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1.
G. R. Nezhikhovskii 《Measurement Techniques》2000,43(5):396-397
There are four options for introducing the uncertainty concept in Russia. Preference is given to the gradual replacement of
“error characteristic,” “total mean-square error,” and “confidence limits of error” by the terms “uncertainty,” “combined
standard uncertainty,” and “expanded uncertainty,” respectively. The incorrect and widespread perception that “uncertainty
in measurement” is an alternative for “error” is pointed out.
Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp. 27–28, May, 2000. 相似文献
2.
Two novel titanium alloys, Ti–10V–2Cr–3Al and Ti–10V–1Fe–3Al (wt%), have been designed, fabricated, and tested for their intended
stress-induced martensitic (SIM) transformation behavior. The results show that for Ti–10V–1Fe–3Al the triggering stress for
SIM transformation is independently affected by the β domain size and β phase stability, when the value of the molybdenum
equivalent is higher than ~9. The triggering stress was well predicted using the equations derived separately for the commercial
Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy. For samples containing β with a lower molybdenum equivalence value, pre-existing thermal martensite
is also present and this was found to have an obstructive effect on SIM transformation. In Ti–10V–2Cr–3Al, the low diffusion
speed of Cr caused local gradients in the Cr level for many heat treatments leading even to martensite free zones near former
β regions. 相似文献
3.
The effects of matrix/precipitate interface states on coarsening of Co and γ-Fe precipitates in a Cu–4 wt.%Co and a Cu–2 wt.%Fe
alloy aged at 500 and 700 °C have been examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, electrical resistivity
measurements, and length-change measurements. Analyses of TEM images show that the average radius for coherent/semi-coherent
transition is 6–12 nm for the Co precipitates and 10–20 nm for the γ-Fe precipitates. The coarsening rates of the Co and γ-Fe
precipitates are unchanged by the transitions in coherency of the precipitates. The interface energies γ of coherent Co and γ-Fe precipitates are estimated from data on coarsening alone as 0.15 and 0.27 J m−2. From length-change measurements of the Cu–Co and Cu–Fe alloys during aging, the estimates of the isotropic misfit strains
of Co and γ-Fe precipitates are −0.018 and −0.016 for the coherent interfaces and −0.013 and −0.012 for the semi-coherent
interfaces. Free energy analyses for the coarsening of Co and γ-Fe precipitates reveal that the values of γ of semi-coherent Cu/Co and Cu/γ-Fe interfaces are 0.24 and 0.34 J m−2. 相似文献
4.
The subcritical crack growth resistance in water of a Y–Si–Al–O and Y–Si–Al–O–N glasses has been investigated with three point bending experiments. It has been shown that the SCG behaviour of the Y–Si–Al–O–N glass is superior to that of the Y–Si–Al–O glass. This is reflected by the power law exponent n which is 21 for the Y–Si–Al–O glass and 63 for the Y–Si–Al–O–N glass. Mechanistic implications of these observations are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Jun Wang Liguo Wang Shaokang Guan Shijie Zhu Chenxing Ren Shusen Hou 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》2010,21(7):2001-2008
Magnesium alloy stent has been employed in animal and clinical experiment in recent years. It has been verified to be biocompatible
and degradable due to corrosion after being implanted into blood vessel. Mg–Y–Gd–Nd alloy is usually used to construct an
absorbable magnesium alloy stent. However, the corrosion resistant of as cast Mg–Y–Gd–Nd alloy is poor relatively and the
control of corrosion rate is difficult. Aiming at the requirement of endovascular stent in clinic, a new biomedical Mg–Zn–Y–Nd
alloy with low Zn and Y content (Zn/Y atom ratio 6) was designed, which exists quasicrystals to improve its corrosion resistance.
