用RVA仪分析玉米淀粉的糊化特性

以玉米淀粉为原料,利用RVA(快速黏度分析仪),研究了不同浓度玉米淀粉以及在同一浓度下氯化钠、蔗糖以及转速对淀粉糊化特性的影响,并且在此基础上将RVA糊化程序改为多重RVA程序,然后观察对淀粉的特性的影响。结果表明:随着玉米淀粉溶液浓度的增加,起始成糊温度降低,淀粉糊的热稳定性降低,凝胶性增强。随氯化钠浓度增大,起始成糊温度逐渐升高,到达峰值时间有所延长,热稳定性明显提高,但凝胶性降低。当蔗糖浓度增加时,淀粉成糊温度、峰值黏度、最低黏度和最终黏度都随之增加,热稳定性增强,冷却过程中淀粉糊形成凝胶的能力减弱。玉米淀粉在多重RVA程序中,淀粉胶体反复形成并且溶解。添加油脂后的玉米淀粉的黏度曲线的变化是复杂的,由淀粉和油脂之间的相互作用引起,油脂的水溶性以及淀粉颗粒与蛋白质的关系影响着它们的相互反应。     

利用差示扫描量热仪研究小米淀粉及小米粉的糊化特性

采用差示扫描量热仪（differential scanning calorimeter,DSC）研究NaCl添加量、蔗糖添加量及pH值对小米淀粉和小米粉糊化特性的影响,并用SPSS软件进行相关性及显著性分析,将小米淀粉和小米粉的糊化特性进行对比。结果表明：相同测试条件下,小米淀粉的糊化温度（包括糊化起始温度T0、峰值温度Tp、糊化终止温度Tc）比小米粉糊化温度低（2.65±0.87） ℃;糊化热焓值（ΔH）比小米粉高（2.51±0.32） J/g;添加NaCl的小米淀粉及小米粉的糊化温度比添加蔗糖的糊化温度高（4.30±1.24） ℃。酸性条件抑制小米淀粉的糊化作用,碱的存在则促进体系糊化。     

不同介质对玉米淀粉糊化黏度特性的影响

为研究食品添加剂对玉米淀粉糊特性的影响,采用Brabender黏度仪测定玉米淀粉在添加不同量的碳酸钠、明矾、食盐和蔗糖后的黏度曲线,结果表明:四种添加剂均使淀粉的糊化温度升高。随着碳酸钠和明矾添加量的增加,淀粉糊的峰值黏度、崩解值显著升高,消减值、回生值和最终黏度降低,淀粉糊的热稳定性、凝胶性降低,凝沉性增强;而蔗糖和食盐的加入使淀粉的崩解值降低,增强了淀粉糊的热稳定性。碳酸钠和明矾对糊化特性影响较大,蔗糖和食盐的影响较小。     

不同食品成分对红薯淀粉糊黏度特性的影响

利用快速粘度分析仪分析了不同食品成分,如淀粉乳浓度、氯化钠、蔗糖、明矾、玉米淀粉对红薯淀粉糊黏度特性的影响,结果表明:随着红薯淀粉浓度的增加,其淀粉糊峰值黏度提高,回生性增强;氯化钠使红薯淀粉糊的峰值黏度下降,蔗糖则使红薯淀粉糊的峰值黏度升高,二者均能增强淀粉糊的回生性;明矾对红薯淀粉糊峰值黏度影响较大,对其回生性影响较小;玉米淀粉可以使红薯淀粉糊的最终黏度升高,回生性增强.     

羧甲基淀粉糊性质的研究

本文对羧甲基淀粉糊性质进行了详细的研究，包括糊的冷热粘度稳定性、凝沉性、冻融稳定性、透明度、ｐＨ值和介质（蔗糖，氯化钠）对糊粘度性质的影响。结果表明，淀粉经过羧甲基化后，糊的热粘度稳定性大为降低，冷粘度稳定性增加；在ｐＨ３．５～８．５范围内，有较好的耐酸碱稳定性；１０％蔗糖对糊粘度性质影响不明显，添加氯化钠会使糊化温度升高，峰值粘度降低，凝沉性增大；羧甲基淀粉具有易糊化，糊凝沉性低，冻融稳定性好和透明度高的优良性质。     

颗粒状冷水可溶淀粉对豆类淀粉糊化及凝胶特性影响

研究颗粒状冷水可溶淀粉对绿豆淀粉和豌豆淀粉糊化特性及凝胶特性影响。通过对RVA和TPA数据分析,表明添加颗粒状冷水可溶淀粉后,二种豆类淀粉糊化温度随颗粒状冷水可溶淀粉添加量增加而升高,其峰值粘度、谷值粘度、终值粘度也随添加量增加而呈显著增大趋势;且添加颗粒状冷水可溶淀粉后,二种豆类淀粉凝胶硬度均呈显著下降趋势,而弹性则并未发生明显变化。     

