锌掺杂正极材料尖晶石LiMn_2O_4的制备及电化学性能

为改善锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4的电化学循环性能,以乙酸锂、乙酸锰和乙酸锌为原料,采用固相法制备了LiMn2-xZnxO4(x=0.02、0.04、0.06),并与未掺杂的LiMn2O4进行性能比较。X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明所制备的LiMn2-xZnxO4具有与LiMn2O4同样的尖晶石结构,锌的掺入细化了尖晶石颗粒,增强了Li+在固相中的扩散能力。电化学测试结果显示锌掺杂能抑制LiMn2O4的电化学容量衰减现象,使其循环性能得到显著提高。其中LiMn1.96Zn0.04O4表现出最佳的循环性能,循环20次后放电容量可保持在106.6mAh/g。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4的改性研究

分别采用过渡元素掺杂和不同聚合物(聚丙烯晴和聚噻吩)包覆的方法对锂离子电池用正极材料LiMn2O4进行改性,研究了改性前后LiMn2O4的电化学性能.结果表明采用掺杂改性和聚合物包覆改性都可以提高LiMn2O4的电化学性能,减缓容量衰减.但单纯用一种方法改性效果都不理想,而将两种方法结合起来使用则不仅能有效地阻止电池在室温下的容量衰减(在前60个循环中,改性前电池的放电容量从119.1mAh/g下降到99.6mAh/g,平均每个循环的容量衰减率为0.27%,经Cr元素掺杂再用聚丙烯腈包覆后电池的放电容量从94.6mAh/g下降到91.8mAh/g,平均每个循环的容量衰减率为0.05%),而且使电池在高温下(60oC)也有很好的循环性能.     

稀土掺杂锂锰氧化物LiMn2-xNdxO4(X=0.005～0.1)的结构和电性能研究

采用微波与传统加热相结合的方法首次合成了稀土掺杂基锂锰氧化物LiMn2-xNdxO4(x=0.005～0.1)材料,电化学性能测试结果表明材料在掺杂量为x=0.01时表现出最大放电比容量,同时具有很好的循环稳定性,经过100次循环其容量衰减仅为14.9%;XRD测试结果表明在LiMn2O4尖晶石晶格中掺入合适量的Nd对稳定尖晶石骨架结构起重要作用;FTIR分析技术揭示了容量少量衰减的原因.     

尖晶石型Li1-xMgxMn2O4正极材料的制备和性质

采用高温固相分段反应法制备了尖晶石LiMn2O4和Mg2 掺杂的Li1-xMgxMn2O4(x=0.05、0.1)材料,对材料进行了XRD结构分析和电化学性能等测试,结果表明:Mg2 掺杂样品Li1-xMgxMn2O4(x=0.05、0.1)仍保持尖晶石相Fd3m结构;循环性能明显改善,室温条件下50次循环后,样品Li0.9Mg0.1Mn2O4的放电容量为100mAh/g,容量保持率为9.9%,而LiMn204容量衰减率仅为18.1%.     

S掺杂LiMn2O4尖晶石的合成与性能

分别用溶胶-凝胶法和固相法合成了锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4-xSx,在掺S量x＞0.04时,两种方法都不能获得纯的立方尖晶石相.LiMn2O4-xSx电化学性能测试结果表明,S掺杂对LiMn2O4的4V区性能没有明显的改善,但是在3V区具有良好的循环性能,30次循环后容量不但没有衰减而且有一定的增加.S掺杂对LiMn2O4在3V区的改善作用为扩大材料的工作电压范围、提高材料的初始容量提供了一条可能的途径.     

稀土掺杂锂锰氧化物LiMn2-xNdxO4(X=0.005～0.1)的结构和电性能研究

采用微波与传统加热相结合的方法首次合成了稀土掺杂基锂锰氧化物LiMn2-xNdxO4(x=0.005-0.1)材料，电化学性能测试结果表明材料在掺杂量为x=0.01时表现出最大放电比容量，同时具有很好的循环稳定性，经过100次循环其容量衰减仅为14.9%；XRD测试结果表明在LiMn2O4尖晶石晶格中掺入合适量的Nd对稳定尖晶石骨架结构起重要作用；FTIR分析技术揭示了容量少量衰减的原因。     

S-Co复合掺杂LiMn2O4的合成与性能

为了扩大锂离子电池正极材料LixMn2O4的工作电压范围，在保证良好循环性能的基础上提高材料的容量，本文对S-Co复合掺杂LiMn2O4的合成工艺和电化学性能进行了研究．溶胶-凝胶法合成的各试样均为纯的立方尖晶石相，且结晶状态良好．S—Co复合掺杂综合了S掺杂效应和Co掺杂效应，改善了LiMn2O4的电化学性能，在2．4—4．3V充放电压范围内，初始容量较高，达到170mAh／g，30次循环后容量不但没有衰减而且有一定增加．     

锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4的研究进展

具有尖晶石相的LiMn2O4因价格低、无毒、无环境污染、制备简单、研究较成熟,因此有着很好的应用前景,被看作最有可能成为新一代商用锂离子二次电池正极材料.由于LiMn2O4电化学循环稳定性能不好,表现在可逆容量衰减较大,尤其在高温下(>55℃)使用衰减更严重,从而限制了它的商业化应用.经过近十几年的研究,人们对其衰减机理有了比较清晰的了解,提出了造成容量衰减的几种可能原因如Jahn-Teller畸变效应、Mn2+在电解质中的溶解、出现稳定性较差的四方相以及电解质的分解等.通过掺杂、表面包覆、制备工艺的改进,人们已能制得循环稳定性能较好的尖晶相材料.本文结合我们研究小组的最新研究成果对锂离子二次电池正极材料LiMn2O4的最新研究进展进行综述和评论.     

纳米氧化锰的制备及其电化学性能研究

用流变相-前驱物热分解法制备了纳米氧化锰粉末.用XRD、TEM和LPSA对粉末样品的组成、结构、粒度和形貌进行了表征.对MnO和LiMn2O4(由Mn3O4制备)的电化学性能研究表明,LiMn2O4具有较高的充放电容量和较好的循环性能,其首次放电容量为128mAh/g,经过20次充放电循环之后电容量仍有117.5～128mAh/g.而MnO的电化学性能欠佳.     

尖晶石LiMn2O4容量衰减的原因及解决方法

尖晶石LiMn2O4被认为是最具发展前景的锂离子电池正极材料,但其容量衰减快和循环性能差是制约其商品化的主要原因.分析了尖晶石LiMn2O4容量衰减快和循环性能差的原因,将其归结为内因和外因;在此基础上,从离子掺杂、表面修饰、电解液改性、合成工艺优化几个方面讨论了改善尖晶石LiMn2O4性能的解决方法.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...