WorldView卫星16波段影像光谱特征分类

传统的高分辨率遥感卫星光谱分辨率较低,WorldView卫星在8个可见光-近红外多光谱波段的基础上,新增加的8个短波红外(short wave infrared,SWIR)影像,有助于提高影像提取地物信息能力。分析了WorldView卫星的16波段影像上各种地物的光谱特征和分类性能,提出了新的植被指数、水体指数和建成区指数。实验表明,相比于8波段影像,使用16波段影像分类能够显著提高各类地物特别是裸地、建筑物和道路的分类精度,总体精度提高约5.5%。基于16波段设计的新地物特征指数能更好地避免干扰地物,通过简单阈值提取地物,取得较高的提取精度。     

基于多时相NDVI及特征波段的作物分类研究

时相和光谱特征信息在农作物种植分类提取方面具有十分重要的应用价值。以黑龙江大型农场--友谊农场为研究区域,利用4景不同时相的TM和SPOT卫星遥感影像,提取相应时相的NDVI时间谱图像数据作为新波段信息,在分析地物目标在相应影像各波段上光谱和时间特征的基础上,设计了决策树分类算法,通过对待分类影像进行系列阈值分割和掩膜处理,成功提取黑龙江友谊农场的大豆、玉米和水稻的种植信息,分类总体精度达到98.67%。     

基于特征波段的SPOT-5卫星影像水稻面积信息自动提取的方法研究

为了快速、准确地从遥感影像上提取水稻信息,满足国家农情遥感监测系统要求,以黑龙江省852农场水稻提取为例,利用SPOT-5卫星影像数据,分析了水稻和其它背景地物的光谱特征,发现利用原有波段难以提取复杂的水稻信息,因此利用植被特征波段：归一化植被指数（NDVI）作为新波段融入原始影像中,在增加有效信息量的同时运用简单决策树模型提取水稻信息,并参照地块现状矢量图进行精度评价。结果表明,该方法的总体提取效果较好,其提取精度与通常的监督分类方法相比有了较大的提高,只是在水稻和玉米交界处有误判现象。     

面向对象的那曲WorldView-2影像的分类

随着WorldView-2卫星的发射,首次出现了8波段多光谱高分辨率商业卫星。高分辨率影像包含丰富的空间结构信息和地理特征信息,采用传统的基于像元的影像分析方法精度明显达不到要求。为了提高精度,本文以西藏那曲为研究区,利用面向对象的方法对那曲的WorldView-2影像进行分类,采用模糊分类法,利用所分地物的特征确定类别,针对西部地区干旱河流的特殊情况,提出了一种基于地物空间轮廓特征的分类方法,分类结果较好。     

辅以波谱分析的高分辨率影像面向对象分类研究

随着遥感影像空间分辨率的提高,地物的空间信息更加丰富,地物尺寸、 形状以及相邻地物的关系得到更好的反映,因此目前高分辨率影像分类方法更侧重于利用地 物的空间信息,分类过程中参与较多的人为主观因素,在地物类型未知的地区很难进行解译 工作。另外,分割过于细碎导致操作数据量太大也是高分辨率影像分类的难题之一。论文提 出了辅以波普分析的高分辨率影像面向对象分类方法,即在传统面向对象分类方法的基础上 结合影像波谱分析,先对影像光谱角制图粗分类、掩膜操作,再面向对象精分类,较好解决 了以往面向对象分类方法地物类型的不确定性和分割细碎等问题。试验以空间分辨率为0.5 米的八波段WorldView2 影像为研究数据提取西部那曲地区道路和河流,精度达到96.36%。     