糯玉米辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的制备及其RVA谱特性分析

以糯玉米淀粉为原料，对辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的湿法制备工艺进行了研究，采用粘度速测仪（RVA）分析了不同取代度辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的粘滞特性，并探讨了氯化钠和蔗糖对其粘滞特性的影响。结果表明，糯玉米辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的制备工艺为：酸酐用无水乙醇稀释3倍；反应时间3h；反应温度35℃；pH值8．5；淀粉乳液浓度30％-35％；酸酐加入量为3％～5％。RVA谱分析表明，随着变性程度的提高，辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的粘度增加，糊化温度降低；氯化钠抑制辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的糊化，使其粘度显著降低，蔗糖则使其粘度稍有增加。该研究为糯玉米辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯在食品工业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

羟丙基糯米淀粉微观形态及其淀粉糊性质的研究

对羟丙基糯米淀粉微观形态及其淀粉糊性质进行了研究。通过电镜扫描和RVA分析,发现羟丙基糯米淀粉的颗粒表面出现了凹槽状和浅褶皱等被腐蚀的痕迹,且羟丙基糯米淀粉的起始糊化温度和峰值黏度都明显降低。研究还发现,羟丙基糯米淀粉的表观黏度随糖浓度的增大增加,随盐浓度、酸碱浓度和转子转速增大而降低;其透明度随淀粉乳浓度、糖浓度和pH值增大而提高,随氯化钠浓度的增大,则是先下降再增高,但总体变化不大;同时羟丙基化还可以显著提高淀粉的冻融稳定性。     

应用RVA仪分析荸荠淀粉的糊化特性

为了更好地开发利用荸荠淀粉,以荸荠淀粉为原料,采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)分析淀粉糊化特性,研究不同淀粉质量分数和同一淀粉质量分数下pH、蔗糖、食盐、黄原胶以及明胶对荸荠淀粉糊化性质的影响。结果表明,随着淀粉质量分数的增大,荸荠淀粉的糊化温度降低,凝胶性及凝沉性增强;pH值对荸荠淀粉的热稳定性、凝胶性和抗老化能力没有明显的影响,而在酸性条件下荸荠淀粉糊的凝沉性比在碱性条件下的稍好;加入蔗糖后淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度均显著提高,糊化时间增长;食盐对荸荠淀粉的影响不大;加入黄原胶会影响荸荠淀粉的糊化;加入明胶后淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度均显著降低。     

RVA分析碳酸钠对玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉糊化性质的影响

主要研究了碳酸钠(Na2CO3)对玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉糊化性质的影响.用粘度速测仪(RVA)分析在浓度为3%、6%的玉米淀粉(MS)和马铃薯淀粉(PS)中加入不同量的碳酸钠(0、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08g)后的糊化参数.当将0.02、0.04g Na2CO3加入到浓度为6%MS中时,未测得第二个峰值粘度,而加入0.06、0.08g时,第二个峰值粘度出现,且发现加入Na2CO3对玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉糊化性质影响不同.用RVA分析3%、6%PS淀粉乳时,加入0.02gNa2CO3后,除糊化温度和回值外,其它RVA谱特征值显著降低,但进一步增加Na2CO3的量,谱特征值没有明显地变化.而对6%MS而言,由于Na2CO3的加入,使得峰值粘度、崩解值、回值增加而糊化温度降低.     

Effect of Food Ingredients on the Viscosity of Phosphate Monoesters of Corn Starch

The influence of sodium chloride, sucrose and pH on the pasting characteristics of corn starch phosphate monoesters (SPM) with different degrees of substitution (D.S.) were investigated. The SPM with D.S. of 0.055 showed a marked decrease of the initial viscosity with an increase of sucrose concentration up to 55%. The opposite effect was observed for the SPM with D.S. of 0.113 and 0.147. All the SPM presented a higher final viscosity with an increase of sucrose concentration. A significant decrease of the initial viscosity and of all other pasting characteristics of the initial viscosity and of all other pasting characteristics was noted in the presence of sodium chloride. The phosphated starches were not stable in acidic medium and showed some reduction of their pasting characteristics in alkaline medium.     

小米淀粉与玉米淀粉糊性质比较研究

对小米淀粉和玉米淀粉糊性质进行较详细比较研究,包括透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、膨胀力、酸解、酶解,和介质对糊粘度性质影响。结果表明,小米淀粉与玉米淀粉相比,糊的凝胶稳定性好、持水力强、膨胀力高、糊化温度高、热焓变值大、但透明度较差、冻融稳定性不佳、热稳定性差;且氯化钠及糖溶液对小米淀粉糊粘度性质影响较大。     

Gelatinisation Properties of Cassava Starch in the Presence of Salts,Acids and Oxidising Agents