Additionally, sub-rapid solidification processing was applied for preparation of corrosion-resisting Mg–Zn–Y–Nd and Mg–Y–Gd–Nd
alloys. Compared with the as cast sample, the corrosion behavior of alloys in dynamic simulated body fluid (SBF) (the speed
of body fluid: 16 ml/800 ml min−1) was investigated. The results show that as sub-rapid solidification Mg–Zn–Y–Nd alloy has the better corrosion resistance
in dynamic SBF due to grain refinement and fine dispersion distribution of the quasicrystals and intermetallic compounds in
α-Mg matrix. In the as cast sample, both Mg–Zn–Y–Nd and Mg–Y–Gd–Nd alloys exhibit poor corrosion resistance. Mg–Zn–Y–Nd alloy
by sub-rapid solidification processing provides excellent corrosion resistance in dynamic SBF, which open a new window for
biomedical materials design, especially for vascular stent application. 相似文献
6.
Isotopic analysis of the water used in KRISS triple point of water (TPW) cells was performed by three separate laboratories.
The δD and δ
18O isotopic composition of six ampoules, made from two TPW cells, were analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometers. The analysis
data showed that δD and δ
18O were − 62.17‰ and − 9.41‰ for the KRISS-2002-Jan cell, and − 36.42‰ and − 4.08‰ for the KRISS-2005-Jun cell. The temperature
deviation of the triple point of water for these cells calculated from Kiyosawa’s data and the definition of the TPW were
+ 45.07μK for the KRISS-2002-Jan cell, and + 25.49μK for the KRISS-2005-Jun cell. The KRISS TPW temperature was + 92μK higher
than the CCT-K7 KCRV after correcting for the deviation of the isotopic composition from Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. 相似文献
7.
N. L Tawfik 《Journal of Materials Science》1997,32(11):2997-3000
Continuous uniform ribbons of Al–16 Si, Al–12.5 Si–1 Ni and Al–12.5 Si–1 Mg were prepared by melt spinning. Microhardness
was measured. The as-melt spun values were 1280, 1370 and 1500 MN m-2 which relax on thermal ageing to 700, 700 and 800 MN
m-2 for Al–16 Si, Al–Si–Ni and Al–Si–Mg, respectively. The hardness values of the melt spun ribbons are higher than the as-cast
rods from which the ribbons were produced by a factor ranging from 1.8–2.2 times. Tensile testing at room temperature shows
that the load–elongation curves are linear with a change of slope occurring in some of the specimens. These curves also show
serrations in the case of as-melt spun and the intermediately annealed Al–Si specimens, while no serration was observed in
the fully annealed samples. No serration was observed in the Al–Si–Ni and Al–Si–Mg alloys. UTS values were 420, 270 and 100
MN m-2 for Al–16 Si, Al–Si–Ni and Al–Si–Mg, respectively. These values show that the rapid solidification process improved
the tensile properties significantly in Al–16 Si and Al–Si–Ni alloys while no significant improvement can be detected for
Al–Si–Mg alloy. A discussion is given on hardness relaxation and tensile testing results in terms of silicon precipitation.
This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
A simple method for measuring the dielectric parameter of materials in the form of powders at microwave frequencies is suggested.
Measurement of the permittivity ε′ and ge″ at 9·967 GHz on powder samples of the aluminum ore bauxite gives interesting results.
It is found that ε′ and ε″ increases with packing densities (δ ). Further ε′ and ε″ also depend upon the percentage of Al2O3. These results show that the values of ε′ and ε″ can be used to set certain basic values for minability of the ore for a
particular sample. Conductivities (σ) and relaxation (τ) are also calculated in the present studies 相似文献
9.
KAVASSALIS PETROS; SOLOMON RICHARD JAY; BENGHOZI PIERRE-JEAN 《Industrial and Corporate Change》1996,5(4):1097-1126
The paper investigates the impact the Internet may have in theevolution of telecommunications networks. First, we show whythe Internet, emerging from a different cognitive perceptionof the data communication problem, has led to a new networkarchitecture based on: (i) the distribution of the networkintelligence to the user equipment; (ii) the very cost-effectivestatistical sharing of the network resources (i.e. getting the whole bandwidth of the network for short periodsof time); (iii) the establishment of an Internet Protocol (IP)gateway facilitating interoperability betweenheterogeneous infrastructure facilitiesinstead of theoperatorcontrolled homogeneity of the telecom networks;and (iv) an adaptative way for open standardssetting.Second, we suggest that two technological trajectories (telecomcreative accumulation and Internetcreativedestruction) should dynamically co-exist henceforth andcompete for market sharespossibly during later evolutionarystages generating relatively different national or even localized(e. g. local providers) trajectories of evolution (with differinginterfaces and standards). Furthermore, we explore the questionof whether the Internets interoperability model may bea useful policy paradigm for future information infrastructures,and we start to discuss the implications of requisite interoperabilityon the comunications industrys structure itself. Overall,our preliminary observations raise questions about the possibilitiesof two technological trajectories co-existing,and the relationship between the interoperability and learningconditions in the network industries. 相似文献
10.
