Forming limit diagram of auto-body steel sheets for high-speed sheet metal forming

This paper is concerned with the uniaxial tensile properties and formability of steel sheets in relation to the strain rate effect. The elongation at fracture for CQ increases at a high strain rate while the elongation at fracture for DP590 decreases slightly in relation to the corresponding value for a quasi-static strain rate. The uniform elongation and the strain hardening coefficient decrease gradually when the strain rate increases. The r-value of CQ and DP590 was measured with a high-speed camera in relation to the strain rate. The r-value is slightly sensitive to the strain rate. Static forming limit curves (FLCs) and high-speed FLCs were constructed with the aid of punch-stretch tests with arc-shaped and square-shaped specimens. In addition, a high-speed crash testing machine with a specially designed high-speed forming jig was used for the high-speed punch-stretch tests. Compared with the static FLC, the high-speed FLC of CQ is higher in a simple tension region and lower in a biaxial stretch forming region. The high-speed FLC for DP590 decreases in relation to the static FLC throughout the entire region. The elongation at fracture appears to be closely related to the simple tension region of the FLC. The shear fracture is observed from SEM images of specimens tested in the biaxial stretch forming region under the high-speed forming condition. The dimples indicating the shear fracture have elongated horseshoe shape. The high-speed FLC is lower than the static FLC in the biaxial stretch forming region because the shear fracture induces the decrease of ductility. The results confirm that the strain rate has a noticeably influence on the formability of steel sheets. Thus, the forming limit diagram of high-speed tests should be considered in the design of high-speed sheet metal forming processes.     

一种建立板料成形极限应力图的新方法

基于塑性理论建立了比例加载条件下双向拉伸应力应变关系,结合Swift分散性失稳准则,提出了一种建立板料成形极限应力图的方法。分别应用Hill 48和Hosford屈服准则以及单向拉伸性能参数,建立了铝合金板(r<1)和薄钢板(r>1)两种材料的成形极限应力图(FLSD),分析表明,不同的屈服准则的选取对于成形极限应力曲线有不同的影响,对于不同类型的材料屈服准则的影响程度也不同。与由通常的成形极限图(FLD)转换所得到的成形极限应力图(FLSD)进行了对比分析,结果表明,所提出的方法计算过程更为简便,并能较为准确地建立成形极限应力图,可以作为复杂加载路径下的成形极限破裂判据。     

应变率及温度对复合材料TP-650力学性能的影响

分别利用MTS-810试验机、杆-杆型冲击拉伸试验机（SHTB）和Instron-1195高温电子拉伸机对复合材料TP-650进行了准静态、动态及高温拉伸试验分析,研究温度和应变率耦合作用对TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料TP-650力学性能的影响。研究表明,复合材料TP-650的性能优势可保持到高温,650 ℃时仍具有良好的综合力学性能;室温时,复合材料TP-650具有比基体高的强度和低的韧性;应变率低于1000 s-1时,复合材料TP-650呈现正的应变率敏感性。基于试验结果,利用双曲正弦形式修正的Arrhenius关系建立了TP-650的流变力学模型,给出了模型结果,与试验结果相吻合。     

90W-7Ni-3Fe合金拉伸力学行为的应变率效应

采用CMT4105拉伸试验机对烧结态90W-7Ni-3Fe(90W)合金进行准静态拉伸试验;在较高应变率条件(1600~2000s-1)下,采用套筒加载直拉式Hopkinson拉杆对90W合金进行动态拉伸试验,研究90W合金在不同加载应变率下的拉伸性能及破坏机制。结果表明,在拉伸加载条件下,90W合金具有明显的应变率效应,随着应变率的增加,强度显著提高,材料断裂时的真实应变下降,断裂前吸收的总能量下降。90W合金的破坏机制由钨-钨界面开裂向钨颗粒解理断裂转变。     

Assessment of the Cold Formability of Ferritic Steels Using Parameters Determined in Uniaxial Tensile Testing

Possibilities and limits of the uniaxial tensile testing in the assessment of cold formability of ferritic low alloy steels are evaluated in the paper. Cold formability covering both sheet and massive forming, including entire formability maps, strain hardening etc., can be estimated from six material parameters determined in a uniaxial tensile test. A master stress strain curve to explain multiple n behavior is proposed. Effects of alloying, especially chromium, and other metallurgical parameters on cold formability are discussed.     

