空间低温光学的新进展

介绍美国计划于２００２年发射的新型红外太空望远镜的低温系统、低温光学仪器的性能；主镜和二次镜的低温性能试验和材料的选择。概述了９０年代初期发射的哈勃太空望远镜在实际运转时所存在的问题。     

X-ray multilayer optics: growth and characterization

Growth of X-ray multilayer optics is done using an ultra high-vacuum electron beam deposition. High-vacuum reflectometer station on Indus-1 synchrotron source is described. Representative studies on Mo/C X-ray multilayers are presented.     

Nano-size crystallites in Mo/Si multilayer optics

In this paper, we present an experimental study on the structural and crystalline properties of electron beam evaporated Mo/Si multilayers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments were used to characterize the crystalline nature of Mo and Si. TEM and XRD show that Si grows amorphous, while Mo clearly crystallizes. The Mo crystallites show no preferred growth orientations and a columnar growth mode, with crystallite sizes limited by the Mo layer thickness. From samples with low Mo content, we show that crystallization of Mo starts directly at the Mo/Si interfaces, with the formation of a Mo₃Si compound. The crystallite lattice strains that develop during Mo-on-Si growth due to lattice mismatches, will add to the macroscopic multilayer stress. By comparing Mo lattice strains derived from XRD with changes in substrate curvatures, as determined by interferometry, we show that compressive and tensile substrate deformations are predominantly caused by the internal crystallite strains.     

Simple dispersion law for arbitrary sequences of dispersive optics

We give a simple general formula for the total angular dispersion due to multiple arbitrary dispersive elements in a series. It is simply the sum of the individual elements' angular dispersions but with each divided by the total spatial magnification afterward (or, equivalently, multiplied by the total angular magnification afterward).     

新型电磁屏蔽材料研究动态

在阐述发展电磁屏蔽材料重要性的基础上 ,详细介绍了导电玻璃纤维、非晶态合金、聚苯胺导电纤维等新型电磁屏蔽材料的研究动态     

Identifying new ideas in packaging

The development of a new idea into an innovative packaging concept is not just serendipity but should be a structured process. The paper attempts to develop this concept and pull together the several aspects into the emergence of a useful result.     

自适应光学发展综述

自适应光学(AO)是校正动态光学波前误差的技术。本文概述了近50年来AO的发展历程,包括发展初期,“星球大战”期间美国的发展,以及在地基高分辨力成像望远镜,激光系统(特别是惯性约束聚变)以及眼科等方面的应用,此外还给出AO的发展趋势。通过引用每一项技术发展,首创者的首篇文献,给出了比较清晰的发展脉络。

     

Soft-x-ray polarimeter with multilayer optics: complete analysis of the polarization state of light

The design of a versatile high-precision eight-axis ultrahigh-vacuum-compatible polarimeter is presented. This multipurpose instrument can be used as a self-calibrating polarization detector for linearly and circularly polarized UV and soft-x-ray light. It can also be used for the characterization of reflection or transmission properties (reflectometer) or polarizing and phase-retarding properties (ellipsometer) of any optical element. The polarization properties of Mo/Si, Cr/C, Cr/Sc, and Ni/Ti multilayers used in this polarimeter as polarizers in transmission and as analyzers in reflection have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. In the soft-x-ray range, close to the p edges of Sc, Ti, and Cr, resonantly enhanced phase retardation of the transmission polarizers of as much as 18 degrees has been measured. With these newly developed optical elements the complete polarization analysis of soft-x-ray synchrotron radiation can be extended to the water-window range from 300 to 600 eV.     

Temperature field in a heat-sensitive multilayer half-space

A method is proposed for solving a nonlinear axisymmetrical boundary-value heat-conduction problem for a multilayered half-space with heat transfer, heated by internal heat sources.DeceasedInstitute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lvov. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 226–234, February, 1994.     

A method of calculating the temperature field in multilayer media

An approximate method is developed for calculating the temperature field in composite bodies for arbitrary boundary conditions on the outer and inner boundaries.     

基于蚁群算法的光学膜系初始结构优化设计

本文在分析和研究蚁群算法原理、算法实现过程的基础上,针对多膜料设计,以1200～1600nm波段内带通滤波器、1200～1600nm波段内截止滤波器、600～1000nm波段内截止滤波器和400～800nm波段内截止滤波器等4个滤波器实例为优化对象,以理论反射率和实际反射率之差最小为目标函数,采用蚁群算法和MATLAB语言编制了膜系初始结构优化设计的仿真计算程序,计算机仿真结果准确,证明了蚁群算法应用于膜系设计的可行性.     