Continuous location models with real observations and well defined Fisher information are considered and reduction of the
Fisher information due to quantizations of the observation space intom intervals is studied. In fact, generalized Fisher informations of orders α≥1 are considered where α=2 corresponds to the
classical Fisher information. By an example it is argued that in some models the information of order α=2 is infinite while
the informations of some orders α↮2 are finite. Among the studied problems is the existence of optimal quantizations which
maximize the reduced information for fixedm and α≥1 and the construction of simple and practically applicable quantizations for which the reduction converges to zero
whenm→∞, uniformly for all α≥1. The rate of this convergence is estimated for all α≥1 and directly evaluated for α=1 and α=2. For
special models the reductions are directly evaluated form=1.2,… either analytically or numerically.
Supported by the ASCR grant A1075101 as well as BMF 2003-04820 相似文献
11.
A graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on the pretreated polyethylene (PE) sheet samples by oxygen capacitively coupled radio frequency (RF) plasma was carried out to improve the adhesive properties of PE. The PE samples were treated with a RF power of 200W for a treatment time of 40s and then exposed to an oxygen atmosphere for a saturation time of 10min. The grafting of the plasma pretreated PE performed in an aqueous GMA solution with the monomer concentration from 20vol.% to 100vol.% at a temperature from 20°C to 90°C for a reaction period up to 50h. The optimum wettability of the graft polymerized PE surface with the concentration of 40vol.% at the temperature of 70°C and for the time of 24h was obtained as the static contact angle decreased from 104.2° for the original PE to 67.6° for the graft polymerized. After the graft polymerization, a strong absorption peak of C―O bonding was shown at 1050cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectrum, indicating an introduction of epoxy groups on the graft polymerized surface. Correspondingly, the surface roughness (Ra) increased from 0.137μm for the original PE to 1.660μm for the graft polymerized. The maximal lap adhesive strength of the graft polymerized PE samples lapped using a mixture of epoxy resin and curing agent was achieved to about 160N·cm−2. The fractured surfaces by tearing of the PE sheet matrix were observed on the tensioned PE samples due to the higher adhesive strength than that of the PE matrix. 相似文献
12.
V. V. Shirokov 《Materials Science》1999,35(3):401-417
We present new evidence for the high-temperature strength of vanadium and low-alloyed (up to 15 at.%) vanadium-based alloys
under conditions of prolonged (up to 5000 h) high-temperature (973–1173 K) exposure to vacuum, helium, lithium and sodium
melts, modeling reactor heat-transport media (10 Pa). The kinetics of phase transformations in alloys of the systems V−Zr−C,
V−Nb−Zr−C, V−Mo−Zr−C, and V−Ti−O in the process of prolonged aging under stress is analyzed. It is established that the process
of pre-decay of a solid solution has many stages and is intensified by the action of stresses. The corresponding isothermal
diagrams of the decay of VTsU (V−Zr−C) alloy are constructed. We give recommendations as to the choice of alloying elements
with the aim of enhancing the high-temperature strength of vanadium and vanadium alloys used for reactors. New alloys developed
on the basis of the systems V−Ti−O, V−Nb−Zr, V−Ta−Hf, V−Cr−Sc, and V−Cr−Nd and a new method of hardening thermochemical treatment
of vanadium-titanium alloys with the use of oxygen from air have found application in pilot-engineering developments for high-temperature
nuclear power plants.
Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv,
Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 91–104, May–June, 1999. 相似文献
13.