The effect of various cations, anions, acids and oxidising agents on the gelatinisation properties of cassava starch was studied and wide variation was observed in the pasting and swelling properties. Sodium chloride and sodium thiosulphate slightly lowered the peak viscosity of cassava starch with increase in concentration, whereas with sodium sulphite, calcium chloride and sodium hypochlorite, a more significant decrease in the viscosity and breakdown was observed. Ferrous sulphate, alum, aluminium chloride and acids enhanced the peak viscosity at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at 1% and above. Sodium metabisulphite elevated the viscosity at 0.05 and 0.1%, while sodium hypochlorite lowered the viscosity and breakdown. DSC studies showed that aluminium chloride, sodium sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate brought about an increase in T_onset, T_end and ΔH values at higher concentrations. A decrease in swelling volume was observed from 0.05 to 1% concentration of sodium chloride and above that there was a gradual increase. With sodium sulphite, a significant increase in swelling volume was observed at 2.5 and 5% levels. With 0.05 and 0.1% aluminium chloride and sodium metabisulphite an increase in swelling volume was noticed, but at higher concentrations there was a drastic fall. Sodium chloride, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphate and calcium chloride brought about decrease in starch paste clarity with increase in salt concentration, whereas ferrous sulphate, aluminium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid improved the starch paste clarity.     

氯化钠对马铃薯淀粉糊化特性的影响

以马铃薯淀粉为研究对象,研究氯化钠对淀粉糊特性的影响。结果表明:随着氯化钠添加量的增加,马铃薯淀粉起始糊化温度和峰值温度升高,峰值粘度和最终粘度呈现先下降后略微上升的趋势,且淀粉糊的热稳定性提高;氯化钠使淀粉糊的透明度下降,且在添加量为2%时透明度最低;马铃薯原淀粉糊不易凝沉,氯化钠的添加使淀粉糊出现较大的凝沉现象,随着氯化钠添加量的增多凝沉现象加剧,放置时间越长凝沉现象越趋于稳定;氯化钠增大淀粉的溶解度和膨胀度,且不同质量分数的氯化钠对其的影响不同;最后,氯化钠的加入提高淀粉糊的冻融稳定性。     

Effects of Osmotic Pressure on the Crosslinking Reaction of Tapioca Starch

Tapioca starch was crosslinked with 0.1 % sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) in the presence of alkali and of osmotic pressure enhancing salts such as sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. The addition of various percentages of sodium sulfate to the crosslinking reaction mixture changed the pasting properties of the product starch as measured in the RVA (Rapid Visco Analyser). Peak viscosity (PV) and final viscosity (FV) are first increased with the increase in osmotic pressure followed by a decrease of the viscosities after further pressure increase. Breakdown (BD) is decreased in line with the increase of the osmotic pressure with very good correlation (R² = 0.96). These pasting characteristics are attributed to the inhibited swelling without disruption of the starch granules due to the crosslinking reaction. If sodium chloride is used as an osmotic pressure enhancer of the crosslinking reaction, both pasting properties (PV, FV) decrease linearly with the increase in osmotic pressure with very good correlation (R² = 0.98 and 0.99, respectively). The BD is dramatically decreased to zero (no breakdown) after applying the osmotic pressure and remains zero after further increase in osmotic pressure. These properties are also attributed to the pasting characteristics of the crosslinked starch. The increase in pasting temperature (PT) with increasing osmotic pressure for both sodium sulfate and sodium chloride demonstrates the increase of the gelatinization temperature of the starch granules. The enhancement of the osmotic pressure can promote the activity of the crosslinking agent.     

阿拉伯胶对马铃薯淀粉糊化及流变性质的影响

研究了阿拉伯胶对马铃薯淀粉糊化及流变性质的影响,考察了马铃薯淀粉/阿拉伯胶混合体系在盐、柠檬酸、糖等不同介质下的糊化性质.RVA结果表明在水溶液中随着阿拉伯胶含量的增加,混合体系的峰值黏度显著降低,具有更好的热稳定性,但在冷却过程中,淀粉黏度明显上升,回值略有增加.添加胶体后,马铃薯淀粉在盐溶液及柠檬酸溶液中的峰值黏度稍有降低,在糖溶液中则表现出更高的黏度.静态流变实验显示不同混合体系均表现出剪切变稀性,添加胶体后,体系假塑性增强,滞后环面积明显减小.     

蔗糖对不同品种赤小豆淀粉性能的影响

以三种不同赤小豆淀粉为原料,通过分析添加蔗糖前后淀粉的糊化性能、热力学性能、消化性能等特性,探究蔗糖对淀粉性能的影响。结果表明：直链淀粉含量较高的珍珠红赤小豆淀粉,具有较大的粒径、较高的峰值黏度和回生值,但其糊化温度和最终黏度较低;当添加10%的蔗糖后,三种淀粉的平均粒径、峰值黏度、凝沉性和快速消化淀粉（Rapidly digestible starch,RDS）显著降低（P<0.05）,而三种淀粉的糊化温度、热焓值、回生值和衰减值却显著增加（P<0.05）;慢速消化淀粉（Slowly digestible starch,SDS）含量除珍珠红赤小豆淀粉外均显著增加（P<0.05）,淀粉凝胶性以及抗性淀粉（Resistant starch,RS）虽有下降,但不显著。蔗糖的添加促进了赤小豆淀粉的回生;抑制了淀粉的糊化、降低了抗老化性和消化性。