标准化变换对高光谱影像波段选择影响

针对高光谱影像波段选择方法常采用方差大小度量波段信息量、忽略了地物不同波段光谱响应差异的问题,提出了基于标准化变换的波段选择方法。以江苏省里下河地区2009年9月7号的Hyperion影像为例,系统比较了影像标准化变换对3个经典波段选择指数(OIF、SI和CI指数)的影响以及3个指数各自最优波段组合对影像分类结果的影响,同时考虑了波段个数(3、4和5)对分类精度的影响。得出结论:标准化变换提高了OIF和SI指数对应最优波段组合的分类精度;OIF指数随着波段个数的增加表现力下降;CI指数表现最稳定,在波段个数为5时,分类结果达到最好,总体分类精度达到90.06%,Kappa系数为0.871 7。     

Digital Globe公布新卫星计划

DigitalGlobe公布了它的下一代影像卫星 (WorldView)的详细计划。它将不迟于 2 0 0 6年前发射。这将是世界最高分辨率的影像卫星。WorldView将是唯一的半米分辨率商业影像卫星。它将生产 5 0cm分辨率全色影像 ,2米多光谱影像。WorldView将采用传统的 4个光谱波段 (红、兰、绿和近红外 )及 4个新波段 (Coastal,黄 ,rededge和近红外 2 )。到 2 0 0 6年后 ,WorldView每天可采集 2 0 0 0 0 0平方英里的半米分辨率影像 ,卫星也将配备高精度地理定位设备 ,能快速有效地采集立体影像。WorldView的近 80 0km高的轨道将使卫星的重访周期更短 ,…     

机载中波红外影像分类性能分析

由于中波红外谱段复杂的辐射特性以及红外探测技术的限制,目前学界对中波红外的遥感分类应用探索较少。该文是在国内首幅可见光-中波红外高分辨率(中波红外0.6m分辨率)多光谱影像的基础上,探索地物的中波红外辐射特性,挖掘中波红外谱段的潜在价值,进而融合地物的中波红外与可见光的特征,分析中波红外影像的地物分类性能,提高遥感地物分类的精度。中波红外谱段的光谱辐射特性不同于可见光与热红外谱段,既包含地面反射辐射,也包含地面物体的发射辐射能量。研究中基于多尺度分割算法与随机森林分类器分别对可见光影像和中红外+可见光四波段融合影像进行面向对象分类。该方法融合了地物的可见光与中波红外特征,并且评估了光谱、形状、纹理等特征在分类中的重要程度,定量分析了融合中波红外波段后的特征空间。研究结果表明:针对中红外特征,最有效特征为中红外与可见光其中两波段组合HIS空间各分量特征,其次为灰度共生矩阵纹理信息;中波红外波段的引入可以稳定地提高地物分类的总精度;中波红外波段对于人工地物的分类效果优于非人工地物类型,其中建筑物的分类精度提升最为显著。     

北部湾红树林的HJ星多光谱遥感提取模式

大区域红树林多光谱遥感提取易受多种地物及自身覆盖度等因素影响,针对这一难题,文中以广西北部湾为研究区,基于HJ星CCD影像,并结合红树林空间分布特征和图谱特征,建立一种适合大区域海岸带的红树林识别提取模式.首先分析影像地物图谱特征,提出用于瞬时海水边线提取的海水比值指数,以及指示红树林的特征指数:红波段角度植被指数和像元波段反射率标准差指数.再从红树林空间生境判定和不同覆盖度反射率变化两方面入手,划分生长适宜区,通过特征指数辅助判定建立最终提取模式.应用结果表明该模式能完整准确地提取不同覆盖度红树林,最大程度消除其他干扰因素影响,总体制图精度达83.70%,用户精度为79.37%,同时也证实HJ卫星CCD多光谱遥感数据应用于海岸带红树林研究的有效性.     

