Al-TiO2-C系XD合成铝基复合材料的反应机理及拉伸性能

本文讨论了热扩散反应法制备Al-TiO2-C系铝基复合材料的反应机理及拉伸性能.热力学分析表明Al-TiO2-C系的合成反应是放热并可自发进行,反应产物中α-Al2O3生成自由能最低,热力学最稳定,当温度高于500K时,TiC优先于Al4C3生成.实验结果表明,当C/TiO2摩尔比为零时,增强体由α-Al2O3和Al3Ti组成,α-Al2O3为细小颗粒,呈偏聚状态,Al3Ti呈棒状,分布相对均匀.随着C/TiO2摩尔比的增加,Al3Ti逐渐减少,在C/TiO2摩尔比等于1时,Al3Ti基本消失,反应产物中未见Al4C3相,其拉伸性能也随之得到改善,拉伸强度和延伸率分别从273.4MPa和3%上升到350.7MPa和6%.     

原位自生Al_2O_3-TiC_p/Al基复合材料的热力学分析

采用熔铸法制备了原位自生Al2O3-TiCp/Al基复合材料。借助差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等测试技术,对Al-TiO2-C体系的热力学进行了详尽的分析,讨论了过量铝对Al-TiO2-C体系反应的影响。结果表明,通过控制反应温度等工艺参数完全可以获得原位自生Al2O3-TiCp/Al基复合材料,避免副产物Al3Ti和Al4C3的产生。Al-TiO2-C体系原位合成Al2O3-TiCp/Al基复合材料存在着复杂的化学反应。首先在无过量铝的情况下,Al与TiO2发生置换反应,生成了Al2O3和游离态[Ti],而后游离态[Ti]与C结合生成TiC;而存在过量铝的情况下,首先发生铝热反应生成Al3Ti,进而Al3Ti与C结合生成TiC。最终完全获得Al2O3-TiCp/Al复合材料。随着过量Al含量由0增加至70%,Al与TiO2反应生成Al2O3的反应起始温度不断降低。     

Al-TiO2-B系XD合成铝基复合材料的力学性能

本文主要讨论了Al-TiO2-B系XD合成铝基复合材料的力学性能及其增强机理.研究结果表明:当B/TiO2摩尔比从0增加到2时,棒状物Al3 Ti增强相逐渐减少直至消失,Al2O3颗粒分布的均匀性提高,TiB2粒状弥散分布在合金基体中,材料的抗拉强度明显增强,由224.5MPa上升到354.5MPa,延伸率也由3.2%增加到5.6%.Al2O3和TiB2主要以奥罗万机制强化基体,而Al3 Ti则以位错塞积强化基体.     

TiO2粒径对Al-TiO2-C细化剂组织及细化效果的影响EI北大核心CSCD

以Al粉,TiO2粉,C粉为原料,通过放热弥散法制备Al-TiO2-C细化剂,其中TiO2的粒径分别为30,60,90,200 nm。研究TiO2的粒径对细化剂组织的影响以及不同细化剂对工业纯铝的细化效果。利用XRD,SEM,EDS技术表征不同TiO2粒径制备的Al-TiO2-C细化剂相组成和显微组织。结果表明:Al-TiO2-C细化剂主要由Al3Ti,TiC和Al2O3相组成。TiO2粒径的变化会直接影响第二相的数量、分布与形貌,当TiO2粒径为30~90 nm时,Al-TiO2-C细化剂中Al3Ti和TiC数量多但有明显的偏聚现象,分布不均匀,其中Al3Ti相呈长条状。当TiO2粒径为200 nm时,第二相分布均匀但数量较少,其中Al3Ti相呈块状。添加30 nm TiO2制备的Al-TiO2-C细化剂后,α-Al形核温度由659.4℃上升到661.8℃,再辉温度由1.2℃下降到0.3℃,平均晶粒尺寸最小为633μm,细化效果最佳。     

