国外车用液体代用燃料的新进展

主要介绍了国外主要车用液体代用燃料的应用情况及最新进展,着重介绍了天然气、液化石油气、生物燃料及烃基替代燃料的应用情况。     

钴基合金的堆焊

简要介绍钴基合金堆焊材料的性质及种类,分析钴基合金堆焊材料的焊接性能及裂纹、气孔原因和解决介绍措施,探讨各种钴基堆焊方法的工艺。     

进出料换热器的制造

文章介绍了特殊结构大型换热器的球形封头内壁堆焊、下料、冷作、焊接、装配、热处理工艺及制造过程,并重点介绍了装配顺序。     

浅析太阳能光热发电技术的发展

介绍了太阳能光热发电的工作原理及系统的基本组成形式:槽式、塔式、碟式,并简要介绍了国内外光热发电技术的发展历程及前景.     

复合炉衬在无心感应炉上的应用

本文介绍短线圈工频无心感应保温炉采用的复合炉衬。详细介绍炉衬材料配方、施工工艺、烘炉及使用与维修等。     

DF7型模块化机车电气系统的研制

介绍了DF7型模块化机车(包括DF7G型、DF7C型和其他变型产品)的电气系统。主要介绍了机车配置、性能特点、技术参数；同时介绍了机车结构特点及改进情况。     

中国的天然气液化技术分析

介绍我国天然气液化技术的现状和进展，重点介绍示范性LNG装置、上海LNG工厂、中原LNG工厂、新疆LNG工厂的液化流程及优缺点比较。     

山区输水管道工程的设计要点及陡坡直埋工艺

简要介绍了山区输水管道设计中常用的管道线路、管道材质、敷设方式、防冻方式及选取原则,重点介绍了一种适应山体陡坡段输水管直埋敷设的工艺。以供相关工程设计及施工人员借鉴。     

日本的暖通空调及建筑节能现状

本文介绍近年来日本在建筑物的采暖、通风、空调及建筑节能方面的现关，介绍了节能和余热回收所采取的政策、措施和方法。     

厌氧技术——UASB处理工业废水的研究现状及发展趋势

介绍厌氧生物技术、UASB反应器的发展及应用现状,同时阐述UASB的机理、优缺点、主要影响因素等,最后,简要介绍UASB组合工艺的应用及UASB发展趋势与应用前景.     

A comparison of conversion efficiencies of various sugars as reducing agents for the photosensitizer eosin in the photogalvanic cell

The efforts have been made to convert solar energy into electrical energy by eosin as photosensitizer with different sugars fructose, arabinose, D‐xylose, and mannose systems in photogalvanic cell along with providing them commercial viability using lower concentrations of the solutions. The generated photopotential and photocurrent are 848.0, 679.0, 825.0, and 758.0 mV and 240.0, 240.0, 250.0, and 170.0 μA, respectively. The maximum powers are 203.52, 162.96, 206.25, and 128.86 μW, respectively. The observed conversion efficiency is 0.8415, 0.6461 0.7026, and 0.6812% and the determined fill factors are 0.34, 0.37, 0.28, and 0.27 against the absolute value 1. The developed photogalvanic cell can work for 55.0, 75.0, 85.0, and 90.0 minutes in the dark. The photogeneration electricity is proved by a proposed mechanism. Conclusively, the photogalvanic cell so developed has shown appreciable conversion and storage of solar energy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

烘焙对生物质热化学转化特性影响的研究进展

生物质是可再生能源的重要组成部分,储量巨大,但其含水量高、能量密度和热值低等缺点致使其研磨难度大、存储运输不便,难以资源化利用。本文对烘焙预处理技术的过程及特点、能耗分析和较为理想的烘焙标准进行了简述;并重点阐述了烘焙对生物质燃烧、热解和气化特性影响的研究进展。经烘焙处理后的生物质在炉膛内可快速、稳定燃烧,炉内温度迅速升高,产生的烟气量减少;热解产生的生物质焦油中水和乙酸含量明显减少,苯酚含量增加,热值总体升高;气化合成气品质明显提升,能量密度增大,总气化效率显著提高。此外,对烘焙预处理技术在城市固体废弃物处理的应用进行了简要的概述,并对其在生物质和城市固体废弃物研究方向上进行了展望。     

