半干态豆豉高效发酵菌株筛选及其发酵性能评价

为筛选出适用于半干态豆豉发酵的高效菌株,本研究比较分析了产酶能力差异较大的6株米曲霉和1株毛霉的制曲效果及其发酵半干态豆豉品质差异。结果表明,米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）沪酿3.042和DM1、DM2代谢α-淀粉酶能力较强,发酵豆豉L*值相对较低;米曲霉24M-1、30M-1和郫酿M003产蛋白酶、氨肽酶和羧肽酶能力较强,对蛋白质类底物利用程度较高,发酵豆豉中总酸、氨基酸态氮含量具有一定优势。挥发性风味物质方面,沪酿3.042、DM1和DM2制曲发酵豆豉中1-辛烯-3-醇和异戊酸、4-甲基戊酸等酸类物质含量相对较高;米曲霉24M-1、30M-1和郫酿M003制曲发酵豆豉风味丰富度和反式-2-壬烯醛、3-辛酮、异佛尔酮等物质含量相对较高,风味品质佳,适用于豆豉加工。相比于米曲霉,本实验的伞状毛霉（Lichtheimia corymbifera）QM3各酶活力均较低,发酵豆豉中理化指标、游离氨基酸及风味物质含量均较低,品质较差。豆豉发酵品质同制曲菌株产酶能力相关,以α-淀粉酶为优势的制曲酶系利于发酵豆豉色泽和酸类风味物质的形成,以蛋白水解酶类为优势的制曲酶系则利于发酵豆豉...     

纳豆混合发酵技术研究

研究了一种采用米曲霉、纳豆芽孢杆菌混合发酵技术制作纳豆的新工艺。试验结果表明:米曲霉无盐发酵适宜温度60℃,发酵时间36～42h,发酵的大豆氨基氮含量高,香味好,豆粒完整;用纳豆芽孢杆菌进行二次发酵最佳条件为:发酵温度36℃,接种量1%,发酵时间30h。采用混合发酵技术制作的纳豆具有较高的纳豆激酶活性和中国豆豉香味。     

豆豉发酵优势菌种的筛选与鉴定

为实现细菌型豆豉的大规模工业化生产,在保留细菌型豆豉风味的前提下,实现豆豉的纯种发酵。通过对分离出的菌株进行制曲初筛和复筛,筛选出优势菌株,并将筛选出的菌株进行生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,最终确定细菌的种类。其结果为筛选出的A,B,C 3类菌种是豆豉发酵过程中的优势菌种,菌株C11.13属于芽孢杆菌属的亚种枯草芽孢杆菌。     

米曲霉发酵法制作豆豉新工艺

为解决传统豆豉生产方法中存在的问题,该文介绍了利用米曲霉发酵法生产豆豉,它可突破季节性限制,减轻劳动强度,使生产周期大大缩短。其主要操作要点是：大豆筛选、蒸煮、拌粉、制曲及发酵。同时,介绍了产品标准。成品豆豉颗粒松散,清香鲜美,有较高的实用价值,值得推广应用。     

豆豉发酵常用毛霉和米曲霉菌株产生物胺能力的评价

采用微生物学、高效液相色谱、分子生物学技术(PCR)和酶学技术,系统检测和评价了豆豉发酵中常用的6株毛霉和米曲霉菌株产生物胺的情况。研究结果表明,采用微生物学、高效液相色谱、分子生物学技术(PCR)和酶学4种评价方法所得评价结果基本一致,总状毛霉、雅致放射毛霉、五通桥毛霉、米曲霉2339、米曲霉41380、米曲霉40188这6株试验菌株均产生酪胺,雅致放射毛霉和3株米曲霉能产生色胺,3株米曲霉能产生腐胺,而仅总状毛霉具有组氨酸脱羧酶活性。霉菌代谢产生生物胺及产生生物胺的种类和含量无种属特异性,但有菌株个体特异性。     

