1998年6月-1999年5月世界燃气轮机市场订货分析

1998年6月至1999年5月世界燃气轮机市场订货情况分别用订货趋势图和订货数量统计表予以说明。图1显示了1977年6月至1999年5月这22年的世界燃气轮机销量走向。表2给出了1998年6月至1999年5月世界燃气轮机市场的订货情况,包括:数量—各功率等级范围内售出台数、兆瓦数;用途—作备用、调峰、连续等运行方式的燃气轮机各有多少台;所用燃料—用柴油、重油、天然气及双燃料的燃气轮机各有多少台;以及地区分布—在西欧、东欧、中东、远东、东南亚、中亚、澳大利亚、非洲、北美和中南美的燃气轮机订货情况。由图1和表2可看出世界燃气轮机市场的热点…     

燃气轮机通过燃煤试验

燃气轮机有史以来局限于燃烧诸如天然气和油等清洁燃料,Allison Gas Turbine巳成功地试验了在4MW燃气轮机上用细粉煤和水的混合物作燃料。在试验期间透平长期运行而没有损坏,证实燃用煤不久将成为现实可能。     

燃用生物质燃料的2．5MW工业燃气轮机

据《Gas Turbine World》2006年9—10月号报道，加拿大Orenda公司正在销售供商业营运、能用生物质燃料、乙醇和原油作为替代燃料的改型的OGT2500燃气轮机。     

引进消息

据“Gas Turbine World”1991年3—4月号报道,法国阿尔斯通(Alsthom)燃气轮机公司于1990年1月接到了中国珠海电力部门关于订购VEGA 206联合循环电站设备的合同。该项交钥匙工程合同金额为4000万英磅,要求在1991年8月和9月之间交付燃气轮机设备。该电站最初将以简单循环工作,燃料为天然气,蒸馏油作为补充燃料。     

电站用燃气轮机装置的改进

据1991年6月号报导,苏联全苏热工研究所正积极研究在动力工程领域内应用燃气轮机。其主要的科研方向是科学地保障燃气轮机装置可靠地运行并研制新的燃气轮机机组,其中包括研究高性能的燃烧室和燃气涡轮叶片的冷却。燃气轮机燃烧室的研究方向着重于保证长期运行的可靠性和经济性并减少向周围环境的污染排放。文章介绍了—150型燃气轮机装置的组合式燃烧室,它由外侧环形微焰燃烧器和中心的扩散火焰燃烧器组成。在以气态燃料和液态燃料作为燃料时,上述燃烧室可使氮化物浓度减少50%到60%。由于是微焰燃烧,可使火焰长度缩短33%到50%、壁面金属的最大     

华能经济开发公司向国外订购功率为120MW的复合循环装置

据“燃气轮机世界”1990年3—4月号报导,深圳华能经济开发公司向Alsthom Turbines a Gaz公司订购额定功率为120MW的复合循环装置。该装置将安装在广东汕头市。这套复合循环装置包括两台燃烧天然气燃料的Frame6B燃气轮机、两台补燃式余热锅     

1997年6月─—1998年5月世界燃气轮机市场回顾

1997年6月─—1998年5月世界燃气轮机订货情况分别用订货趋势图和订货数量统计表予以说明。图显示了1977年6月至1998年5月这21年的世界燃气轮机销量走向，表1给出了1997年6月至1998年5月世界燃气轮机的订货情况，包括：数量──各功率等级范围内售出台数、售出兆瓦数；用途──作备用、调峰、连续等运行方式的燃气轮机各有多少台；所用燃料──用柴油、重油、天然气及双燃料的燃气轮机各有多少台；以及地区分布──在西欧、东欧、中东、远东、东南亚、中亚、澳大利亚、非洲、北美和中南美的燃气轮机订货情况。由图和表1可看出世界燃气轮机市…     

石油产品—燃料(F类)—规范—工业及船舶用燃气轮机燃料

1.主题内容与适用范围 1.1 本国际标准规定了多种用途的工业和船舶用燃气轮机液体燃料的要求(见ISO3977)。本标准不包括航空用燃气轮机燃料的要求。本标准可作为燃气轮机制造厂、燃料供应商和用户等对燃料感兴趣的部门的指导。 本国际标准提出了在交付用户时保管燃料的特性。在附录A中提供了进入燃气轮机燃烧室的燃料的质量要求及进一步的资料。     

燃用超低热值燃料的燃气轮机及其热力分析

提出一种基于催化燃烧方式利用超低热值燃料的方法,介绍超低热值燃料催化燃烧燃气轮机的结构组成和原理并分析技术关键点,实验验证超低热值燃料稳定催化燃烧的可行性;并以百千瓦级功率为例进行燃气轮机热力循环计算和分析,验证燃用超低热值燃料燃气轮机装置可以实现,且可以发出有效功,为燃用超低热值燃料燃气轮机系统的研制开发提供切实可行的方法和依据。     

低热值燃料对微型燃气轮机运行特性的影响

生物质气具有热值低、可燃成分不同的特点,这种特点导致生物质气在微型燃气轮机上的应用存在问题.为天然气设计的微型燃气轮机应用低热值燃料时,会导致工质流量和热力学特性的变化,从而导致燃气轮机运行特性的变化.为将这种低热值燃料应用于微型燃气轮机,提出了几种对微型燃气轮机进行调整和改进的方法,使微型燃气轮机能适应这种低热值的燃料.应用数学模型,计算出了在应用这些方法后对微型燃气轮机运行特性的影响.结果表明,应用低热值燃料后微型燃气轮机的运行特性会发生明显的改变,在调节和改进方法中对压气机和透平进行改进以适应新的流量匹配是最适合的方法.除匹配外,还提出了一些应用低热值燃料有待解决的问题.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.