O. P. Ostash E. M. Kostyk R. V. Chepil' I. M. Andreiko I. R. Makoviichuk 《Materials Science》1997,33(2):183-194
On the basis of direct measurements of the opening displacements of notch contours, we develop an experimental-numerical procedure
for the evaluation of the range of local elastoplastic strain Δετ. The experimental values of Δετ are compared with the data of numerical calculations performed by using formulas known from the literature (Δε). It is shown
that, for Δετ(Δε)<2%, the experimental and theoretical values are in good agreement but only in the case where the gradients of strains
near the tips of the notches are taken into account. For Δετ>2%, the theoretical values of Δε are higher than experimental Δετ and the smaller the radius of the notch ρ, the greater the difference between these values. Therefore, it reasonable to use
the experimentally evaluated and approved values of the parameter Δετ.
Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv,
Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 62–72, March–April, 1997. 相似文献
14.
The authors discuss in detail the existing cleavage fracture model including the physical model and the statistical model.
Based on the discovery that a minimum distance for initiating the cleavage fracture was revealed to have a definite physical
meaning, that the stress triaxiality reaches the critical value Tc at this distance instead of that the presence of an eligible
carbide crack within this distance is assured; a combined criterion for cleavage fracture, i.e. a critical plastic strain
(εp ≥ εpc) for initiating a crack nucleus, a critical stress triaxiality (σ m/σ ≥ Tc) for preventing it from blunting and
a critical normal stress (σyy ≥ σ) for its propagation has been proposed to substitute for the criterion of σyy ≥ σ over a
‘characteristic distance’ suggested by the RKR model. With regard to the statistical model the authors suggested that it is
not necessary to describe the fracture stress distribution by Weibull function. The fracture probability at a given applied
load was modified by multiplying a ‘remaining probability’ taking account of the effect of the preceding loading process.
The authors also discuss the mechanism of transition from a fibrous to a cleavage crack within the toughness transition temperature
range.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
The analytical solutions to the bond problem for monotonically increasing loads are developed for a monomial exponential local
bond stress-slip relationship (law) – “exact solution” –, a linear local law – “proposed solution” – and a constant bond stress
distribution, such as that recommended by the Eurocode. The three solutions are thoroughly developed for the pull-out of a
bar embedded in a cylindrical element, with longitudinal concrete in tension. For short anchorages, which undergo a rigid
motion and whose “exact solution” requires a complex iterative procedure, the “proposed solution” explicitly provides very
accurate bond stress distributions. On the basis of this accuracy, an approximate expression for the slip distribution is
derived. The proposed approximate solution is the first one providing a direct slip expression for short anchorages. Approximate
explicit expressions for the maximum bond stress and the maximum slip are also given. The comparison between the maximum slip
values measured during experimental tests and the corresponding values obtained from the proposed approximate expression demonstrates
the accuracy of the latter. 相似文献
16.
H. V. Snizhnoi 《Materials Science》2011,47(3):363-369
We investigate the formation of the first portions of strain-induced martensite in plastic uniaxial compression of 12Kh18N10T
and 12Kh18N9T steels in which δ-ferrite is absent and present, respectively, in the initial state. The true deformation martensitic
points ε
s
are experimentally determined. It is established that, in 12Kh18N10T steel, there exist one-phase (A) and two-phase (A + M)
states for ε < ε
s
and ε > ε
s
, respectively, whereas, in 12Kh18N9T steel, there exist two-phase (A + F) and three-phase (A + F + M) states for ε < ε
s
and ε > ε
s
, respectively. The effect of increase in the magnetization of paramagnetic austenite before the formation of strain-induced
martensite is detected. 相似文献
17.
Dong-Liang Wang Yuan Yuan Le Luo 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》2012,23(1):61-67
Intermetallic compounds formed during the liquid–solid interfacial reaction of Sn–Ag and Sn–Ag–In solder bumps on Cu under
bump metallization at temperatures ranging from 240 to 300 °C were investigated. Two types of intermetallic compounds layer,
η Cu6Sn5 type and ε Cu3Sn type, were formed between solder and Cu. It was found that indium addition was effective in suppressing the formation of
large Ag3Sn plate in Sn–Ag solder. During interfacial reaction, Cu consumption rate was mainly influenced by superheat of solder, contact
area between solder and Cu and morphology of intermetallic compounds. The growth of η intermetallic compounds was governed
by a kinetic relation: ΔX = tn, where the exponent n values for Sn–Ag/Cu and Sn–Ag–In/Cu samples at 240 °C were 0.35 ± 0.01 and 0.34 ± 0.02, respectively.
