is simpler in construction and ensures higher reliability and having practically no maintenance.

Ergonomic studies carried out on a selective basis revealed that an average adult can generate around 100 watt6 sustained output and the experimental equipment was capable of giving continuous output of 60-70 watts, which was used for desalinating brackish water.

This development along with the ED Plant development is an attempt to aid the ‘Application of Technology in Rural Areas’ to improve the life standard of rural community, as it provides electrical energy to convert brackish water to life supporting fresh water.     

基于社会清洁福利最大化的电热联合双边竞价市场出清优化策略研究

清洁能源利用和可再生能源消纳是区域电-热综合能源系统研究的重点。基于电-热联合双边竞价市场及其供需侧资源报价策略,提出计及能源碳排放和风机弃风的系统运行环境价值成本概念。同时考虑系统供需侧分布式能源站和多能用户利益,构建以社会清洁福利最大化为目标的市场出清策略模型,确定联合市场交易最优策略。通过算例仿真结果表明,所提市场出清策略模型可以有效促进清洁能源利用和可再生能源消纳,显著降低系统供能过程中造成的环境污染。     

Rural electrification in India and feasibility of Photovoltaic Solar Home Systems

Rural electrification is an integral component of poverty alleviation and rural growth of a nation. In India, electricity has not played effective role in the socio-economic growth of village. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is increasing with 8% where as contribution of agriculture sector is 1.9%. Government of India has ambitious target of providing electricity to all villages by 2008 and all rural households by 2012. Steps are already initiated with Rural Electric Corporation, Rural Electricity Supply Technology mission, State Electricity Boards, Reforms in Power sector. An attempt has been made in this paper to assess the features of rural electrification in India and the feasibility of Photovoltaic Solar Home Systems (PV SHS).     

Electric cooperatives and the political economy of rural electrification in Africa: Insights from Uganda

Rural electrification is a crucial process of enhancing the modern energy access of rural communities which is an important global development goal. Electric cooperatives have played an important role as drivers of rural electrification worldwide, both historically and contemporaneously. The emerging role of cooperatives in rural electrification is yet to be examined in the context of East Africa, a region that experiences serious infrastructure deficits alongside widespread rural poverty. This study adopts a political economy perspective to explore the roles and challenges of cooperatives in rural electrification in Uganda. Through a high-level case study of two electric cooperatives, we show that while the cooperatives can deliver rural electrification, they face a series of political and economic challenges in fulfilling their mission. To enhance rural electrification through cooperatives, the challenges should be addressed by policy solutions: (1) providing more support to rural households that cannot afford electricity; (2) providing further support to cooperatives to avoid overburdening the community; (3) enhancing investment to upgrade the grid and extend its geographical coverage; and (4) exploring new financial and technological options for rural electrification. We expect the findings of this study to be useful to policymakers, implementers, cooperatives, and international donors currently working in rural electrification in Africa and beyond.     

Editorial: Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) and Flow Electrification

This special issue of IEEE Transaction of Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation (TDEI) contains 30 selected papers describing recent activities in Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) and Flow Electrification.     

用于电气化分析的决策支持系统

电气化作为可持续发展的决定因素已逐渐为人们所认知,对于减少由于直接使用木材,原煤,石油等一次能源而造成的环境污染,实现电气化也是一个关键因素,对于多数发展中家而言,电气化是推动国家经济发展的有效途径。利用决策支持系统的基本概念,可以很好的辅助分析一个国家的电气化发展水平。文中介绍名为ＤＳＳＥＡ的辅助软件及其应用于中国事１０年的电气化水平方案分析;文中还对ＢＰ算法进行了改进,提高了训练的收敛速度和整     

基于McWiLL无线专网的智能农网监测系统

农村电网是国家电网的重要组成部分,针对智能农网的发展及其对通信系统的需求,提出了一种基于McWiLL无线宽带通信网络的农网监测系统。通过对多载波无线信息本地环路技术(McWiLL)特点和智能农网通信需求的分析,讨论了建设电力专用数据网的可能性,提出了基于McWiLL的智能农网监测系统的应用方案,并且详细描述了此系统的智能终端、通信网络和营配一体化支撑平台,为实现智能农网配电管理提供了新的通信方式和管理模式。     

And the survey says...

The Rural Utilities Services (RUS) and the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) collaborated to form the Transmission and Distribution Engineering Committee (T&DEC). This committee was primarily formed to assist in updating RUS Bulletins to current standards and practices being used by electric cooperatives. This article highlights the two recent distribution reliability activities of the committee: the NRECA reliability online study and the revision of RUS Bulletin 161-1-"interruption reporting and service continuity objectives for electric distribution systems". An online reliability reporting practices survey of NRECA distribution cooperatives have conducted for the past two years and the results are discussed here. The overwhelming motive for improving system reliability is customer satisfaction     

基于物联网技术的输电杆塔倾斜监测系统设计

随着电网规模的迅速发展以及建设坚强智能电网工作的深入,物联网技术在电网中的应用越来越受到关注。针对目前国内电力杆塔倾斜监测系统存在的诸多问题,提出了将传感技术和物联网技术相融合的新思路。系统运用稳定可靠的无线技术,结合Zig Bee和GPRS无线通信网络技术组成新的混合网络,及时、高效的进行数据传输。经过实际运行测试,系统性能稳定可靠。     

Classifying the variation in estimates of electricity consumption due to vehicle electrification

Electrification of light-duty vehicles (LDVs) is one means of reducing transportation-sector CO₂ emissions. A broad range of incremental electric consumption requirements is found in prior studies. We propose that there is value in classifying the variance in estimated increases in electricity consumption into two distinct sources: modeling decisions (choices) and forecasts (uncertainties). We show that the addition of probabilistic uncertainty reveals a level of complexity that should inform the design of policy.     

