搅拌摩擦焊AA7075-T651铝合金接头的疲劳裂纹扩展(英文)

研究12 mm厚AA7075-T651铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。从搅拌摩擦焊接头以及母材中截取试样,对试样进行疲劳裂纹扩展实验。对搅拌摩擦焊接头以及母材的横向拉伸性能进行评估。用光学显微镜和透射电镜分析焊接接头的显微组织。用扫描电镜观察试样的断裂表面。与母材相比,焊接接头的ΔKcr降低了10×10-3 MPa·m1/2。搅拌摩擦焊AA7075-T651接头的疲劳寿命明显低于母材的,其原因可归结于焊缝区的析出相在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的溶解。     

Fatigue behavior of friction stir spot welded AZ31 Mg alloy sheet joints

The fatigue behavior of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet joints was investigated by tension–compression of fatigue test. The results suggest that all the fatigue failures occur at the stir zone of the FSSW AZ31 sheet joints, and all cracks initiate at the stir zone outer edge between the upper and lower sheet. When the cycle force equals 1 kN, the crack propagates along the interface of heat-affected zone and thermo-mechanical zone, simultaneously across the direction of force; while the cycle force equals 3 kN, the crack propagates along the diameter of stir zone and shear failure occurs finally. Moreover, the transverse microsections indicate that there is a tongue-like region at the outer edge of stir zone between the two AZ31 sheets, and the direction of tongue-like region is toward outside of the stirred zone and all fatigue cracks initiate at the tongue-like region.     

AZ31镁合金板钨极氦-氩保护焊焊接工艺研究

探讨氦-氩混合气体保护下TIG焊接AZ31镁合金板的可焊性,对其焊接工艺参数进行确定。试验结果表明,与采用纯氩、纯氦气保护焊接相比,采用氦-氩气混合气体TIG焊接镁合金板材具有电弧稳定,阴极清理作用明显,氧化膜易于破碎,保护效果良好等优点。在合理的工艺参数下,可获得表面光滑、无堆高和无变形等缺陷的焊缝。     

AA6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳扩展速率

研究了6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头不同位置的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并分析了接头的组织及疲劳断口形貌。试验结果表明,疲劳裂纹扩展速率最快的区域为接头焊核细晶区;当裂纹在热影响区扩展时,在较小的应力强度因子范围(ΔK)条件下,裂纹的扩展速率低于其在母材中的扩展速率,伴随着ΔK的逐渐增加,裂纹的扩展速率明显加快并高于其在母材中的扩展速率。断口形貌表明,疲劳裂纹在焊核区扩展主要由脆性的准解理断裂形貌组成,扩展速率较快;而热影响区及母材区的断口形貌主要由光滑的疲劳条纹组成。     

基于CDM法AZ31B镁合金焊接接头疲劳评定

采用临界距离法(CDM)中的点法和线法对AZ31B镁合金对接接头和横向十字接头进行疲劳评定.对两种焊接接头进行了疲劳试验,采用ANSYS有限元软件建模分析,计算出两种评定方法的局部应力参量Δσloc,拟合出相应的S-N曲线,并与疲劳试验结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,采用CDM法可以对镁合金焊接接头进行疲劳评定,其评定结果与疲劳试验结果相符合.依据应力集中大小可以有效预测疲劳断裂位置,在2×106循环次数下,两种焊接接头点法的疲劳强度分别为79.55和49.10MPa,线法的疲劳强度分别为79.01和44.38MPa.     

Influences of pulsed current parameters on mechanical and metallurgical properties of gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloy

This paper reveals the influences of pulsed current parameters, namely peak current, base current, pulse frequency and pulse-on time, on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloys. Twenty joints were fabricated using different levels of peak current, base current, pulse frequency and pulse-on time. The tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated and correlated with the weld zone’s microstructure and hardness. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the metallurgical characteristics of the welded joints. The joints fabricated using a peak current of 210 A, base current of 80 A, pulse frequency of 6 Hz and pulse on time of 50 % yielded tensile properties superior to the other joints. The formation of fine grains in the weld region, higher fusion zone hardness and uniformly distributed precipitates are the main reasons for the superior tensile properties of these joints.     