Ti_2AlC/Al_2O_3复合材料的原位合成及其力学性能

以Ti、TiC、Al和TiO2为原料,通过原位热压反应烧结法在1 350℃合成Ti2AlC/Al2O3复合材料。利用XRD详细研究了其反应过程,并分析了Al2O3对材料微观结构和性能的影响。结果表明,该体系在热压过程中的反应分多步进行,主要包括Ti粉与Al粉反应生成Ti-Al金属间化合物,TiO2与Al反应生成Al2O3以及Ti-Al金属间化合物与TiC反应生成Ti2AlC材料。原位反应生成的Al2O3均匀分布在Ti2AlC晶界上,抑制了Ti2A1C晶体的异常生长,从而使基体相Ti2AlC晶粒细小、均匀。力学性能测试表明Ti2AlC/12%(质量分数)Al2O3复合材料的硬度、抗压强度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性较Ti2AlC单相材料分别提高了66%,126%,130%和19.3%,并分析了其改性机理。     

Ni和Ti的添加对Al2O3-Ti（C,N）复合材料性能的影响

研究了Ni和Ti的添加对真空热压烧结方法制备的Al2O3-Ti(C,N)陶瓷基复合材料的显微组织和力学性能的影响.发现添加Ni和Ti的复合材料主要由Al2O3、Ti(C,N)和Ni组成,没有发现存在金属Ti.Ti由于非常活泼,在热压烧结过程中可能与石墨模具产生的含C气氛反应生成TiC,或与高温下Ti(C,N)的少量分解产生的N2气氛反应生成TiN,这有利于减少复合材料中的气孔.适量添加Ni可通过液相烧结促进复合材料的致密化,提高复合材料的相对密度,并能通过产生裂纹偏转和裂纹桥联提高复合材料的断裂韧性.热压温度为1550℃、等摩尔比的Ni和Ti混合粉末添加量为5vol%时,Al2O3-Ti(C,N)-Ni-Ti复合材料的相对密度为99.6%,硬度为21GPa,抗弯强度为818MPa,断裂韧性为8.1 MPa.m1/2.     

Ti3AlC2的高温临氢行为

研究了Ti3Al C2体材料在氢气氛中的高温(1100~1400℃)热稳定性。采用XRD、SEM、SIMS和Raman分析等手段对Ti3Al C2临氢反应前后的物相组成、表面形貌进行了表征;使用热力学软件Factsage计算了反应过程中的气态产物。结果表明,在1100~1400℃氢气氛条件下有少量H溶解在Ti3Al C2材料中,Ti3Al C2发生了以Al元素缺失为特征的有限程度的分解反应。缺失的Al元素与气氛中极微量的氧反应形成了均匀但不致密的Al2O3膜;而当反应温度为1400℃时,Al2O3膜发生了明显的脱落。使用热力学软件的计算结果预测,部分缺失Al元素与H2反应生成气体产物Al H。初步的研究结果表明,在1300℃以下Ti3Al C2具有较好的耐氢性能。     

新型Ti_3AlC_2-Al_2O_3/TiAl_3复合材料的组织结构与性能

利用Al-TiO2-TiC体系,通过机械球磨和反应热压制备出Ti3AlC2与Al2O3两相原位内生成增强TiAl3金属基复合材料。借助DSC、XRD、SEM和TEM研究了复合材料的反应机制、显微组织、力学性能及抗氧化性能。结果表明,球磨50h后的复合粉末经1 250℃/50 MPa保温10min烧结后可得到组织均匀细小且致密的Ti3AlC2-Al2O3/TiAl3复合材料,其密度、维氏硬度、室温三点弯曲强度、断裂韧性及压缩强度分别为3.8g/cm3、8.4GPa、658.9 MPa、7.9 MPa·m1/2和1 742.0 MPa,1 000℃的高温压缩强度为604.1 MPa。Ti3AlC2-Al2O3/TiAl3复合材料的增韧机制主要包括Ti3AlC2和Al2O3颗粒的剥离、Ti3AlC2相导致的裂纹偏转和桥接以及Ti3AlC2颗粒的变形及层裂。Ti3AlC2-Al2O3/TiAl3复合材料在700~1 000℃温度区间内生成的氧化层虽不致密,但仍表现出优异的抗高温循环氧化性能。     

