The estimation of time delay and Doppler stretch of widebandsignals

The problem of estimating the time delay and the Doppler stretch for wideband signals from a moving target is considered. The Cramer-Rao bound and the maximum likelihood (ML) method of estimation are derived. Due to the uncertainty of the reflection coefficient, the ML method may not be practicable. An alternative method involving the location of the peak of the wideband ambiguity function of the signal is suggested. The performance of the method is analysed, and, under high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), the method is asymptotically unbiased, and the variances of the estimates are closed to the Cramer-Rao bound for a large variety of signals. Optimum signals for the joint estimation of the time delay and the Doppler stretch under practical constraints are designed and, through computer simulations, their performance are shown to be superior to the commonly used signals     

Fast distributed multi-hop relative time synchronization protocol and estimators for wireless sensor networks

The challenging problem of time synchronization in wireless sensor networks is considered in this paper, where a new distributed protocol is proposed for both local and multi-hop synchronization. The receiver-to-receiver paradigm is used, which has the advantage of reducing the time-critical-path and thus improving the accuracy compared to common sender-to-receiver protocols. The protocol is fully distributed and does not rely on any fixed reference. The role of the reference is divided amongst all nodes, while timestamp exchange is integrated with synchronization signals (beacons). This enables fast acquisition of timestamps that are used as samples to estimate relative synchronization parameters. An appropriate model is used to derive maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) and the Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) for both the offset-only, and the joint offset/skew estimation. The model permits to directly estimating relative parameters without using or referring to a reference’ clock. The proposed protocol is extended to multi-hop environment, where local synchronization is performed proactively and the resulted estimates are transferred to the intermediate/end-point nodes on-demand, i.e. as soon as a multi-hop communication that needs synchronization is initiated. On-demand synchronization is targeted for multi-hop synchronization instead of the always-on global synchronization model, which avoids periodic and continuous propagation of synchronization signals beyond a single-hop. Extension of local MLE estimators is proposed to derive relative multi-hop estimators. The protocol is compared by simulation to some state-of-the-art protocols, and results show much faster convergence of the proposed protocol. The difference has been on the order of more than twice compared to CS-MNS, more than ten times compared to RBS, and more than twenty times compared to TPSN. Results also show scalability of the proposed protocol concerning the multi-hop synchronization. The error does not exceed few microseconds for as much as 10 hops in R4Syn, while in CS-MNS, and TPSN, it reaches few tens of microseconds. Implementation and tests of the protocol on real sensor motes confirm microsecond level precision even in multi-hop scenarios, and high stability (long lifetime) of the skew/offset model.     

无源雷达目标信号时延与多普勒频率联合估计

提出一种基于STFRFT的无源雷达目标时延与多普勒联合估计新方法。首先,给出了一种STFRFT时频分辨率量化方法及其数学表达式;其次,利用STFRFT的投影包络对回波信号时延与Doppler频移进行了联合估计;最后,讨论分析了脉内信噪比、高斯窗参数等对所提方法估计性能的影响。仿真结果表明,与CAF方法相比,所提方法更容易获得高精度的时延与Doppler频移的联合估计,具有更高的可靠性。     

Comparison of two methods for time delay estimation of sinusoids

This note concerns the time delay estimation of a sinusoid in the absence of noise. It is shown that the smoothed coherence transform (SCOT) method performs much better than the standard cross-correlation (SCC) method, in that the former greatly reduces the ambiguity in determining the peak of the related cross-correlation function.     

A new time delay estimator based on ETDE

In this paper, we address the problem of online subsample time delay estimation of narrowband signals of known center frequency. We propose a new so-called mixed modulated Lagrange explicit time delay estimation (MMLETDE) algorithm and study its performance through computer simulations. The MMLETDE is a modulated Lagrange ETDE, but the delay estimate adaptation process is based on the truncated sinc fractional delay filter algorithm. We provide theoretical derivations for our proposed estimator, a proof of its convergence performance, learning characteristics of its error performance surface, and an expression for its delay variance. Using simulations, we show that MMLETDE requires only a small filter order and has no noticeable estimation bias over a wide frequency range.     

On the Cramer- Rao bound for time delay and Doppler estimation (Corresp.)

Using a theorem due to Whittle, simple derivations of the Cramer-Rao lower bound are presented for some delay estimation problems related to a single source, multiple sources, and multipath. The problem of Doppler estimation is briefly discussed.     

一种基于时滞辨识的模糊Smith控制

利用信号处理中的互相关技术可以对声发射波之间的时间延迟进行测量的功能,实现对变化的时滞参数的跟踪,并将其同模糊控制以及Smith预估控制相结合,形成了一种基于时滞辨识的模糊Smith控制算法,对此算法进行仿真研究。仿真结果证明了此算法的有效性。     

基才时间信息的快速检索方法探究

本文研究了利用时间信息实现快速检索视频文件的方法,视频文件的压缩编码标准采用的是H．264,该方法主要包括视频分析和视频检索两个部分的研究。在视频分析部分,对码流中的IDR帧（关键帧）进行抓取和获得其时间、位置、大小等信息。并将得到的时间等信息存入至数据库。该部分的重点是时间信息的获取,由于负责传输码流的RTP数据分组的时间戳记录了码流的时间信息,所以着重描述了获取并且记录RTP时间戳的过程。视频检索部分,利用时间等查询条件从数据库中进行视频检索。对所述方法进行研究。结果表明使用该方法能够快速查看某时刻视频内容．避免了检索视频时的重复处理。     

Simultaneous measuring of Doppler frequency shift and group delay time by means of amplitude-modulated LFM-Signal

New method of the simultaneous measurement of the frequency dependencies of Doppler shift and group delay time of separate ionosphere modes by means of amplitude modulated chirp signal is presented in this paper. The algorithms for data processing are presented.     