Combustion characteristics and flame stability of linear esters of palmitic acid based on OH-PLIF technology

Experimental study on combustion characteristics and method for evaluating flame stability was carried out. Methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, propyl palmitate, butyl palmitate, and amyl palmitate were prepared using pyridine n-butyl bisulfate ionic liquid as catalyst in a self-designed reactor to catalyze esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, respectively. Combustion characteristics including the flame height, flame front area, and flame speed were analyzed; and OH-PLIF time-average total signal strength by the OH-PLIF technique and cold flow properties of linear-chain alkyl esters of palmitic acid were also studied. Image diagnosis was applied to the study of flame stability, and an image segmentation method using three color feature matrices of flame corresponding to the red, green, and blue components was proposed. A color was selected as the evaluation color and the iterative method was used to obtain the optimal threshold for the area where the flame was located. Each pixel in the matrix was compared with an optimal threshold, and the flame stability was evaluated by calculating the ratio variance under continuous conditions. The method is simple in operation, accurate in repeatability, less interfered, and provides some guidance for analysis and optimization of biodiesel combustion process.     

A new thermoeconomic methodology for energy systems

Thermoeconomics, or exergoeconomics, can be classified into the three fields: cost allocation, cost optimization, and cost analysis. In this study, a new thermoeconomic methodology for energy systems is proposed in the three fields. The proposed methodology is very simple and clear. That is, the number of the proposed equation is only one in each field, and it is developed with a wonergy newly introduced in this paper. The wonergy is defined as an energy that can equally evaluate the worth of each product. Any energy, including enthalpy or exergy, can be applied to the wonergy and be evaluated by this equation. In order to confirm its validity, the CGAM problem and various cogenerations were analyzed. Seven sorts of energy, including enthalpy and exergy, were applied for cost allocation. Enthalpy, exergy, and profit were applied for cost optimization. Enthalpy and exergy were applied for cost analysis. Exergy is generally recognized as the most reasonable criterion in exergoeconomics. By the proposed methodology, however, exergy is the most reasonable in cost allocation and cost analysis, and all of exergy, enthalpy, and profit are reasonable in cost optimization. Therefore, we conclude that various forms of wonergy should be applied to the analysis of thermoeconomics.     

Individual environmental behavior: A key role in building low-carbon communities in China

People’s social behavior, especially environmental behavior, has a great impact on energy consumption and carbon emission. This paper explores both categories of individual factors (e.g., values, habits, education, motivation, etc.) and social factors (e.g., institution, infrastructure, encouragement, etc.), to clarify the correlation between them and their sub-factors. Low-carbon campus is a representative type of low-carbon community which is less difficult to build than other communities because university students are well-educated and, to some extent, are more environmental aware and more willing to change their behaviors. The energy-saving and environment-friendly policies implemented on campus are collected and overviewed in this paper. Additionally, the leaders and employees from the related administration departments are interviewed, and the data of electricity amount and water usage are analyzed and a well-designed questionnaire is handed out in a survey. The survey investigates the environmental knowledge, energy use habits, attitude toward low-carbon transformation, comments on the current institution and so on. The results show that different groups of students have varied levels of environmental knowledge, energy use habits, and attitude toward low-carbon campus management. To improve energy conservation and cut carbon emission radically, advices on building low-carbon community are also proposed including professional curriculums of environmental protection, economic initiatives, effect management, good communications, and sound infrastructures and facilities.     

Recent development in design a state-of-art proton exchange membrane fuel cell from stack to system: Theory,integration and prospective

As an efficient energy converter, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is developed to couple various applications, including portable applications, transportation, stationary power generation, unmanned underwater vehicles, and air independent propulsion. PEMFC is a complex system consisting of different components that can be influenced by many factors, such as material properties, geometric designs operating conditions, and control strategies. The interaction between components and subsystems could affect the performance, durability, and lifespan of PEMFC system. To design a high performance, long lifespan, high durability PEMFC, it's essential to comprehensively understand the coupling effect of different factors on the overall performance and durability of PEMFCs. This review will present existing research on basis of four aspects, involving fuel cell stack design, subsystems design and management, mass transfer enhancement, and system integration. Firstly, the multi-physics intergradation and component design of PEMFC are reviewed with the designing mechanisms and recent progress. Besides, mass transfer enhancement methods are discussed by bipolar plate design and membrane electrode assembly optimization. Then, water management, thermal management, and fuel management are summarized to provide design guidance for PEMFC. The specifications design and system management for various engineering applications are briefly presented.     