C5191磷青铜高应变速率条件下的拉伸性能和变形机制

为了探讨C5191磷青铜在高应变速率条件下的动态响应,解决高速冲压工艺问题,本文利用电子万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson拉杆装置对C5191磷青铜分别进行应变速率为0.001S-1和500S-1、1000S-1、1500S-1的准静态和动态拉伸试验,结合SEM和TEM等手段,研究了C5191磷青铜的动态拉伸性能及其变形机制。结果表明：C5191磷青铜高应变速率动态拉伸与准静态条件相比较,其屈服强度和抗拉强度分别提升了32.77%和11.07%;应变硬化指数由0.075增加到0.251;材料强度应变速率敏感指数由0.005变化到0.022,呈现出明显的应变速率敏感性;高应变速率动态拉伸过程中,位错运动速度加快,导致位错“近程阻力”加大,使C5191磷青铜的变形抗力随着应变速率的增加而增大。可动位错数量的显著增多,多系滑移的开启,以及绝热温升软化效应一定程度上提高了C5191磷青铜高应变速率动态拉伸时的塑性。     

Tensile characterization and constitutive modeling of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet over wide range of strain rates and temperatures

Magnesium alloys are an ideal candidate due to their low density in comparison to aluminum and steel alloys when designing a vehicle with lower weight and therefore, reduced fuel consumption. It is important to characterize the strain rate sensitivity of any material that will be used in a structure which can undergo high rate deformation (as in an automobile crash) as well as during high velocity forming processes such as electromagnetic or electrohydraulic forming. Tensile tests for AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet at different strain rates were carried out using different testing techniques: (i) quasi-static strain rates tests were conducted in a range between 10⁻³ and 10⁻¹ s⁻¹ using a conventional electro-mechanical tensile testing apparatus; (ii) intermediate strain rates tests at 4.0 × 10¹ to 10² s⁻¹ using an instrumented falling weight apparatus; and (iii) high strain rates at 0.5 × 10³ to 1.5 × 10³ s⁻¹ using a tensile split Hopkinson bar. Furthermore, quasi-static and high strain rate tests were also performed for different temperatures, from room temperature up to 250 °C. Strain rate and temperature effects are also discussed for rolling and transverse direction, to identify the variation of sheet properties with loading direction. Finally, the constitutive fitting of the stress-strain curves to the widely employed Johnson-Cook material model equation is evaluated and also a new model is proposed based on a modified J-C model to account for the variation of strain hardening with strain rate.     

含Bi笔头用易切削不锈钢的微观组织及力学性能

采用扫描电镜、电子探针和拉伸实验等研究了国产含Bi笔头用易切削铁素体不锈钢的显微组织及性能,并与含Pb笔头用易切削铁素体不锈钢的显微组织及性能进行了对比分析,探讨以Bi代替有害元素Pb的可能性。结果表明:两种笔头用易切削铁素体不锈钢的基体铁素体晶粒均非常细小,易切削相主要是MnS和Bi或者Pb单质。其中MnS易切削相的分布状态十分相似,多以纺锤状或者短棒状断断续续地呈链条状分布在铁素体基体上;而Bi或者Pb单质则非常细小弥散地分布在基体中。该显微组织结构对切削性能十分有利。拉伸实验结果显示含Bi笔头用易切削铁素体不锈钢的力学性能与含Pb笔头用材料的性能相当。上述组织与性能结果表明Bi有望替代有害元素Pb。     

Modeling and FE Simulation of Quenchable High Strength Steels Sheet Metal Hot Forming Process

High strength steel (HSS) sheet metal hot forming process is investigated by means of numerical simulations. With regard to a reliable numerical process design, the knowledge of the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties is essential. In this article, tensile tests are performed to examine the flow stress of the material HSS 22MnB5 at different strains, strain rates, and temperatures. Constitutive model based on phenomenological approach is developed to describe the thermo-mechanical properties of the material 22MnB5 by fitting the experimental data. A 2D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model is developed to simulate the HSS sheet metal hot forming process for U-channel part. The ABAQUS/explicit model is used conduct the hot forming stage simulations, and ABAQUS/implicit model is used for accurately predicting the springback which happens at the end of hot forming stage. Material modeling and FE numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of the processing parameters on the hot forming process. The processing parameters have significant influence on the microstructure of U-channel part. The springback after hot forming stage is the main factor impairing the shape precision of hot-formed part. The mechanism of springback is advanced and verified through numerical simulations and tensile loading-unloading tests. Creep strain is found in the tensile loading-unloading test under isothermal condition and has a distinct effect on springback. According to the numerical and experimental results, it can be concluded that springback is mainly caused by different cooling rats and the nonhomogengeous shrink of material during hot forming process, the creep strain is the main factor influencing the amount of the springback.     