计及能源利用效率的含生物质沼气发电农村能源系统优化运行

农村能源是中国能源体系的重要组成部分,随着生物质沼气发电的推广应用,农村综合能源系统的应用前景更加广泛。以农村地区综合能源系统为研究对象,重点构建了含生物质沼气发电的能源系统模型,采用机会约束对负荷及可再生能源出力不确定性进行描述,提出综合考虑系统经济性与能源利用效率的优化运行模型。经济优化运行考虑了系统购售电购气费用最低。能源利用效率考虑了标准煤能效指标。为综合考虑经济性与能源利用效率,通过定义目标隶属度函数,利用最大化满意度指标法将多目标问题转化成单目标进行优化求解。仿真结果表明所提方法能够统筹兼顾系统经济性与能源利用效率。     

通信设备带电清洗技术探讨

带电清洗技术能有效地提高通信设备的维护保养水平,使之能够经常处于最佳状态,发挥出应有的功效。介绍了通信设备带电清洗的原理和工艺流程,探讨了带电清洗工作对通信设备的影响,并结合工程实例总结了带电清洗工作应注意的几个问题。     

计及能源利用效率的含生物质沼气发电农村能源系统优化运行

农村能源是中国能源体系的重要组成部分,随着生物质沼气发电的推广应用,农村综合能源系统的应用前景更加广泛。以农村地区综合能源系统为研究对象,重点构建了含生物质沼气发电的能源系统模型,采用机会约束对负荷及可再生能源出力不确定性进行描述,提出综合考虑系统经济性与能源利用效率的优化运行模型。经济优化运行考虑了系统购售电购气费用最低。能源利用效率考虑了标准煤能效指标。为综合考虑经济性与能源利用效率,通过定义目标隶属度函数,利用最大化满意度指标法将多目标问题转化成单目标进行优化求解。仿真结果表明所提方法能够统筹兼顾系统经济性与能源利用效率。     

A fault location technique for rural distribution feeders

This work presents a digital fault location technique for rural distribution feeders, using the voltage and current data at a single location. Rural distribution feeders include single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase laterals off a main three-phase primary distribution feeder. The fault location scheme presented here attempts to account for the multiphase laterals, the unbalanced conditions, and the unsymmetrical nature of distribution feeders by continually updating voltage and current vectors at set locations within the system. The updated voltage and current vectors are the estimates of the 60-Hz phasor quantities obtained using a recursive optimal estimation algorithm. The distance to the fault is then estimated using a method based on the apparent impedance approach and the updated voltage and current vectors. Another consideration is the ability to determine the fault location on a lateral. A simulation of an actual rural distribution feeder using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is used to test the approach     

Rural electrification implementation strategies through microgrid approach in South African context

Rural electrification requires high initial capital investments per capita due to its low energy demand and population density. These factors result in a higher cost of electricity than that for urban consumers. Although the solution to the majority of rural electrification financial challenges are with government policymakers, it is equally important for rural electrification project implementers to understand the technical challenges and identify any cost reduction potential. This paper proposes and compares a diverse set of standalone electrification strategies for a variety of consumer load types in the Sdakeni rural area in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The aim of this research is to compare the electrification strategies based on: cost, efficiency, performance, equipment utilization factor, excess electricity produced etc. Based on the findings from the comparison, the paper will provide insight into suitability of such strategies and act as a guideline for balancing cost optimization process and design robustness of such systems. It will also provide recommendations on future research along this line which would include aspects that could not be covered in this work.     

计及碳捕集和电转气的农村虚拟电厂多目标随机调度优化模型

针对农村地区存在大量生物质秸秆、垃圾、屋顶光伏、分散式风电等分布式能源,设计了集成燃气碳捕集设备(gas-power plant carbon capture,GPPCC)、电转气设备(power-to-gas,P2G)及垃圾发电(waste incineration power,WI)的农村虚拟电厂(GPPCC-P2G-WI-based virtual power plant, GPW-VPP)。然后,引入信息间隙理论(information gap decision theory,IGDT)和模糊满意度方法构造GPW-VPP近零碳运营优化模型。其中,选择最大化运营收益和最小化碳排放量作为优化目标,并利用模糊满意度理论转化为综合满意度最优化目标。再然后,利用IGDT描述风电、光伏发电和用户负荷3个不确定性变量影响,用于构造GPW-VPP随机调度优化模型。最后,选择中国兰考能源革命试点为对象开展实例分析验证所提模型的有效性,结果表明所提运营优化模型能在兼顾不同主体利益诉求的同时推进农村分布式能源的最优聚合利用,有利于实现整体能源结构清洁低碳转型。     

Evaluation of the use of renewable energy sources and peat in rural municipal economy

This paper analyzes the cost-effectiveness of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) and peat in production of electric and heat energy in rural places of the country by comparing tariffs (prices) of energy versus total expenditures on generation of electric and heat energy when using RES and peat. The appraisal of a cost-effective scale in application of energy plants working on RES and peat in the rural side in Russia is made by using a model-information set developed at the Energy Institute of the National Research University (Higher School of Economics). It is shown that with the current tariffs, the production by use of RES and peat may become economically effective, which means to achieve 1.8 billion kW/h of electric and 250 million GJ of heat energy per year, and, in the long run, 30 billion kW of electric and up to 400 million GJ per year. In comparison of total expenditures on production of electric and heat energy in rural areas (which are considerably above the established tariffs), it becomes cost effective to produce the electric energy of up to 12 billion kW in the nearest years and up to 80 billion kW in the long run. The need for the governmental policy motivating the projects based on use of RES and peat and the lines of this policy for the rural areas of the country are outlined.