Fatigue properties of rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy plate

Fatigue strength, crack initiation and propagation behavior of rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy plate were investigated. Axial tension-compression fatigue tests were carried out with cylindrical smooth specimens. Two types of specimens were machined with the loading axis parallel (L-specimen) and perpendicular (T-specimen) to rolling direction. Monotonic compressive 0.2% proof stress, tensile strength and tensile elongation were similar for both specimens. On the other hand, monotonic tensile 0.2% proof stress of the L-specimen was slightly higher than that of the T-specimen. Moreover, monotonic compressive 0.2% proof stresses were lower than tensile ones for both specimens. The fatigue strengths of 107 cycles of the L- and T-specimens were 95 and 85 MPa, respectively. Compared with the monotonic compressive 0.2% proof stresses, the fatigue strengths were higher for both specimens. In other words, the fatigue crack did not initiate and propagate even though deformation twins were formed in compressive stress under the cyclic tension-compression loading. The fatigue crack initiated at early stage of the fatigue life in low cycle regime regardless of specimen direction. The crack growth rate of the L-specimen was slightly lower than of the T-specimen. Consequently, the fatigue lives of the L-specimen were longer than those of the T-specimen in low cycle regime.     

Effects of activating fluxes on pulsed laser beam welded AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract

Effects of activating fluxes on macromorphologies, microstructures and mechanical properties of low power pulse laser beam welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructural observations and mechanical properties tests (including the ultimate tensile strength and hardness). The results showed that activating flux (SiO₂) is more effective in improving the laser welded penetrations when the heat input is at a critical value (E?=?53·42 J mm^?1). Five typical fluxes (SiO₂, TiO₂, ZnCl₂, CaCl₂ and CaF₂) all increased the weld penetrations and D/W ratios of the welded joints. The morphologies of grains in the band zones with fluxes are characterised by dendritic crystals. Moreover, the widths of the band zones with oxide and chloride fluxes are wider than that with fluorine flux. The mechanical properties of the welded joints with fluxes were lower than those without flux. The fracture surface of the welded joints with fluxes exhibited a character of a mixed fracture.     

Fatigue crack initiation for Al-Zn-Mg alloy welded joint

To investigate fatigue crack initiation characteristics of Al-Zn-Mg alloy welded joint, notched specimens were used in fatigue test for the base metal, welding bead and heat affected zone (HAZ). The fatigue fracture surface near the fatigue crack initiation site was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the differences of fatigue crack initiation life among base metal, welding bead and HAZ are not obvious. Inhomogeneity in microstructure and mechanical performance of HAZ influences the fatigue crack initiation life. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life (Ni) to fatigue failure life (Nf) for the base metal, welding bead and HAZ of A7N01 aluminium alloy welded joint are 26.32%, 40.21% and 60.67%, respectively. Fatigue crack initiation life can be predicted using a uniform model. Observation of fatigue fracture surfaces shows that for the welding bead a fatigue crack initiates from the smooth surface due to the welding process, the blowhole in HAZ causes fatigue crack and the crushed second phase particles play an important role in fatigue crack initiation for the base metal.     

Fatigue crack growth of titanium alloy joints by electron beam welding

Electron beam welding（EBW） has been widely used in the manufacture of titanium alloy welded blisk for aircraft engines. Based on fatigue crack growth tests on titanium alloy electron beam welding（EBW） joints, mechanism of fracture was investigated under scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results show that fatigue crack growth rate increases as the experimental load increases under the same stress ratio and stress intensity factor range. At the beginning of crack growth, the extension mechanism of fatigue crack is the typical mechanism of cleavage fracture. In the steady extention stage, crack extends along the weld seam firstly.Then, crack growth direction changes to extend along the base metal. The extension mechanism of fatigue crack in the weld seam is the main mechanism of cleavage fracture and the extension mechanism of fatigue crack in the base metal is the main extension mechanism of fatigue band. In the instantaneous fracture stage, the extension mechanism of fatigue crack is the typical dimple-type static fracture mechanism.Crack growth was simulated by conventional finite element method and extended finite element method.     

