锚网煤巷顶板离层临界值的计算和分析

对于锚网支护的煤巷来说,顶板离层是潜在的安全威胁。为确定锚网煤巷的顶板离层临界值,分析了煤巷顶板离层的发生机理,建立了锚网实体煤巷道和锚网沿空巷道的顶板临界离层的力学模型;在此基础上通过近似和简化,求解了两类锚网煤巷的离层临界值数学表达式。最后根据一回采工作面的基本条件,试算了两类煤巷的顶板离层临界值,并与实际观测数据进行了对比和分析。结果表明沿空巷道的顶板离层值远大于实体煤巷道的顶板离层值,建立的沿空巷道离层值表达式能够很好的与实测值吻合,实体煤离层值表达式与实测值虽有差距,但能够用于巷道掘进期间的顶板离层预测。     

赵庄煤矿三盘区巷道断面合理宽度取值分析

为确定赵庄煤矿3307巷道最合理的巷道宽度取值,采用弹塑性力学能量法理论、薄板理论以及相关的支护理论,通过数学理论推导,得出了煤巷顶板跨中挠度与煤巷宽度的关系曲线。研究表明:当断面宽度小于4.8 m时,顶板处于预压状态,围岩相对稳定,顶板沉降量亦符合安全值;当断面宽度大于4.8 m时,随着巷道宽度增加,顶板跨中挠度快速增大,直至煤巷顶板破坏。根据理论计算结果,确定赵庄煤矿3307巷道断面宽度理论合理值为4.8~5.2 m。该研究成果不仅能指导赵庄煤矿巷道断面设计,而且也可为其他同类巷道断面设计提供理论参考。     

煤矿巷道断面形状及锚杆支护围岩变形的数值分析

为了研究巷道不同断面形状和锚杆支护对巷道围岩稳定性的影响,采用ANSYS有限元计算方法进行数值模拟,通过对计算结果分析,得出半圆拱形巷道为最佳断面且煤矿巷道锚杆支护能够有效地控制围岩的变形;煤矿巷道锚杆支护对竖向位移的控制作用较大的区域集中在巷道围岩1.8 m范围以内及巷道的两个底角部;对于横向位移的控制作用较大的区域集中在巷道围岩顶板、两帮中部1.6 m范围以内及巷道的两个底角部.     

煤巷倾斜层状顶板变形影响因素及变形规律

针对煤巷倾斜层状顶板的结构特点,建立煤巷倾斜顶板的简支梁力学模型,推导顶板挠曲线的计算公式和巷道顶板最大下沉位置。结果表明:倾斜层状顶板最大下沉位置不在巷道中心线上,而是向巷道底帮偏移;影响倾斜巷道顶板下沉曲线的因素主要有顶板岩层弹性模量、岩层厚度、顶板关键层位置、巷道宽度和顶板倾斜角度,其中弹性模量和岩层厚度仅影响顶板下沉量,但不影响顶板最大下沉位置,而关键层位置、巷道宽度和顶板倾斜角度对两者均产生影响;随着关键层与顶板距离的增大,最大下沉位置向巷道中心线移动;随着巷道宽度和顶板倾斜角度的增大,顶板最大下沉位置均向巷道底帮移动。现场工业性试验的实测结果较好地验证了理论推导的结果,因此,建议将顶板中部锚索位置整体向巷道底帮偏移10~30 cm,以便更好实现顶板变形控制。     

深部复合顶板巷道变形破坏机理研究

高应力下软弱复合顶板的持续塑性变形破坏,是深矿井巷道支护与维护的难点之一.分析了车集煤矿2405工作面区段运输平巷和区段回风平巷的围岩结构和岩性特征,构建了该类巷道复合顶板的力学模型,导出了该模型的力学变形方程.对巷道顶板变形破坏机理进行了深入分析,认为当巷道顶板岩层所受轴向压力大于岩梁达到屈服时的临界压力0.8倍时,巷道变形(下沉)明显增大,严重时产生冒顶.提出了同类巷道掘进过程中围岩控制的关键措施.     