实测光谱和欧氏距离在GF2卫星海冰提取中的应用

由于卫星受载荷分辨率和混合光谱限制,海冰遥感监测存在很大不确定性。为提高海冰提取精度,本文将实测光谱与高分辨率卫星数据有效结合,利用光谱数据进行GF2卫星等效反射率转换;基于欧式距离确定16种海冰判识指标的可分性;从而提出一种GF2卫星海冰快速提取方法,为中低分辨率卫星大范围的海冰监测提供基准订正数据。结果表明：①经过光谱曲线分析初步确定B2和B4波段是GF2卫星海冰遥感监测的敏感波段;②欧式距离计算结果反映16种判识指标中,B2/B4指标欧氏距离最大,海冰与雪、冰水混合物、海水等相似地物的可分性最强,是海冰最佳判识指标③根据判识指标采用阈值法能快速提取海冰分布信息,实现海冰与其他相似地物的分离;④比较本文提出的新指标（B2/B4）与其他4种指标海冰提取的精度,在冰水两种地物分类中,B2/B4判识指标略好;在多种地物分类中,B2/B4判识指标总体分类精度为96.48%,Kappa系数大于0.5,比其他指标高出3.89～4.85%。     

一种ASTER数据地表温度反演的劈窗算法

利用Planck函数分别计算ASTER13、14 两个波段温度在253~333 K范围内的辐射强度,建立两者之间的散点图,回归分析得到它们的指数关系式,应用于ASTER数据地表温度反演的劈窗算法推导。在大气参数的估计上采用三次多项式拟合大气透过率与大气水汽含量的关系以提高拟合精度。最后采用模拟数据法进行算法验证并对参数的敏感性进行分析,结果表明：该算法精度较高,对各种不同的地面温度和大气水汽含量情况进行反演的误差均在1 K以内,且对大气水汽含量和大气透过率的微小变化都不敏感。     

基于PMDB数据集的海表温度反演误差统计分析

红外辐射计在测量海表温度时,大气水汽含量是影响遥感反演精度的主要因素之一。利用1988年1月~2009年11月60°N~60°S的SST和水汽月平均资料及AVHRR准同步实测数据集PMDB,分析了海表温度及其卫星反演误差和海面水汽含量的相关关系。结果表明：海表温度和水汽含量的纬度带月均值具有明显的季节变化特征。纬度越高,遥感SST偏离实测SST越小;在中低纬海域,PFSST算法通常低估了海表温度,而高纬度海域则高估了海表温度;SST误差的气候态月均值在中高纬海域具有较好的季节分布特征,与水汽、SST的季节变化相关性较高。     

Generation of Landsat surface temperature product for China, 2000–2010

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter in the physics of land surface processes on regional and global scales. Although there are MODIS and Landsat land surface reflectance products, there is no LST product for Landsat data due in part to many challenges in the development of an operational Landsat LST product generating system because Landsat possesses only one thermal infrared channel. The aim of this article is to describe the Landsat LST product generation project launched by the Centre for Earth Observation and Digital Earth (CEODE), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The generalized single-channel (SC) algorithm proposed by Jiménez-Muñoz et al. is used for LST retrieval. It is fully operational, requires minimal input data requirements, and has acceptable precision. Total atmospheric water vapour content is the key input parameter required by the SC algorithm. In this project, the MODIS water vapour product is employed to derive total atmospheric water vapour content. In this way, an operational Landsat LST product generation program was constructed by integration of MODIS and Landsat satellite imagery.     

Improvements in land surface temperature retrieval based on atmospheric water vapour content and atmospheric temperature