AZ31B镁合金及其焊接接头的疲劳断裂机理

对AZ31B镁合金进行疲劳实验,在2×106循环次数下,母材、对接接头、横向十字接头和侧面连接接头的疲劳强度分别为66.72,39.00,24.38和24.40MPa。采用光学显微镜对裂纹扩展特征进行分析,结果表明,AZ31B母材的疲劳裂纹宏观扩展路径平滑,但微观观察发现疲劳裂纹扩展方向曲弯,有些裂纹分成两岔;裂纹尖端扩展均为沿晶扩展。焊接接头裂纹均在焊趾部位起裂,对接接头和横线十字接头的裂纹沿着热影响区扩展;侧面连接接头的裂纹起裂位于焊脚部位。采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳断裂机理进行分析。疲劳断口由准解理或解理台阶组成,均为脆性断裂,断口中存在二次裂纹,对接接头中存在疲劳条纹,其间距约为5μm。     

AZ31B镁合金电子束焊接接头组织及性能分析

采用电子束焊接方法对10mm厚的AZ31B镁合金进行焊接。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、射线衍射仪等手段分析了电子束焊接接头的外观和截面的特征、显微组织、元素分布、焊缝物相和断口形貌等,并利用维氏硬度仪和拉伸仪检测了接头区域硬度和接头强度。结果表明,采用电子束焊接AZ31B镁合金获得的焊缝正面成形美观,而背部存在轻微的凹陷,焊缝深宽比在8：1以上;与基体相比,焊缝中Mg,Zn比例下降,Al,Mn比例上升;焊缝中主要物相为Mg,Al和少量的Mg17Al12相;焊缝热影响区窄,焊缝组织为8～18μm的细小等轴晶粒;焊接接头硬度值均匀;焊缝抗拉强度均值为223MPa,断裂部位为焊缝区,断口为混合断裂形貌.     

Effects of pin diameter on microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints

Abstract

The effects of pin diameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints were investigated using microstructural observations, tensile tests and microhardness tests. The results showed that with an increase in the pin diameter, the height and width of the curved interface in the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased because of the strong effect of stirring and high temperature obtained when large sized pins were adopted. An increase in the pin diameter led to the coarsening of α-Mg grains in the stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone because of heat generation, resulting in the decrease in microhardness of stir zone, thermomechanical affected zone and heat affected zone. The tensile shear force of the friction stir spot welded AZ31B magnesium alloy joints increased with the increase in pin diameter because the height and width of the curved interface dominated the failure of the specimens.     

搅拌摩擦加工AZ31镁合金低周疲劳性能研究

作为新型大塑性变形技术,搅拌摩擦焊接技术（FSW）已成功应用于超细晶材料的制备。本文采用FSW对热轧态AZ31镁合金进行连接,对母材和焊接接头的低周疲劳性能进行了研究。结果表明：在疲劳测试和单轴拉伸测试过程中,焊合区和前进侧热机械影响区交界处为性能薄弱区域。FSW AZ31接头的低周疲劳寿命,屈服强度,抗力强度以及断后延伸率均低于母材。AZ31镁合金疲劳测试过程种的主要变形机制为位错滑移,疲劳断口表面呈现出明显的疲劳纹。最终,我们发现母材和FSW接头低周疲劳行为符合Coffin-Manson和 Basquin关系     

AZ31镁合金双面对称搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能

针对搅拌摩擦单面焊两侧热输入不均匀性导致疲劳强度低的问题,采用双面对称搅拌摩擦焊方法对10 mm厚的AZ31镁合金板材进行焊接,并研究其疲劳性能. 结果表明,双面对称搅拌摩擦焊接头的屈服强度为130 MPa,与单面焊的屈服强度123 MPa相比提高了5%;其疲劳极限为88 MPa,比单面焊接头的50 MPa提高了76%;双面对称接头疲劳裂纹萌生在上/下侧的前进侧位置,并跨越上/下侧焊缝交界面,最终在下/上侧焊缝的后退侧RS区域瞬断,其疲劳断口均为以解理特征为主的脆性断裂. 双面对称焊接头其中一面应变范围与单面搅拌摩擦焊的应变较高的后退侧接近. 通过双面搅拌摩擦焊接的镁合金接头疲劳强度得到了大幅度提升,疲劳寿命得到了延长.     