Al-TiO2—C体系MC法合成Al2O3-TiCP／Al基复合材料的动力学分析

利用Al-TiO2-C体系熔铸法制备原位自生Al2O3-TiCP／Al基复合材料。采用Kissinger法测定该体系的激活能。该材料反应的动力学机制由熔化、扩散、反应和冷却四个阶段组成。该体系的主体反应为Al与TiO2之间发生的、伴随着强烈放热的置换反应,以及石墨粒子与其周围富钛层的反应。前者导致了Al2O3粒子生成;后者则生成了TiC粒子。基于理论计算和实验研究,建立了Al-TiO2-C体系MC合成工艺制备原位自生Al2O3-TiCP／Al基复合材料的动力学模型。动力学分析表明,石墨和TiO2颗粒愈细,混粉效果愈好,增强相的体积分数愈高,反应速率就愈大,反应完成所需时间也愈短。     

B/TiO2摩尔比对Al-TiO2-B系XD合成过程及其力学性能的影响

主要讨论了B/TiO₂摩尔比对Al-TiO₂-B系XD(热扩散反应)合成过程及其力学性能的影响。随着B/TiO₂摩尔比从0增加到2,Al基体的晶粒细化,反应产物 Al₂O₃分布的均匀性提高;棒状物Al₃Ti的量逐渐减少直至消失;同时,该反应系的实际燃烧温度下降,反应速度减小,反应产物的致密度提高,力学性能明显改善,其抗拉强度由224.5MPa上升到354.5MPa,延伸率由3.2 %升高到5.6 %,断口中棒状物Al₃Ti逐渐消失,形成的韧窝细小而密集。     

Microstructures, densification and mechanical properties of TiC–Al2O3–Al composite by field-activated combustion synthesis

Dense TiC–Al₂O₃–Al composite was prepared with Al, C and TiO₂ powders by means of electric field-activated combustion synthesis and infiltration of the molten metal (here Al) into the synthesized TiC–Al₂O₃ ceramic. An external electric field can effectively improve the adiabatic combustion temperature of the reactive system and overcome the thermodynamic limitation of reaction with x < 10 mol. Thereby, it can induce a self-sustaining combustion synthesis process. During the formation of Al₂O₃–TiC–Al composite, Al is molten first, and reacted with TiO₂ to form Al₂O₃, followed by the formation of TiC through the reaction between the displaced Ti and C. Highly dense TiC–Al₂O₃–Al with relative density of up to 92.5% was directly fabricated with the application of a 14 mol excess Al content and a 25 V cm⁻¹ field strength, in which TiC and Al₂O₃ particles possess fine-structured sizes of 0.2–1.0 μm, with uniform distribution in metal Al. The hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness of the synthesized TiC–Al₂O₃–Al composite are 56.5 GPa, 531 MPa and 10.96 MPa m^1/2, respectively.     

Synthesis and mechanical properties of niobium aluminide-based composites

Niobium aluminide-based composites reinforced with in situ and externally added Al₂O₃ and TiC particulates were fabricated by hot-pressed sintering at 1400 °C. In particular, Nb₂Al–Al₂O₃–TiC in situ composites were successfully obtained from the raw powder mixtures of Nb60Al40 (in at.%)–TiO₂20C8 (in wt.%) by means of this process. The influences of ceramic particulates on the microstructures, flexural strength and fracture toughness were examined. The experimental results indicate that the presence of ceramic particulates yielded a remarkable improvement in both the strength and fracture toughness in comparison with previous results for monolithic niobium aluminide compounds.     

Crystal morphology and growth mechanism of reinforcements synthesized by direct melt reaction in the system Al–Zr–O

In-situ Al₃Zr and Al₂O₃ particulates reinforced aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by the direct melt reaction (DMR) technique in the system Al–Zr–O. Microstructures of the composites and crystal morphology of in-situ formed Al₃Zr and Al₂O₃ particulates were analyzed by scanning-electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results indicated that in-situ formed Al₃Zr and Al₂O₃ particles were finer and well distributed in aluminum matrix. Al₃Zr particulates with a tetragonal structure are mainly in the shape of polyhedron. A few of them are rectangular. The length/width ratio of the rectangular Al₃Zr is less than 2.0 and the maximum size is 4 μm. In addition, submicro Al₂O₃ particles with a hexagonal structure were also found in this system. Furthermore, it is found that twin may appear in the Al₃Zr crystal. The twin plane is (1 ). The twinning direction is [2 1].     