深部复合顶板巷道变形破坏机理研究

高应力下软弱复合顶板的持续塑性变形破坏,是深矿井巷道支护与维护的难点之一．分析了车集煤矿2405工作面区段运输平巷和区段回风平巷的围岩结构和岩性特征,构建了该类巷道复合顶板的力学模型,导出了该模型的力学变形方程．对巷道顶板变形破坏机理进行了深入分析,认为当巷道顶板岩层所受轴向压力大于岩梁达到屈服时的临界压力0．8倍时,巷道变形（下沉）明显增大,严重时产生冒顶．提出了同类巷道掘进过程中围岩控制的关键措施．     

深井煤巷厚层复合顶板整体变形机制及控制

为解决深井煤巷厚层复合顶板的整体下沉问题,分析了巷道围岩力学机理并提出了控制技术.采用现场调查和理论分析方法研究了深井煤巷厚层复合顶板岩层的结构特点和力学性质,以及整体下沉的主要原因,认为该类型顶板具有厚度大、力学强度低、软弱分层多等特点,而锚索的整个有效锚固长度并没有深入到承载强度较高的岩层中,出现了垮落层带、离层裂隙层带和弯曲层带的"小三带"变形分布区域,形成了"顶板-两帮"和"顶板-小煤柱"的不稳定循环系统,由此,提出了以"预应力大刚度桁架锚索梁"为核心的综合控制技术.现场试验表明:进行以"预应力大刚度桁架锚索梁"为核心技术支护后的煤巷明显好于原支护煤巷(为锚杆和锚索联合支护),较原支护煤巷的顶底板总移近量少了541mm.     

上行开采顶板不同区域巷道稳定性控制原理

以典型的上行开采为工程背景,采用现场实测、物理模拟和数值计算相结合的综合研究方法,对上行开采上覆岩层应力场、裂隙场进行了研究,并分析侧压系数、断面形状、围岩强度等因素对围岩稳定性影响,揭示了上行开采采动应力分区特征及裂隙呈分域特性的时空演化规律,得到了基于采动巷道围岩稳定性的上行开采顶板岩层区划和巷道布置,将覆岩划分5个破坏区,裂隙分为4个区;提出了"等效开挖"和"低效加固区"的概念,给出顶板巷道应根据侧压系数λ的大小和主应力方向选择合理断面形状是圆形或椭圆以及底板4.0～6.0m必要的加固深度,形成了上行开采顶板巷道稳定性控制原理:选择应力降低的Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区布置巷道、确定采后165d为顶板巷道开挖时机、优化巷道断面和减小低效加固区、提高围岩强度和支护结构稳定性以及分区强化控制,成功指导工程实践.     

全煤巷回采巷道锚杆支护参数设计研究

综放工作面的两条回采巷道为全煤巷,断面面积大,围岩强度低,采用锚杆支护能较好控制巷道的变形,锚杆支护设计关系到巷道锚杆支护工程的质量优劣、是否安全可靠以及经济是否合理,利用压力拱理论为基础,对回采巷道锚杆支护的各项参数进行科学设计,设计方案在某矿中实际应用效果来看,能够保证顶板的稳定,巷道在使用期限内的变形量满足回采工作要求,整体维护效果良好。     

含软弱夹层煤巷层状顶板失稳机理与分类

运用复合梁原理对含软弱夹层的煤巷层状顶板失稳模式进行理论分析,随着软弱夹层厚度的增加,顶板所受的最大拉应力逐渐变小,而且呈双曲线规律变化.软弱夹层厚度变化与围岩水平应力、位移和塑性区之间的关系进行数值模拟,研究了软弱夹层对锚杆支护煤巷层状顶板稳定性的影响.根据研究结果,以软弱夹层的厚度与其在顶板内的位置为指标对顶板进行分类,为煤巷锚杆支护参数设计提供了理论依据.     

深部沿空切顶成巷围岩稳定性控制对策

基于沿空切顶成巷技术原理,以城郊煤矿深部工作面无煤柱开采为背景,综合运用力学分析﹑模拟计算和现场试验等方法,对深部切顶成巷围岩控制关键对策进行深入研究。结果显示：切顶留巷顶板在侧向形成短臂梁结构,降低了巷旁支护体所受压力,切缝范围内岩层垮落后碎胀充填采空区,使留巷顶板下沉量降低了约50%。采空区侧顶板为切顶巷道围岩变形的关键部位,需进行加强支护;深部切顶巷道实体煤帮塑性区范围大,通过煤帮锚索支护技术可将浅部锚杆承载层锚固在弹性区稳定煤体中;深部切顶成巷来压速度快、强度大,巷内单体支柱易造成冲击破断,采用高阻力液压支架巷内临时支护时可较好地抵抗深部强动压;巷旁刚性挡矸装置因无法适应深部围岩大变形而受压弯曲破坏,深部切顶巷道巷旁挡矸结构需实现一定的竖向让位卸压方可与顶底板协调变形。在研究的基础上提出恒阻锚索关键部位支护+可缩性U型钢柔性让位挡矸+巷内液压支架临时支护+实体煤帮锚索补强的深部切顶成巷联合支护技术,并进行现场工业性试验。现场监测结果表明：留巷围岩在滞后工作面约290 m时基本稳定,且稳定后各项指标满足下一工作面使用要求。     