AZ31B镁合金的脉冲电流气体保护钨极焊过程参数优化(英文)

建立预测脉冲电流气体保护钨极焊AZ31B镁合金接头的拉伸强度经验方程。研究焊接过程参数如峰值电流、基础电流、脉冲频率和脉冲时间对焊接接头的影响。试验设计了一个四因素五水平的正交实验。建立的经验方程能够有效地预测脉冲电流钨电极惰性气体保护焊AZ31B镁合金的焊缝拉伸强度,可信度为95%。结果表明,脉冲频率对拉伸强度的影响最大,其次是峰值电流、脉冲时间和基电流。     

Influences of pulsed current parameters on mechanical and metallurgical properties of gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloys

This paper reveals the influences of pulsed current parameters, namely peak current, base current, pulse frequency and pulse-on time, on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of gas tungsten arc welded AZ31B magnesium alloys. Twenty joints were fabricated using different levels of peak current, base current, pulse frequency and pulse-on time. The tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated and correlated with the weld zone’s microstructure and hardness. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the metallurgical characteristics of the welded joints. The joints fabricated using a peak current of 210 A, base current of 80 A, pulse frequency of 6 Hz and pulse on time of 50 % yielded tensile properties superior to the other joints. The formation of fine grains in the weld region, higher fusion zone hardness and uniformly distributed precipitates are the main reasons for the superior tensile properties of these joints.     

Joining of dissimilar AZ31B magnesium alloy and SS400 mild steel by hybrid gas tungsten arc friction stir welding

The joining of dissimilar materials, magnesium alloy (AZ31B) and mild steel (SS400), was performed using a hybrid gas tungsten arc-friction stir welding (HGTAFSW) method that applied a preceding gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) preheating heat source to a mild steel plate surface during friction stir welding (FSW). The mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the HGTAFS welds were evaluated and compared to those of FS welds to confirm the effect of the additional GTAW preheating heat source. The tensile strength of the HGTAFS welds was approximately 91% of that of the magnesium alloy base metal but higher than that of the FS welds. This was attributed to the enhanced material plastic flow and partial annealing effect in the magnesium alloy and mild steel materials by GTAW reheating of the mild steel side, which induced a significant increase in the elongation of the welds. The concentration profiles indicated that no intermetallic FeAl and FeAl₃ compounds had formed according to the phase diagram, which led to a decrease in joint strength. Overall, the use of HGTAFSW by applying a GTAW preheating heat source to a mild steelplate surface resulted in a mechanically sounder and metallurgically defect-free welds compared to FSW.     

镁合金AZ31搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织

采用搅拌摩擦焊接法焊接了镁合金AZ31, 研究了焊接参数对焊接接头微观组织和显微硬度的影响. 结果表明 焊接接头成形良好, 焊缝没有气孔、裂纹和夹渣, 焊缝区的显微硬度比母材稍有降低, 但降低幅度不大.     

厚板AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的组织与性能

对10mm厚板A231镁合金成功进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,获得成形良好、表面光滑、无裂纹、无气孔的焊接接头.研究该搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的显微组织特征,并通过拉伸、冲击和硬度试验分析了焊接接头的力学性能.结果表明,焊缝中心区是均匀细小的等轴晶粒,热力影响区晶粒大小不均匀,存在较明显的塑性流变带结构;焊接接头的抗拉强度达到母材的80%以上,焊接接头的冲击韧性比母材高,焊接接头的显微硬度比母材稍有降低,焊接接头具有较好的力学性能,说明搅拌摩擦焊是焊接厚板镁合金的一种有效方法.