低维氧化镍/聚苯胺核壳纳米结构的控制生长与电致变色性能研究

氧化镍和聚苯胺是典型的无机/有机电致变色材料,各有其优缺点。如果将两种材料相结合,可得到电致变色性能更加优良的NiO/PANI复合材料。本文通过水热法与电聚合相结合的方法制备了氧化镍(NiO)纳米线/聚苯胺(PANI)与氧化镍纳米片/聚苯胺核壳纳米结构。通过扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱和电化学测量装置研究了纳米复合结构的形貌、结构、成分和电致变色性能。研究成果显示,复合后NiO/PANI纳米线核壳结构在可见光与近红外区域的电致变色性能都获得了显著增强。而NiO/PANI纳米片核壳结构在可见光区域内电致变色性能有所减弱,但是在近红外区域内的光学对比度有显著增强。本工作将为研究新型低维无机/有机纳米结构电致变色材料与器件提供有益的参考。     

碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维的合成与表征

为实现碳纳米管在树脂内形成一体化导电网络，从而制备出透明导电性能最优的有机透明导电涂层，必须把导电性的碳纳米管纤维在树脂内有效地组装成一体化导电结构网络。本文报道运用在树脂内可以自组装的导电苯胺来实现碳纳米管纤维自组装的方法．合成出了导电聚苯胺纳米薄膜均匀包覆的碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维．并运用透射电镜、傅立叶红外光谱以及四探针法表面电阻测试仪对合成出的具有精细微观结构的纳米复合纤维进行了表征．发现合成出了理想的碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维，并且其导电性较碳纳米管和导电聚苯胺自身都有大幅度的提高。这种特殊结构的纳米复合纤维的制备为组装高性能的聚合物基透明导电涂层奠定了坚实基础，而且这种自组装方法为各种纳米纤维的组装提供了可能。     

纳米二氧化锰的制备及其应用研究进展

二氧化锰作为一种重要的过渡金属氧化物, 因其储量丰富、晶型多样、性能优异而备受关注。将二氧化锰纳米化后, 其颗粒尺寸变小、比表面积变大、材料性能优化、应用领域得以拓宽。本文在引言部分从介绍二氧化锰的应用着手, 指出纳米化和晶型多变对二氧化锰的结构和性能有着重要的影响。正文部分主要从纳米二氧化锰的制备方法和纳米二氧化锰的应用两个方面对近年来的研究进展进行了总结和评述。(1)介绍了水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、化学沉淀法、固相合成法等纳米二氧化锰的制备方法, 对各种制备方法的优点与缺点以及所制备纳米二氧化锰的形貌与性能进行了总结。(2)综述了纳米二氧化锰在储能电极、电致变色器件、催化剂、生物传感器等领域的应用研究进展。纳米二氧化锰可作为电池的正极材料和超级电容器的电极材料。通过调控二氧化锰的晶型和复合制备的含锰复合氧化物用于锂离子电池的正极材料, 可提高电池的容量并改善循环稳定性。作为锂离子动力电池的正极材料已有产业化应用, 在新能源汽车领域具有良好的应用前景。由于纯二氧化锰本身的颜色主要是在棕色和黄色之间变化, 光调制幅度较小, 因此作为电致变色器件的电极材料, 通常将其与其它光调制幅度较大的材料进行复合使用。如聚苯胺/二氧化锰杂化电致变色薄膜较纯聚苯胺薄膜在形貌、结构和电致变色性能上有巨大差异, 显示出更高的光调制幅度、着色效率和循环稳定性。纳米二氧化锰在乙苯的催化转化和空气污染物的催化消除方面发挥重要作用。纳米二氧化锰能够增大电流响应、降低检出限, 使检测的灵敏度大大提高, 近年来在生物传感器领域逐渐被大家重视并得到广泛应用, 如二氧化锰纳米片辅助荧光偏振生物传感器可有效检测环境水样中Ag⁺, PtAu-MnO₂二元纳米结构修饰的石墨烯纸在非酶葡萄糖检测中表现出良好的传感性能。在结语部分, 分析了当前纳米二氧化锰的制备和应用方面存在的问题, 指出了纳米二氧化锰在锂离子电池正极材料和电致变色器件中应用的发展方向, 并对其未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

PEO／V2O5纳米复合薄膜的变色特性研究

为改善V2O5薄膜的电致变色性能，采用溶胶-凝胶法将具有高离子电导率并具有水溶性的聚环氧乙烷（PEO）直接嵌入V2O5层间，制备了PEO／V2O5纳米复合薄膜。采用标准三电极法从0．5mol／L LiClO4的PC电解质溶液向PEO／V2O5纳米复合薄膜注入锂离子，测量了纳米复合薄膜在注入不同数量锂离子时的可见光透射光谱以及对应的颜色变化，并运用循环伏安法测试其电化学性能。实验结果表明，PEO／V2O5纳米复合薄膜的循环伏安图出现了2对氧化还原峰，并且具有稳定的循环可逆性。随着应用电压的不同，薄膜呈现黄色、绿色和蓝色的多色可逆变化。PEO／V2O5纳米复合薄膜的电化学稳定性和机械性能都优于V2O5干凝胶薄膜，可以作为电致变色材料得到应用。X射线光电子能谱（XPS）成分分析表明PEO／V2O5纳米复合薄膜的电致变色效应与V、O的化合价和化学环境密切相关。     