De-stressed mining of multi-seams: Surrounding rock control during the mining of a roadway in the overlying protected seam

Surrounding rock control in the overlying protective coal seam is a challenging topic for de-stressed mining of multi-seamed coal. Current research findings on roadway control were used in the design of a physical model of a complex textured roof having a varying thickness. The model was used to study roadway instability and collapse caused by dynamic pressure. The results show that when the thickness of the roof exceeds the bolted depth the roadway security is least and the roof has the greatest possibility for collapse. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study stress redistribution before and after roadway excavation during underlying protective seam mining. The evolution of roadway displacement and fracture, as affected by support methods, has been well studied. A series of support principles and technologies for mining affected roadways has been proposed after demonstration of successful practical application in the Huainan Mines. These principles and technologies are of extended value to deep coal mining support in China.     

A method for computing unsupported roof distance in roadway advancement and its in-situ application

A reasonable unsupported roof distance(URD) when advancing underground coal mine roadways can contribute greatly to safe and rapid roadway development.A mechanical model of the roof,using the relationship between the roof stress distribution and URD,obtained by the difference method,and roof stability according to the in-situ roof stress and rock mass strength was developed.We subsequently designed a proper range of URD,developed a testing method of URD with the function of mining protection,evaluated roof stability through analyzing the test data and then determined a reasonable URD.Considering the factors of the geological conditions,the immediate roof stability and the efficiency of the labor arrangement system,the URD of the advancing roadway of 9802 working face in Zhangshuanglou coal mine was determined to be 6 m using the proposed method.The results show that,when a 2 m length of roadway was reinforced by temporary support and high pre-stressed bolt support after the roadway advancement of 6 m per cycle,the speed and the security of the roadway development can be achieved and the advance rate can reach more than 400 m per month.     

Comparative study of model tests on automatically formed roadway and gob-side entry driving in deep coal mines

Automatically formed roadway(AFR) by roof cutting with bolt grouting(RCBG) is a new deep coal mining technology. By using this technology, the broken roadway roof is strengthened, and roof cutting is applied to cut off stress transfer between the roadway and gob to ensure the collapse of the overlying strata. The roadway is automatically formed owing to the broken expansion characteristics of the collapsed strata and mining pressure. Taking the Suncun Coal Mine as the engineering background, the control effect of this new technology on roadways was studied. To compare the law of stress evolution and the surrounding rock control mechanisms between AFR and traditional gob-side entry driving, a comparative study of geomechanical model tests on the above methods was carried out. The results showed that the new technology of AFR by RCBG effectively reduced the stress concentration of the roadway compared with gob-side entry driving. The side abutment pressure peak of the solid coal side was reduced by 24.3%, which showed an obvious pressure-releasing effect. Moreover, the position of the side abutment pressure peak was far from the solid coal side, making it more beneficial for roadway stability. The deformation of AFR surrounding rock was also smaller than the deformation of the gob-side entry driving by the overload test. The former was more beneficial for roadway stability than the latter under higher stress conditions. Field application tests showed that the new technology can effectively control roadway deformation. Moreover, the technology reduced roadway excavation and avoided resource waste caused by reserved coal pillars.     

Dynamic caustics test of blast load impact on neighboring different cross-section roadways

Using digital laser dynamic caustics experimental system and conducting simulation experiment researched the influence rule of blasting excavation of a new roadway on neighboring existed different cross-section roadways. The experimental results show that the influence of blast load on adjacent roadway has a good relationship with the cross-section of roadway. The expansion distance of precrack existed in circular, arch-wall, rectangular roadway is respectively 1.76, 1.61 and 0 cm under blast load.At the same time, the direct-blast side of rectangular roadway has more obvious damage compared with circular and arch-wall roadway. It explains that plane reflects more stress wave than arc, so that it exerts more tensile failure in the direct-blast side, which leads to less stress wave diffracting to the precrack in the back-blast side. When the precrack extends, higher value dynamic stress intensity factor in circular roadway works longer than that of arch-wall roadway. Indirectly, it explains that plane's weakening function on stress wave is significantly stronger than arc. Stress wave brings about self-evident influence on the upper and bottom endpoints of the rectangular roadway, and it respectively extends 1.03, 2.06 cm along the line link direction of the center of the blasthole and the upper and bottom endpoints on the right wall.     