Atomic-precision multilayer coating of the first set of optics for an extreme-ultraviolet lithography prototype system

We present our results of coating a first set of optical elements for an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography system. The optics were coated with Mo-Si multilayer mirrors by dc magnetron sputtering and characterized by synchrotron radiation. Near-normal incidence reflectances above 65% were achieved at 13.35 nm. The run-to-run reproducibility of the reflectance peak wavelength was maintained to within 0.4%, and the thickness uniformity (or gradient) was controlled to within +/-0.05% peak to valley, exceeding the prescribed specification. The deposition technique used for this study is an enabling technology for EUV lithography, making it possible to fabricate multilayer-coated optics to accuracies commensurate with atomic dimensions.     

Efficient optimization of multilayer coatings for ultrafast optics using analytic gradients of dispersion

A fully analytic method for computing gradients of dispersion (to any order) for a dielectric multilayer coating is developed, and it is demonstrated how group delay gradients can be used to optimize the dispersion of such a filter. The algorithm complexity is linear with the number of layers and quadratic in dispersion order. To our knowledge, this is the first published algorithm for computing exact analytic gradients of dispersion. We show an approximation that speeds up the computation significantly, making it linear in dispersion order. MATLAB and C code implementing the algorithms are made available.     

新型非氟芳环聚合物质子交换膜研究进展

综述了燃料电池用新型非氟芳环聚合物质子交换膜的研究进展,包括磺化芳环主链聚合物质子膜、非氟离子复合膜和酸碱聚合物复合膜的制备、结构和性能.并分析了它们各自的优点和存在的问题,对未来质子交换膜的发展作出了展望.     

Nitridation and contrast of B4C/La interfaces and X-ray multilayer optics

Chemical diffusion and interlayer formation in thin layers and at interfaces is of increasing influence in nanoscopic devices such as nano-electronics, magneto-optical storage and multilayer X-ray optics. We show that with the nitridation of reactive B₄C/La interfaces, both the chemical and optical contrast can be greatly enhanced. Although interaction and diffusion of N₂ from the substrate towards the adlayer does occur, this surfactant mediated growth contributes to chemical and optical interface properties that enable major reflectivity improvements of multilayer optics for 6.7 < λ < 7.0 nm.     

Application of nanostructured porous silicon in the field of optics. A review

Porous silicon nanostructures have attracted a great deal of interest during the past few years, due to their many remarkable properties. The high-efficiency visible photo- and electro-luminescence of this material opened the way to the development of silicon-based optoelectronic devices fully compatible with standard industry processes. In addition to these luminescent properties, nanostructured porous silicon shows a variety of other interesting properties, including tunable refractive index, low light absorption in the visible, high internal surface, variable surface chemistry, or high chemical reactivity. All these properties, along with its ease of fabrication and the possibility of producing precisely controlled layered structures make this material adequate for its use in a wide range of fields, such as optics, micro- and optoelectronics, chemical sensing or biomedical applications, for example. This article reviews the applications of nanostructured porous silicon that exploit its unique optical properties, as in the case of light emitting devices, filtered photodetectors, optical sensors, and others.     

国内外化工新材料产业发展现状与趋势

化工新材料是新材料产业的主要组成部分 ,是化学工业中最具活力和发展潜力的新领域。目前 ,化工新材料主要包括工程塑料及其合金、功能高分子材料、有机硅、有机氟、特种纤维、复合材料、微电子化工材料、纳米化工材料、特种橡胶、聚氨酯 ,高性能聚烯烃 ,特种涂料、特种胶粘剂、特种助剂等十多个大类品种。1　国外化工新材料产业发展现状综观当今世界化工新材料产业发展现状 ,主要呈现以下特点 :一是美国、欧洲、日本等少数工业发达国家仍然是化工新材料的主要产销国 ,并垄断了先进的生产技术 ;二是主要跨国公司正在实施新一轮扩张计划 ,化…     

Temperature field in multilayer systems with variable thermophysical properties

The author proposes a method for solving nonlinear heat conduction problems in which the space-time domain is divided into a series of calculation intervals with respect to time and the coordinate.