Investigation of a new integrated system for multiple outputs with hydrogen and methanol

In this study, an integrated multigeneration system that can produce hydrogen, electricity, heat, and methanol simultaneously is thermodynamically investigated. This integrated multigeneration system consists of three subsystems, namely: (i) electrolyzer, (ii) thermal power plant; and (iii) methanol production reactor. Energy and exergy analyses of all system components, as well as the sustainability analysis of the whole system, is performed thoroughly. The integrated system's thermodynamic performance is thoroughly investigated by changing some critical operational and environmental parameters in parametric studies. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for better energetic, exergetic, and environmental performance are presented for better sustainability. The results of this study show that the integrated multigeneration system is capable of producing hydrogen, heat, electricity, and methanol with overall energetic and exergetic efficiencies about 68% and 47%, respectively.     

生物质高压液化制生物油研究进展

以生物质为原料进行高压液化制备生物油是目前生物质能领域研究的一个热点。纤维素在水中的降解是复杂的竞争和连串反应机理;在180℃以上,半纤维素就很容易水解,而且不管是酸还是碱都能催化半纤维素的水解反应;在水热条件下木质素会发生分解,生成多种苯酚、甲氧基苯酚等,这些产物可进一步被水解成甲氧基化合物。影响生物质液化产率及生物油组成的主要因素是温度、生物质类型和溶剂种类;次要因素包括停留时间、催化剂、还原性气体和供氢溶剂、加热速率、生物质颗粒大小、反应压力等。纤维素类生物质通过高压液化可以生产生物油,生物油经物理精制及化学加工可以制取车用燃料、生物气及化工产品等。生物油有轻油和重油之分,都是通过对生物质液化产物的分离精制而得到的。目前用来分析生物油的主要方法包括GC-MS(色-质联用)、EA(元素分析)、FTIR(傅里叶变换红外光谱)、HPLC(高效液相色谱)、NMR(核磁共振)、TOC(总有机碳测定)等。人们对生物质高压液化研究已经进行多年,并建立了几套工业试验示范装置。不过因为操作条件太苛刻,到目前为止还没有建立商业化装置。     

生物质燃烧过程中结焦、积灰及腐蚀形成机理及其制剂开发研究进展

大力发展生活垃圾及农林废弃物等生物质直接燃烧发电和煤炭掺烧生物质燃烧发电对缓解我国能源安全问题和实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。然而生活垃圾和农林废弃物中较高含量的碱/碱土金属、硫、氯和硅等元素在高温燃烧过程中会发生复杂交互反应,导致锅炉结焦、积灰和腐蚀等一系列问题,严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。通过系统分析生活垃圾和农林废弃物等固体燃料燃烧过程中可能的结焦、积灰和腐蚀形成机理,探讨了原料灰分组成和结焦、积灰、腐蚀形成的关联关系和预测方法,在此基础上比较了不同类型结焦、积灰和腐蚀抑制剂的作用机制及其施加效果,并对未来高效抑制剂的开发进行了展望。     

Indigenous courtyard houses: A comprehensive checklist for identifying, analysing and appraising their passive solar design characteristics Regions of the hot-dry climates

Indigenous courtyard houses (particularly those in towns and cities in the regions of the hot-dry climates) have largely satisfied the needs of their inhabitants from many points of view. They have also made a positive contribution to the housing stock, built environment, architectural output, urban fabric, and cultural heritage. Therefore, their advantageous characteristics covering all aspects should be identified, analysed and assessed objectively, systematically and (where possible) scientifically; they include those of functional requirements, family life, social customs, community traditions, religious demands, urban planning and urban design, architecture, passive solar design, and economics. Here, a checklist related only to their characteristics of passive solar design energy-efficient design and energy conservation are identified for analysis, assessment and appraisal.