Characterization and properties of r.f.-sputtered thin films of the alumina–titania system

Thin films of the aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)–titanium oxide (TiO₂) system including Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃/TiO₂ were prepared by radio-frequency (r.f.) magnetron sputtering using ceramic targets of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃/TiO₂ composites with different Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratio. These films were studied at different substrate temperatures, r.f. powers, and annealing temperatures. Composition, microstructure, thermomechanical property of internal stress, and mechanical property of scratch adhesion, were evaluated. A thin film with a dielectric constant of 62 and a loss tangent of 0.012 was obtained at 500 °C from a 10/90 target. This thin film remained the high dielectric constant of TiO₂, but had an improvement in the dielectric loss tangent. Al₂O₃-containing films had a higher resistivity and breakdown field, which was improved further by annealing. Optical properties, such as refractive index and optical transmittance, were also investigated.     

Effects of TiO/Al ratio on microstructures and mechanical properties of TiAl base composites

Effects of TiO₂/Al ratio on the microstructures and mechanical properties of in situ Al₂O₃/TiAl based composites were investigated. The results indicate that the as-sintered products consist of grains of nearly lamellar ?₂ + ? structure with a dispersion of randomly oriented Al₂O₃ particles. A 43.9Ti-38.6Al-17.5TiO₂-nNb₂O₅ system was compared to 57.46Ti-36.78Al-5.76TiO₂-nNb₂O₅ system. The lamellar spacing of the products increases and the ?₂ phase volume decreases with decreasing TiO₂/Al ratio. For each system, as the volume of ?₂ phase increases, the average lamellar spacing decreases. Strength increases with an increasing TiO₂/Al ratio due to the amount of ?₂ phase. Al₂O₃ phase increases with increasing TiO₂/Al ratio. Toughness increases with decreasing TiO₂/Al ratio. When the Nb₂O₅ content is smaller than 6 wt.%, the lamellar spacing plays an important role in toughness than the Al₂O₃ content. When the Nb₂O₅ content is larger than 6 wt.%, the Al₂O₃ content exhibits significantly increases the values of toughness than lamellar spacing.     

纤维预热温度对连续Al2O3f/Al复合材料力学性能的影响

选用Nextel610型Al₂O₃纤维为增强体、ZL210A连续氧化铝合金为基体,采用真空压力浸渗法制备纤维增强铝基复合材料(Al₂O_3f/Al),纤维的体积分数为40%,预热温度分别为500、530、560和600℃,研究了纤维预热温度对Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料的微观组织、纤维损伤和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着纤维预热温度的提高复合材料的致密度随之提高,最大达到99.2%,材料的组织缺陷最少,纤维的分布均匀;随着纤维预热温度的提高从复合材料中萃取出来的Al₂O₃纤维的拉伸强度不断降低,纤维预热温度为600℃的复合材料中Al₂O₃纤维的拉伸强度仅为1150 MPa,纤维表面粗糙,有大尺寸附着物。纤维的预热温度对Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料的拉伸强度有显著的影响。预热温度为500、530、560和600℃的复合材料其拉伸强度分别对应于298、465、498和452 MPa。组织缺陷、纤维损伤和界面结合强度,是影响连续Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料强度的主要因素。     

Effect of volume fraction of carbon fibers on wear behavior of Al/Al2O3/C hybrid metal matrix composites

Wear behavior of Al/Al₂O₃/C hybrid metal matrix composites fabricated by squeeze casting method was characterized. The effects of volume fraction of carbon fiber on wear behavior of hybrid composites was investigated. Wear behavior of Al/Al₂O₃/C composites was characterized by the dry spindle wear test under various sliding speeds.