Roof filling control technology and application to mine roadway damage in small pit goaf

To recover coal resources that have been damaged by traditional mining methods and ensure stability of the lower roadway in a small pit goaf, the goaf area must be filled and reinforced. In this research, the1202 working face of the Hanzui mine is considered as an example for classifying the roof of the mining tunnel under the small kiln destruction zone, the effect of the goaf on the roadway is determined based on the radio tunnel penetration method, a mechanical model to determine the roof filling control mechanism was established, and the duct foaming system and roof filling process were designed. The results show that the scope and degree of influence of the goaf on the mining lane are large, but safe tunneling can be ensured through the use of a steel shed and advanced grouting techniques. When the roof conditions are not similar, materials with different filling heights and filling strengths can be used to control the roof filling of the roadway. By combining field experience and laboratory tests, it was determined that a high-foaming material with a water-cement ratio of 1:0.6, a suitable high-foaming additive, and a water volume ratio of 1:30 is cost-efficient for filling and meets the filling strength requirements. Finally, the reliability of the proposed technology was verified by field experiments, which provide a reference for filling operations in similar mines.     

Stability influence factors analysis and construction of a deep beam anchorage structure in roadway roof

Deep beam anchorage structures based on spatial distribution analysis of the cable prestressed field have been proposed for roadway roof support. Stability and other factors that influence deep beam structures are studied in this paper using mechanical calculations, numerical analysis and field measurements. A mechanical model of deep beam structure subjected to multiple loading is established, including analysis of roof support in the return airway of S1203 working face in the Yuwu coal mine, China. The expression of maximum shear stress in the deep beam structure is deduced according to the stress superposition criterion. It is found that the primary factors affecting deep beam structure stability are deep beam thickness, cable pre-tension and cable spacing. The variation of maximum shear stress distribution and prestressed field diffusion effects according to various factors are analyzed using Matlabòand FLAC3D~(TM) software, and practical support parameters of the S1203 return airway roof are determined.According to the observations of rock pressure, there is no evidence of roof separation, and the maximum values of roof subsidence and convergence of wall rock are 72 and 48 mm, respectively. The results show that the proposed roof support design with a deep beam structure is feasible and achieves effective control of the roadway roof.     

Physical model test and numerical simulation on the failure mechanism of the roadway in layered soft rocks

To explore the failure mechanism of roadway in layered soft rocks, a physical model with the physically finite elemental slab assemblage(PFESA) method was established. Infrared thermography and a video camera were employed to capture thermal responses and deformation. The model results showed that layered soft roadway suffered from large deformation. A three-dimensional distinct element code(3 DEC) model with tetrahedral blocks was built to capture the characteristics of roadway deformation,stress, and cracks. The results showed two failure patterns, layer bending fracture and layer slipping after excavation. The layer bending fracture occurred at positions where the normal direction of layers pointed to the inside of the roadway and the layer slipping occurred in the ribs. Six schemes were proposed to investigate the effects of layered soft rocks. The results showed that the deformation of ribs was obviously larger than that of the roof and floor when the roadway passed through three types of strata.When the roadway was completely in a coal seam, the change of deformation in ribs was not obvious,while the deformation in the roof and floor increased obviously. These results can provide guidance for excavation and support design of roadways in layered soft rocks.     

Support technology for mine roadways in extreme weakly cemented strata and its application简

For the engineering geology conditions of bad mine roadway roof and floor lithology in extremely weak cemented strata, the best section shape of the roadway is determined from the study of tunnel surrounding rock displacement, plastic zone and stress distribution in rectangular, circle arch and arch wall sections, respectively. Based on the mining depth and thickness of the coal seam, roadway support technology solutions with different buried depth and thickness of coal seam are proposed. Support schemes are amended and optimized in time through monitoring data of the deformation of roadway, roof separation, I-beam bracket, bolt and anchor cable force to ensure the long-term stability and security of the roadway surrounding rock and support structure. The monitoring results show that mine roadway support schemes for different buried depth and section can be adapted to the characteristics of ground pressure and deformation of the surrounding rock in different depth well, effectively control the roadway surrounding rock deformation and the floor heave and guarantee the safety of construction and basic stability of surrounding rock and support structure.