基于时延估计算法的透明转发器的实现方法

讨论了转发器实现收发不间断的方法,提出了在自适应噪声相消的系统上,将简化的分数阶傅里叶变换理论应用于时延估计,进而将干扰信号重构抵消。推导了该算法,并提出基于该算法实现收发同时进行的转发器系统,即透明转发器。给出本系统模型框图,该透明转发器采用最小均方(LMS)算法建立自适应系统控制结构,能够通过自适应滤波器将自发干扰信号减除,并将不相关的背景噪声抵消。最后利用 MATLAB 软件仿真了基于该算法的透明转发器在具体信号上的运用,实验结果表明该方法实现了不间断转发功能,并且系统结构简单、易实现。     

基于分数时延滤波器的宽带数字信号时延的实现

阐述了基于分数时延滤波器的时延方法设计原理,对其中4种代表性的设计方法的时延性能进行了评估,给出宽带数字线性调频信号的时延仿真结果,该方法可用于宽带雷达数字信号处理。     

基于逼近噪声子空间的求根时延估计算法

多重信号分类(MUSIC)时延估计算法需要多径数估计,且其特征分解和谱峰搜索的计算复杂度较高。针对此问题,给出了一种基于逼近噪声子空间的求根时延估计算法。该算法利用协方差矩阵逆的高次幂逼近噪声子空间与其自身共轭转置的积,并构造多项式等式,以多项式求根的方式避免谱峰搜索,从而降低了计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,在无需多径数估计和复杂度低于MUSIC算法的条件下,所提算法的性能与MUSIC算法的性能相当,并且逼近克拉美罗界。     

基于单向传输的光纤时延波动测量

为了与现有光纤通信网络兼容,研究了一种基于单纤单向传输的光纤时延波动测量方法。基于色散温变效应和Sellmeier等式,建立了利用温度的准确测量和双波长光信号传输时延差波动反推单向时延波动的比例模型。令模型中的比例系数是单波长时延波动和双波长时延差波动的比,仿真研究了温度和波长差对比例系数的影响。搭建了75 km光纤单向时延波动测量实验平台,实验结果表明:实测比例系数?258.4接近于理论比例系数?277.3,对应单向传输时延波动误差为660 ps,实验结果验证了模型的正确性和基于单向传输的光纤时延波动测量的可能性。     

CMOS delay time model based on weighted peak current

The authors propose a new CMOS delay time model with the configuration ratio, the input slope and the load condition taken into account. This model is based on the optimally weighted switching peak current. The delay equations are computationally effective and the error is typically within 10% of SPICE results     

基于QualNet的无人机数据链时延仿真

概述了无人机数据链的网络组成,介绍了通信网络仿真软件QualNet的功能特点及其架构,并在该软件平台下建立无人机数据链时延仿真模型,分析远近程无人机在不同MAC信道接入协议下的平均端到端时延和平均抖动.仿真结果表明,设计无人机数据链时可优先采用TDMA接入协议.     

Analysis of MUSIC-based delay estimators for direct-sequencecode-division multiple-access systems

Most receiver designs for asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems exploit timing information to simultaneously detect the desired signal and suppress the interference. In this paper, a previously proposed MUSIC delay estimation algorithm is considered which requires no initial information and no exhaustive search of the delays. Based on a Taylor series expansion, approximations of the first and second moments of the delay estimation error are derived for this MUSIC algorithm. The analysis is alternative and further to that previously performed     

A high precision Doppler radar based on optical fiber delay loops

The proposed theory shows that, by using optical fiber delay lines or loops, it is no longer necessary to compress pulses with matched filters for optimum detection and it is possible to suppress interference from undesirable zones. The suppression leads to lessening of Doppler and range ambiguity. The theory further shows that it is feasible to measure Doppler beating with high precision based on a single pulse. Thus, with a single pulse, there is no Doppler and range ambiguity; interference from undesirable range zones due to Doppler range fold-over will no longer present; and the troublesome ground clutter problem would be greatly suppressed. The high precision Doppler beating provides a mechanism to reveal intrinsic characteristics of a target without time average blurring or masking. New information can be acquired on targets of interest for purpose of passive identification.     

A high-resolution time interpolator based on a delay locked loopand an RC delay line

An architecture for a time interpolation circuit with an rms error of ~25 ps has been developed in a 0.7-μm CMOS technology. It is based on a delay locked loop (DLL) driven by a 160-MHz reference clock and a passive RC delay line controlled by an autocalibration circuit. Start-up calibration of the RC delay line is performed using code density tests (CDT). The very small temperature/voltage dependence of R and C parameters and the self calibrating DLL results in a low-power, high-resolution time interpolation circuit in a standard digital CMOS technology     

Radar wideband digital beamforming based on time delay and phase compensation

In conventional phased array radars, analogue time delay devices and phase shifters have been used for wideband beamforming. These methods suffer from insertion losses, gain mismatches and delay variations, and they occupy a large chip area. To solve these problems, a compact architecture of digital array antennas based on subarrays was considered. In this study, the receiving beam patterns of wideband linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals were constructed by applying analogue stretch processing via mixing with delayed reference signals at the subarray level. Subsequently, narrowband digital time delaying and phase compensation of the tone signals were implemented with reduced arithmetic complexity. Due to the differences in amplitudes, phases and time delays between channels, severe performance degradation of the beam patterns occurred without corrections. To achieve good beamforming performance, array calibration was performed in each channel to adjust the amplitude, frequency and phase of the tone signal. Using a field-programmable gate array, wideband LFM signals and finite impulse response filters with continuously adjustable time delays were implemented in a polyphase structure. Simulations and experiments verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed digital beamformer.