The wear resistance of Al/Al₂O₃/C composites was remarkably improved over Al/Al₂O₃ composites by adding carbon fibers to Al/Al₂O₃/C composites. Specifically, at the intermediate sliding speed the wear resistance of Al/Al₂O₃/C composites containing 8 vol.% carbon fiber was found to be better than that of the rest of the carbon hybrid composites. From fractographic studies, damaged sections in wear surfaces of hybrid composites at intermediate sliding speed were not observed due to the formation of solid lubrication film. The solid lubrication film which was formed as a result of adding carbon fibers improved the wear resistance of carbon hybrid composites because this film reduced the high friction force between MMCs and counter material.     

添加La_2O_3对搅拌摩擦加工制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)方法在Al基体中添加微米级Ni粉及(Ni+La_2O_3)混合粉末,制备Ni/Al及(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料。采用SEM、EDS及XRD对复合区微观结构及相组成进行分析,采用室温拉伸试验对Ni/Al、(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:Ni/Al复合材料中主要成分为Al、Al3Ni和Ni粉团聚物,Ni粉团聚物尺寸粗大,形貌呈壳-核结构,核为团聚的Ni,壳为Al3Ni增强相层;La_2O_3对Al-Ni原位反应有较大影响,能够强化Al-Ni原位反应,生成更多增强相;La_2O_3阻碍了Ni粉的相互吸附和聚拢行为,从而减少了团聚现象;(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料的抗拉强度可以达到186 MPa,与Al基体(抗拉强度72 MPa)、纯Al FSP(抗拉强度90 MPa)、Ni/Al复合材料(抗拉强度144 MPa)相比,其抗拉强度分别提高了158%、107%、29%。     

超声化学原位合成纳米Al_2O_3/6063Al复合材料组织及高温蠕变性能

为研究纳米颗粒增强铝基复合材料的高温蠕变特性,基于6063Al-Al2(SO4)3体系,采用超声化学原位合成技术,制备出不同Al2O3体积分数(5%、7%)的纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料,通过高温蠕变拉伸试验测试其高温蠕变性能,利用XRD、OM、SEM及TEM分析其微观形貌。结果表明:施加高能超声可显著细化增强体颗粒并提高其分布的均匀性,所生成的Al2O3增强颗粒以圆形或近六边形为主,尺寸为20~100nm;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的名义应力指数、表观激活能和门槛应力值与基体相比大幅提高,均随着增强体体积分数的增加而提高,表明纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的抗蠕变性能提高;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的真应力指数为8,说明复合材料蠕变机制符合微结构不变模型,即受基体晶格扩散的控制;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的高温蠕变断口特征以脆性断裂为主,高应力下形成穿晶断裂,低应力下形成沿晶断裂和晶界孔洞;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的主要强化机制为位错强化与弥散强化。     

SiC对反应烧结多孔Al2TiO5的物相及组织性能影响

本研究以γ-AlOOH、TiO₂和SiC为原料, 通过无压反应烧结制备了Al₂TiO₅多孔材料, 分析比较了SiC粒度和含量对合成产物的物相组成、显微组织、抗压强度、孔隙率和孔径分布的影响。结果表明: 反应产物的物相组成为Al₂TiO₅、Al₆Si2O₁₃、TiC、SiO₂和Al₂O₃, 还有少量未反应的TiO₂。SiC与TiO₂反应生成TiC和SiO₂, TiC颗粒弥散分布于多孔材料壁面或者骨架中, 而SiO₂进一步与γ-AlOOH分解出的Al2O3反应生成Al₆Si₂O₁₃晶须, 晶须交错分布于Al₂TiO₅颗粒之间或者孔洞中, 与TiC颗粒一起提高复合材料的抗压强度, 特别是采用小粒径SiC时, 对抗压强度的改善效果更加显著; 添加大粒径SiC后, 改变原有颗粒堆积状态, 可提高复合材料的孔隙率。但当SiC含量超过5wt%时, 因为生成较多低熔点的SiO₂, 部分填充于多孔材料的孔隙中, 部分则分布于Al₂TiO₅晶粒之间, 既减小孔隙率, 又降低晶粒间结合强度和试样的抗压强度。