Three methods are currently used to retrieve land surface temperatures (LSTs) from thermal infrared data supplied by the Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors: the radiative transfer equation, mono-window, and generalized single-channel algorithms. Most retrieval results obtained using these three methods have an average error of more than 1 K. But if the regional mean atmospheric water vapour content and temperature are supplied by in situ radiosounding observations, the mono-window algorithm is able to provide better results, with a mean error of 0.5 K. However, there are no in situ radiosounding data for most regions. This article provides an improved method to retrieve LST from Landsat TM and ETM+ data using atmospheric water vapour content and atmospheric temperature, which can be obtained from remote-sensing data. The atmospheric water vapour content at the pixel scale was first calculated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The emissivities of various land covers and uses were then defined by Landsat TM or ETM+ data. In addition, the temperature–vegetation index method was applied to map area-wide instantaneous near-surface air temperatures. The parameters of mean atmospheric water vapour content and temperature and land surface emissivity were finally inputted to the mono-window algorithm to improve the LST retrieval precision. Our results indicate that this improved mono-window algorithm gave a significantly better retrieval of the estimated LST than that using the standard mono-window algorithm, not only in dry and elevated mountain regions but also in humid regions, as shown by the bias, standard deviation (σ), and root mean square deviation (RMSD). In Madoi County, the improved mono-window algorithm validated against the LST values measured in situ produced a bias and RMSD of –0.63 K and 0.91 K, respectively, compared with the mono-window algorithm’s bias and RMSD of –1.08 K and 1.27 K. Validated against the radiance-based method, the improved algorithm shows bias and RMSD values of –1.08 K and 1.27 K, respectively, compared with the initial algorithm’s bias and RMSD –1.65 K and 1.75 K. Additionally, the improved mono-window algorithm also appeared to be more accurate than the mono-window algorithm, with lower error values when validated against in situ measurement and the radiance-based method in the validation area in Zhangye City, Gansu Province, China. Remarkable LST accuracy improvements are shown by the improved mono-window algorithm, with better agreement not only with the in situ measurements but also with the simulated LSTs in the two validation areas, indicating the soundness and suitability of this method.     

Results of spectrophotometric measurements of natural formations from the spacecraft “Soyuz-9” and investigations of environment from space

During the “Soyuz-9” flight, the reflection spectra of various natural formations have been obtained by means of the handheld spectrograph RSS-2. Making use of the literature data on the surface reflection spectra for sand and water, the parameters of the atmospheric transfer operator were computed. The spectra obtained from the high altitude observations was corrected to spectral reflectance values at the earth's surface and compared with the curves for spectral radiance coefficients of different types of natural formations according to E. L. Krinov's classification. Using the parameters of the atmospheric transfer operator, the curves for spectral radiance coefficients of different types of natural formations as expected from space observations (Krinov's classification) have been computed.     

资源一号02D可见近红外和高光谱影像辐射质量评价

资源一号02D(ZY1-02D)卫星搭载了我国自主研制的可见近红外相机（VNIC）和高光谱相机（AHSI）,是我国首颗民用高光谱业务卫星,具有广泛的应用前景。通过整体辐射精度、信噪比、清晰度以及信息熵4个评价指标,对ZY1-02D VNIC和AHSI数据进行辐射质量评价,并分别采用Sentinel-2 MSI和GF-5 AHSI数据进行对比。结果表明：ZY1-02D VNIC数据在可见光波段具有亮度高、信噪比高等优势;在红边近红外等波段,影像具有灰度范围大、信息量大的特点。ZY-1-02D VNIC数据在影像亮度、灰度范围、清晰度和信息量方面均优于Sentinel-2,二者信噪比近似。ZY-1-02D AHSI数据在395—1 341 nm范围内辐射质量良好;在1 929—2 501 nm范围,存在噪声严重的波段,影像质量较差。与GF-5 AHSI数据对比,ZY-1-02D AHSI数据的影像亮度和信噪比相当,但ZY-1-02D AHSI数据在灰度范围方面优势明显,且短波红外谱段的清晰度和信息量优于GF-5 AHSI数据。     

Mining geophysical parameters through decision-tree analysis to determine correlation with tropical cyclone development

Correlations between geophysical parameters and tropical cyclones are essential in understanding and predicting the formation of tropical cyclones. Previous studies show that sea surface temperature and vertical wind shear significantly influence the formation and frequent changes of tropical cyclones. This paper presents the utilization of a new approach, data mining, to discover the collective contributions to tropical cyclones from sea surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor, vertical wind shear, and zonal stretching deformation. A decision tree using the C4.5 algorithm was generated to illustrate the influence of geophysical parameters on the formation of tropical cyclone in weighted correlations. From the decision tree, we also induced decision rules to reveal the quantitative regularities and co-effects of [sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear], [atmospheric water vapor, vertical wind shear], [sea surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor, zonal stretching deformation], [sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear, atmospheric water vapor, zonal stretching deformation], and other combinations to tropical cyclone formation. The research improved previous findings in (1) preparing more precise criteria for future tropical cyclone prediction, and (2) applying data mining algorithms in studying tropical cyclones.     