NiO/PB复合电致变色薄膜的制备及其性能研

采用水热法制备了垂直生长的氧化镍(NiO)纳米片薄膜, 并利用电沉积法将普鲁士蓝(PB)负载到NiO纳米片薄膜上, 制备了新型的NiO/PB复合电致变色薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的晶型以及微观形貌进行了表征, 采用紫外-可见光光度计以及电化学工作站对NiO/PB复合薄膜的电化学和电致变色性能进行了研究和表征。结果表明: NiO/PB复合电致变色薄膜具有多孔结构和较大的比表面积, 可以增大电解质与电极材料的接触面积。PB成功负载到NiO薄膜表面, 使NiO/PB复合薄膜表现出较大的电流密度。相比于单层NiO薄膜, NiO/PB复合薄膜表现出更好的电致变色性能, 其光调制范围可以达到46%, 着色效率为141 cm²/C, 并且其着色时间可以缩短到5 s, 褪色时间为6 s。     

NiO/PB复合电致变色薄膜的制备及其性能研究

采用水热法制备了垂直生长的氧化镍(NiO)纳米片薄膜,并利用电沉积法将普鲁士蓝(PB)负载到NiO纳米片薄膜上,制备了新型的NiO/PB复合电致变色薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的晶型以及微观形貌进行了表征,采用紫外–可见光光度计以及电化学工作站对NiO/PB复合薄膜的电化学和电致变色性能进行了研究和表征。结果表明:NiO/PB复合电致变色薄膜具有多孔结构和较大的比表面积,可以增大电解质与电极材料的接触面积。PB成功负载到NiO薄膜表面,使NiO/PB复合薄膜表现出较大的电流密度。相比于单层NiO薄膜,NiO/PB复合薄膜表现出更好的电致变色性能,其光调制范围可以达到46%,着色效率为141 cm~2/C,并且其着色时间可以缩短到5 s,褪色时间为6 s。     

核壳结构WO_3/V_2O_5纳米线复合薄膜的制备及其电致变色性能研究

采用溶剂热法在氟掺杂的锡氧化物导电玻璃衬底上成功合成制备了长度为400~2000 nm,从基底(80 nm)到尖端(30 nm)锥状塔式WO_3纳米线薄膜,进而通过电化学沉积法在WO_3纳米线表面均匀沉积V_2O_5纳米颗粒,从而得到核壳结构WO_3/V_2O_5纳米线复合薄膜。运用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等手段对复合薄膜进行表征,并运用循环伏安法、计时电流法和紫外可见光谱分析研究了该复合薄膜的电化学性能和光学性能。结果表明,与单一的V_2O_5薄膜相比,该复合薄膜的电致变色性能获得了显著增强。具有更好的循环稳定性、更大的透射率调制幅度(776 nm为67%)和更高的着色效率(776nm为13.5 cm2/C)。该法制备WO_3/V_2O_5核壳纳米结构电致变色综合性能优良,有望在隐身材料和智能变色薄膜材料等领域得到广泛应用。     

中频磁控溅射NiO_x电致变色薄膜(英文)

采用中频孪生非平衡磁控溅射技术,制备了纳米晶结构NiOx电致变色薄膜。利用原子力显微镜、掠射X射线衍射、电化学设备、紫外分光光度计等测试手段分析薄膜结构及电致变色特性。结果表明:室温沉积获得表面质地均匀的NiOx薄膜;在±3V致色电压下,薄膜电致变色性能优异,对可见光透过率调制范围达30%以上,但薄膜寿命低。获得的薄膜为结构疏松的纳米晶结构,易于离子的注入和抽取,变色性能优异,但易发生Li+不可逆注入,薄膜寿命低。     

聚苯胺/磁性纳米复合材料的制备及应用

聚苯胺/磁性纳米复合材料具有电磁性,有广泛的应用前景,已成为纳米材料研究的热点之一.主要介绍了聚苯胺/磁性纳米复合材料的制备方法与材料性质及其应用,分析了原位聚合、溶胶-凝胶法、自组装技术等制备方法的优缺点,并指出了聚苯胺/磁性纳米复合材料的研究方向.     

仿珍珠层自组装制备有机/无机纳米复合薄膜

模仿珍珠层结构, 采用蒸发诱导自组装的方法, 在石英片表面制备了聚三缩丙二醇双丙烯酸酯( PTPG-DA) / SiO₂ 纳米复合薄膜, 采用FT-IR、XRD 和TEM 等分析技术对薄膜结构进行了表征, 测试了其摩擦力学行为, 并初步讨论了纳米复合薄膜的形成机理。结果表明, 所制备的薄膜具有有机/ 无机有序交替的层状纳米复合结构, 其聚合前的层间距为2. 65 nm , 聚合后的层间距为2. 35 nm。聚合后的纳米复合薄膜具有较好的减摩性能。      

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...