热输入对超薄443铁素体不锈钢组织性能的影响

针对443铁索体不锈钢焊接接头存在粗晶组织与性能脆化等问题进行研究,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了不同焊接方法焊后接头组织和性能的变化.采用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)、脉冲钨极氩弧焊(P-TIG)和脉冲激光焊(P-LBW)三种焊接方法进行焊接,分析了不同热输入对超薄443铁素体不锈钢焊接接头微观组织、拉伸性能和杯突性能的影响规律.结果表明,焊接热输入是影响该铁素体不锈钢焊接接头组织和性能的重要因素,采用脉冲焊接方法来细化组织可以有效提高焊接接头综合性能.     

铝合金FSW拼焊板塑性变形规律研究

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊拼焊板焊缝各区力学性能的差异导致拼焊板成形时严重的不均匀性,降低了拼焊板的成形性能,极大地限制了铝合金拼焊板的应用。以2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊拼焊板为研究对象,通过实验和有限元模拟系统研究接头力学性能失配对铝合金拼焊板塑性成形性能的影响规律和机理。对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行金相检验和硬度测试,根据接头组织及硬度分布特征,将搅拌摩擦焊接头划分为焊核区、热机影响区、热影响区以及母材区4个部分,以此建立搅拌摩擦焊接头的有限元模型,并对接头变形过程中的约束与协调变形规律进行分析。接头变形时拉伸应力在屈服应力最小的区域最低,在屈服应力较大的区域相应升高,且在接头中存在失配比交界处都会发生突变。从形变能的角度分析,这主要是由于力学性能失配而导致变形不协调及相互约束,表现在接头拉伸性能上就是屈服强度及屈服位置、抗拉强度、延伸率随接头各区失配比组合的差异。     

高强度双相钢DP800成形件碰撞性能仿真分析

针对双相钢板DP800,在完成U型梁冲压成形及回弹仿真分析的基础上,建立了闭口帽型梁的碰撞分析模型。采用映射的方法完成冲压成形件U型梁的厚度、应力、应变向碰撞结构件的结果传递。在考虑成形、回弹及应变率等多种因素的影响下,对帽型梁的碰撞过程进行了多工况仿真分析。研究结果表明,成形后的材料厚度变化、残余应力、加工硬化以及应变率,对碰撞过程将产生直接的影响。研究结果为提高汽车碰撞仿真分析的精度提供了参考。     

430铁素体不锈钢铸件脆性分析

对430铸造铁素体不锈钢的脆性进行了分析,采用金相显微组织分析、力学性能测试、冲击断口宏观和SEM等技术手段探讨了430不锈钢发生脆化的原因.结果表明:430铸造铁素体不锈钢的脆性主要是由铸造过程中马氏体的生成引起的,通过700℃热处理水冷可以显著提高430铸造铁索体不锈钢的韧性,并同时改善其抗拉强度和塑性.     

钛、铌对16%Cr超低碳氮铁素体不锈钢的再结晶和力学性能的影响研究

实验室研究了钛、铌对16%Cr超低碳氮铁素体不锈钢的高温塑性、再结晶温度以及冷轧板力学性能的影响。结果表明,变形温度和应变速率对变形抗力的影响十分显著,而不同含量的钛、铌对钢的变形抗力影响很小。当变形温度达到1 350℃时,三种成分钢的抗拉强度和塑性急剧下降。钛、铌的加入对钢板的完全再结晶温度有一定的影响,即加钛或加铌均延迟再结晶。不加钛、铌的钢在拉伸时有明显的屈服现象,且屈服强度较高,r值较低,而加钛或钛、铌复合加入的钢没有明显的屈服现象,r值较高均达1.50以上。     

Mechanisms of tensile improvement in caliber-rolled high-carbon steel

The microstructural evolution and tensile characteristics of caliber-rolled plain carbon steels were quantitatively investigated and compared with those of the as-received plain carbon steels. The caliber-rolled steels exhibited a similar microstructure consisting of an ultrafine-grained ferritic matrix and dispersed fine cementite particles. In contrast to the general trend of caliber-rolling processes showing significant reductions in elongation while retaining a high strength, the present caliber-rolled high-carbon steel exhibited simultaneously improved strength and elongation. This distinctive tensile enhancement of the caliber-rolled high-carbon steel was attributed to the increased strain hardening rate caused by the high fraction of submicron cementite particles and to the transition of the fracture mode from a brittle state to a ductile state.     