Landsat8卫星影像大气校正及其植被指数与SEVI性能比较

遥感影像受大气的吸收散射以及地形起伏变化的影响,使得传感器接收到的辐射信号既包含了地物的信息,同时也包含了大气以及地形的信息。为了提高地表反射率的反演精度,需要去除遥感影像中大气和地形的影响。提出了一种基于查找表的Landsat8-OLI遥感影像的大气校正方法,该方法由6S辐射传输模型生成查找表,其中输入的参数包括大气水蒸汽含量、臭氧浓度和气溶胶光学厚度等MODIS大气参数产品。利用传统方法建立的大气参数查找表通常只考虑一部分因素,这对于以MODIS产品为输入参数的大气校正是不适用的。本文建立了一个包括大部分输入参数的高维大气校正查找表,对于Landsat-8 OLI传感器具有很高的通用性,通过进行光谱分析、与USGS地表反射率产品交叉验证等方式来验证模型的精度。验证结果表明该方法能有效地反演精确可靠的地表反射率。最后,采用目视解译、统计分析将校正结果与SEVI做对比分析,比较地形影响消减的效果。结果表明该模型与SEVI在地形消减的效果上作用相当。     

Landsat8卫星影像大气校正及其植被指数与SEVI性能比较

遥感影像受大气的吸收散射以及地形起伏变化的影响，使得传感器接收到的辐射信号既包含了地物的信息，同时也包含了大气以及地形的信息。为了提高地表反射率的反演精度，需要去除遥感影像中大气和地形的影响。提出了一种基于查找表的Landsat8-OLI遥感影像的大气校正方法，该方法由6S辐射传输模型生成查找表，其中输入的参数包括大气水蒸汽含量、臭氧浓度和气溶胶光学厚度等MODIS大气参数产品。利用传统方法建立的大气参数查找表通常只考虑一部分因素，这对于以MODIS产品为输入参数的大气校正是不适用的。本文建立了一个包括大部分输入参数的高维大气校正查找表，对于Landsat-8 OLI传感器具有很高的通用性，通过进行光谱分析、与USGS地表反射率产品交叉验证等方式来验证模型的精度。验证结果表明该方法能有效地反演精确可靠的地表反射率。最后，采用目视解译、统计分析将校正结果与SEVI做对比分析，比较地形影响消减的效果。结果表明该模型与SEVI在地形消减的效果上作用相当。     

Retrieval of land surface temperature and emissivity from ASTER1B data using a dynamic learning neural network

The accuracy of a radiance transfer model neural network (RM-NN) for separating land surface temperature (LST) and emissivity from AST09 (the Advanced Spaceborne and Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Standard Data Product, surface leaving radiance) is very high, but it is limited by the accuracy of the atmospheric correction. This article uses a neural network and radiance transfer model (MODTRAN4) to directly retrieve the LST and emissivity from ASTER1B data, which overcomes the difficulty of atmospheric correction in previous methods. The retrieval average accuracy of LST is about 1.1 K, and the average accuracy of emissivity in bands 11–14 is under 0.016 for simulated data when the input nodes are a combination of brightness temperature in bands 11–14. The average accuracy of LST is under 0.8 K when the input nodes are a combination of water vapour content and brightness temperature in bands 11–14. Finally, the comparison of retrieval results with ground measurement data indicates that the RM-NN can be used to accurately retrieve LST and emissivity from ASTER1B data.