顺错列管束流型及其压差波动信号的递归特性研究

对气液两相向上横掠节距比为1.3的顺列与错列两种排列方式管束进行流型图像与压差数据采集,基于气相与液相折算速度绘制流型图.分析了管束排列方式对流型的影响,用非线性递归分析方法分别绘制了两种排列方式管束不同流型的递归纹理图,并结合递归特征量对比分析了两种排列方式管束气液两相流的流动特性.研究结果表明：在实验范围内,两种排列方式管束中均出现泡状流、间歇流和雾状流3种流型.错列管束较顺列管束中间歇流流型范围小,泡状流与雾状流流型范围大;错列管束中从泡状流起各流型就具备周期性特点,而顺列管束中间歇流流型才出现周期性,泡状流时流型呈明显的随机特征.     

气液两相流中顺列管束涡街特性实验研究

对受气液两相流横向冲刷的顺列管束旋涡脱离特性进行了实验研究。实验中通过测量顺列管束所受升力的频谱特性来确定涡街的脱离频率。实验中来流雷诺数的范围为 1.6× 10 4～ 8× 10 4,截面含气率的范围为 0～ 0 .30 ,横向管间距比 T/ D=1.5、 2 .0、 3.0 ,纵向管间距比 P/ D=2 .0、 3.0、 4.0。实验结果揭示了顺列管束涡街特性和斯特罗哈数随含气率、管间距、两相雷诺数的变化规律     

错列双管涡激振动风洞实验研究

针对横向流作用下换热器管束的涡激振动问题,采用低速回流式风洞对错列双管结构的涡激振动特性进行了实验研究,测量并分析了横向流作用下雷诺数和节径比对双圆管结构涡激振动特性的影响。实验中错列双管结构的水平距L/D范围为1. 5～3. 0,错位距H/D范围为0. 00～0. 75,风速U范围为0～18m/s。实验结果表明:在实验流速范围内,结构振幅先随流速的增加缓慢变化,流速达到临界值时振幅会突变增大,进入锁频区域,出现涡激共振现象。错列双管结构随水平距的增加,上游管尾流干扰对下游管柱的影响减弱。错位距较小时,下游管临界流速更小,锁频区间更宽。     

气液两相绕流错列管束升力特性的数值模拟

采用混合物模型和RNGk-c紊流模型对气液两相绕流错列圆柱管束升力特性进行了数值模拟。重点研究了节距比、含气率和雷诺数对升力功率谱的影响。结果表明：节距比增大,功率谱峰值增加,节距比为1．5时中间管排出现“双稳态现象”;含气率增加,功率谱峰值减小直至没有峰值,涡街消失;雷诺数增加,功率谱峰值减小;下游圆柱功率谱峰值较中间管排峰值大。模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,旋涡脱落频率误差为1．03％。     

管束间气液两相流动特性的研究进展

综述了气液两相流体横掠水平管束流动特性的最新进展。对先前研究气液两相流体向上、向下流过顺列和错列管束时的含气率、流型和压降特性进行了归纳和分析,详细介绍了绝热条件下基于实验结果建立的流型图、预测含气率和摩擦压降的半经验公式以及各种预测方法的差异。最后,表明发展数据和建立模型仍是绕流研究的重点。     

水力旋流器分离细颗粒的试验研究

介绍了用于细颗粒分离的水力旋流器的基本结构形式及主要结构参数。并针对旋流器雷诺数、分流比、旋数等无因次参数对压力特性的影响进行了细致的试验研究,找出了这些参数与欧拉数和压降比的相互关系。所有试验均在不含气的条件下进行。结果表明,随着雷诺数、分流比和旋数的分别加大,水力旋流器的压力降呈增加趋势,压降比则呈下降趋势。另外,针对当量直径45μm尿素复合颗粒进行了分离特性研究。结果表明,随着雷诺数的加大,分离效率逐步提高,但并非雷诺数越大越好;对于分流比,则只在低雷诺数时有利于分离效果的改善;旋数分别为9、16和29的实验结果表明,旋数16的总体效果为最优。     

流体绕流管束时纵向节距对流动换热性能的影响

对流体流过顺排管束时的流动及换热性能在小型风洞中进行了实验研究 ,以了解纵向节距的变化对换热和流动性能的影响。结果表明 ,随着纵向节距的不断缩小 ,换热性能有一个从大到小再增大的过程 ,而流动阻力的变化在总体上减小的趋势下存在波动。此外 ,利用火用分析法对其流动传热的综合性能进行分析表明 ,在高雷诺数下小节距管束的综合性能明显优于大节距管束。反映出采用小节距管束具有体积小、性能优的特点     

径向流体横掠管束时的阻力特性

本文对环形空间内流体沿径向横掠管束时的阻力特性进行了研究，考察了流动方向，管束管排数及绕流平均雷诺数的影响，并对两种不同的方向下的流动阻力特性做了对比，将本文的研究结果与平行流横掠顺和错排管束时的阻力特性进行比较，两者有很大的差别。     

真空条件下蒸汽横掠水平降膜管束的流动阻力

建立了蒸汽横掠带有液体降膜流动的水平管束流动阻力实验台,对影响流动阻力的因素与规律进行了实验研究。实验在绝对压力为12～31 kPa的真空条件下进行,对应的水蒸气饱和温度为50～70℃,模拟了大型海水淡化装置中水平管降膜蒸发器的流动过程。实验结果显示,蒸汽掠过带有降膜流动的水平管束的压降远大于蒸汽横掠水平管束的流动阻力,流动阻力系数不仅与蒸汽流动Reynolds数有关,还与液体在水平管上降膜流动的Reynolds数有很大关联。提出了正三角形排列管束的蒸汽横掠降膜流动管束的阻力关系式。     

顺排椭圆管束绕流流阻特性数值模拟

运用标准k-ε湍流模型借助流体计算软件FLUENT6.0对流体绕流顺排椭圆管束的流体动力学特性进行了数值计算研究.计算结果表明,当绕流入口处速度的增加,各排管束后速度也在增加,而且呈轴对称性;绕流入口速度恒定情况下,随着绕流的进行,管排后速度在减小;雷诺数Re在18000～36000范围时,流阻特性参数-欧拉平均系数Eu随Re的增加而减小,随横向管节距S1的增加而增大,且欧拉数随管排数的增加迅速减小,大约经过7排管束后,趋于定值.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.