超高强度钢热流变行为

热冲压成形工艺是将冲压成形工艺和淬火工艺集成在同一工序中进行的新型成形工艺。根据热冲压工艺的时间-温度特征,采用Gleeble3800热模拟系统,在温度600℃~800℃和应变速率0.01/s~0.5/s下,对热冲压钢板USIBOR1500进行热拉伸实验,获得了相应的应力-应变曲线,并利用最小二乘法进行多元线性回归,建立USI-BOR1500钢板的热变形抗力数学模型。结果表明,USIBOR1500钢的热变形行为符合应变硬化加动态回复机制,变形温度和应变速率对其力学性能有很大的影响,变形温度的影响更为强烈。在热变形情况下,USIBOR1500钢板的抗拉强度大幅下降。建立的数学模型与实验数据吻合较好。     

基于薄壁梁落锤压溃高强钢动态力学性能分析

先进高强钢对汽车的安全性和轻量化具有重要影响,其动态力学性能直接影响到整车碰撞安全。针对汽车用先进高强钢的动态力学性能进行分析,选取双相高强钢HC500/DP780,分别采用普通力学拉伸试验机和液压伺服高速拉伸试验机,获得0.001和0.1 s~(-1)的2种准静态下以及1,10,100,200,500和1000 s~(-1)的6种高应变速率下的单向拉伸试验力学性能,并基于Johnson-Cook方程获得材料的动态力学本构模型。基于薄壁梁落锤压溃试验平台进行压溃性能分析,并采用LS-DYNA进行模拟仿真分析,以此对材料动态力学性能数据及本构模型进行验证分析。结果可知:模型仿真与试验分析的变化趋势基本一致,表明模型仿真的准确性,进而说明材料动态力学性能及本构模型的准确性;随着碰撞速率的增加,管件的吸能比以及载荷比都在减小,这说明碰撞速率对管件的吸能特性有一定影响,随着碰撞速率增加,管件的吸能特性逐渐降低。     

热处理22MnB5钢的力学响应及本构建模

22MnB5钢冷轧板材分别在750、850和950 ℃保温30 min水淬后,进行了应变速率分别为0.0005、0.001、0.01和0.1 s^-1的室温拉伸试验。结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,试验钢的微观组织中板条状马氏体含量增加,其屈服强度和抗拉强度也显著提升;随着应变速率的增加,试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度呈现先增加后减小的趋势;最后基于Voce本构模型,通过引入Johnson-Cook本构的应变速率项,构建了可以描述22MnB5钢在不同热处理工艺和应变速率下力学行为的本构方程,其相关系数(R)和平均相对误差(AARE)分别为0.993和3.15%。     

Characteristics of Laser Beam and Friction Stir Welded AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

This article presents the comparative evaluation of microstructural features and mechanical properties of friction stir welded (solid-state) and laser beam welded (high energy density fusion welding) AISI 409M grade ferritic stainless steel joints. Optical microscopy, microhardness testing, transverse tensile, and impact tests were performed. The coarse ferrite grains in the base material were changed to fine grains consisting duplex structure of ferrite and martensite due to the rapid cooling rate and high strain induced by severe plastic deformation caused by frictional stirring. On the other hand, columnar dendritic grain structure was observed in fusion zone of laser beam welded joints. Tensile testing indicates overmatching of the weld metal relative to the base metal irrespective of the welding processes used. The LBW joint exhibited superior impact toughness compared to the FSW joint.     

超高强度钢热变形方程

热冲压成形工艺是将冲压成形工艺和淬火工艺集成在同一工序中进行的新型成形工艺。根据热冲压工艺的时间-温度特征,采用Gleeble3800热模拟系统,在温度600℃~900℃、应变速率0.01/s~0.5/s下,对热冲压钢板USIBOR1500进行热拉伸实验,获得了相应的应力-应变曲线。结果表明,USIBOR1500钢的热变形行为符合应变硬化加动态回复机制,变形温度和应变速率对其力学性能有很大的影响;计算了USIBOR1500钢的热变形激活能,并通过对变形激活能及Zener-Hollomon参数的研究,建立了超高强度硼钢热变形稳态流变应力模型和热变形方程,为估算成形时所需的最大载荷及设备选取提供参考。