The n values increased with reaction temperature, and it was higher for Sn–Ag/Cu than that for Sn–Ag–In/Cu sample at the same
temperature. After Cu was exhausted, ε intermetallic compound was converted to η intermetallic compound. The mechanisms for
such growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds during the liquid–solid reaction were investigated. 相似文献
18.
Choon-W. Nahm 《Bulletin of Materials Science》2008,31(7):1007-1013
The electrical properties and stability of the varistors, which composed of (NiO, MgO, Cr2O3)-doped Zn-Pr-Co-R (Y, Er) oxide-based ceramics, were investigated for different additives. The breakdown voltage of the varistors
increased in order of NiO→undoped→MgO→Cr2O3: 1200→1551→1691→1959 V/cm for ZPCY system and undoped→NiO→MgO→Cr2O3: 1024→1041→1500→1668 V/cm for ZPCE system, respectively. The nonlinear coefficient value increased in order of undoped→NiO→MgO→Cr2O3: 21→25→38→50 in ZPCY system and NiO→undoped→MgO→Cr2O3: 27→32→35→38 in ZPCE system, respectively. In ZPCY and ZPCE systems, the Cr2O3-additives most greatly improved the nonlinear properties. In Cr2O3-doped system, ZPCY system exhibited higher nonlinear properties than that of ZPCE system. The stability against d.c. accelerated
aging stress was higher in Cr2O3-additives than in NiO- and MgO-additives for ZPCY system and was higher in NiO-additives than in MgO- and Cr2O3-additives for ZPCE system. 相似文献
19.
Corporate references to “sustainability” and the operative process of “green business” have become almost commonplace over
the past decade. Companies not only seek to comply with environmental regulations, but many have discovered that techniques
for reducing adverse environmental impact often have positive effects on corporate profitability as well. Such adoptions of
green business and engineering practices are morally neutral because the driving forces behind them are legal and economic,
but not ethical. In some instances, however, managers and engineers have undertaken green business initiatives with the notion
of doing something positive for future humans and for the natural environment. In this paper we discuss the “green” driving
forces behind moral decisions regarding the adoption of green engineering and business practices and conclude that most “green
engineering” known to the public is simply good business practice. Only when engineering and business begin the “green engineering”
program with the aim of reducing adverse impact on health or environment does “green engineering” become morally admirable. 相似文献
20.
R. Mythili A. Ravi Shankar S. Saroja V. R. Raju M. Vijayalakshmi R. K. Dayal V. S. Raghunathan R. Balasubramaniam 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(15):5924-5935
This paper presents the results of a study on the influence of microstructure on the corrosion behavior of a α–β Ti–5%Ta–1.8%Nb
alloy—a candidate material for use in high concentrations of boiling nitric acid. The “as cast” alloy had a lamellar structure
and showed a corrosion rate of about 1.5 mpy. Thermo-mechanical processing of the cast alloy resulted in a structure of predominantly
of equiaxed α with random distribution of fine β particles. This “reference” structure was further modified employing different
heat treatments similar to that for commercial titanium alloys such as mill annealing, solution treatment and aging or over
aging treatments. Corrosion rates evaluated in boiling nitric acid in the liquid, vapor and condensate phases, showed low
values ∼1 mpy. Of these, the lowest corrosion rate (∼0.03 mpy) was exhibited by the structure with minimum amount of β phase,
distributed in an equiaxed α matrix. This structure was obtained by aging of the solution treated “reference” alloy. Hence,
solution treatment high in the α + β phase field followed by aging at a temperature low in the α + β phase field has been
identified as the optimum treatment to obtain a microstructure with superior corrosion resistance. 相似文献