米曲霉发酵法制作豆豉新工艺

利用米曲霉发酵法生产豆豉,不仅克服了传统方法造成的发酵周期长,质量不稳定等不足,而且突破了季节性限制,减轻了劳动强度,使发酵时间及生产周期大为缩短;用米曲霉制曲,低盐固态发酵法给米曲霉的生产、产酶及酶的作用创造了适宜的条件,使大豆中的蛋白质和淀粉得到了较好的分解,生产的豆豉颗粒松散,清香鲜美,各项理化指标大大提高,值得推广应用。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵黑豆豆豉的前发酵工艺优化

以黑豆为主要原料,以总多酚含量和DPPH·清除率为指标,采用单因素试验与正交试验设计优化纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵黑豆豆豉的前发酵工艺条件。结果表明:其最优发酵工艺条件为发酵时间4d,发酵温度39℃,纳豆芽孢杆菌接种量2.5g/100g·黑豆,在该条件下得到的黑豆豆豉总多酚含量为4.24 mg/g,DPPH·清除率为79.86%,表明黑豆经纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵后能够获得具有较高抗氧化活性的黑豆豆豉。     

不同菌种发酵对蚕豆酱风味成分的影响

本试验采用顶空固相萃取结合气质联用的技术检测由米曲霉、黑曲霉、根霉、毛霉4种不同单一菌种发酵的蚕豆酱在后发酵15d和40d两个时期酱醅中的香气成分。数据表明各菌种发酵的蚕豆酱在后发酵15d至40d酱醅中的挥发性成分变化较大,主要特征风味物质种类不断丰富。在后发酵前期阶段蚕豆酱中醇类和酸类物质占主要地位,随着发酵时间的延长,蚕豆酱中的醛类、酯类和杂环类物质含量会上升,而酮类及酸类物质减小。由米曲霉、黑曲霉、根霉及毛霉纯种发酵制作的4种酱中主要的特征风味物质有2,3-丁二醇、3-甲基丁醇、2-甲基丁醇、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、苯甲醛、苯乙醛、琥珀酸-3,4-二甲基苯基庚基酯、三甲基吡嗪等,且由米曲霉发酵的蚕豆酱风味物质较丰富,该菌种是制作蚕豆酱的良好发酵剂。     

不同菌种发酵黄豆酱的氨基酸态氮的研究

通过对三种常用于黄豆酱制曲的菌种（即米曲霉、根霉和高大毛霉）制备黄豆酱,分别对三种菌的蛋白酶活性和蛋白组分以及酱醅的氨基酸态氮含量进行比较.结果表明,米曲霉的蛋白酶活力大于根霉和高大毛霉,蛋白质组分比高大毛霉和根霉的更为复杂,且米曲霉制得的黄豆酱氨基酸态氮含量较二者高.     

豆豉发酵中微生物及其功能研究进展

介绍了毛霉型豆豉、细菌型豆豉、根霉型豆豉和曲霉型豆豉在制曲及后发酵过程中主次要微生物的分布、所含酶系及成品中不同的风味物质,并分析了不同豆豉中的主次要发酵微生物群系与其之间的作用。     

毛霉型豆豉脂肪酸甲酯化条件研究

为更好地研究毛霉型豆豉中脂肪酸的组成,采用酸酯化、碱酯化、酸碱酯化三种方法对豆豉油脂进行甲酯化,结合气相色谱-质谱法分析其脂肪酸组成,再在此基础上探讨了萃取时间、甲酯化温度、甲酯化时间对脂肪酸组成检测的差异,得到优化的条件。结果表明:三种甲酯化方法中以酸碱酯化法最佳,可以测定12种脂肪酸组成,以亚油酸为考核指标得到其最优前处理条件为:油脂萃取时间20 min、甲酯化温度60℃、甲酯化时间30 min,亚油酸含量达到54.22%。结论:在一定条件下,酸碱酯化法能更全面地分析毛霉型豆豉中脂肪酸组成和含量。      

毛霉型豆豉和黄豆脂肪酸检测前处理方法比较研究

选取毛霉型豆豉和原料黄豆为材料,采用索氏抽提结合氢氧化钾-甲醇（KOH-CH3OH）、豆粉甲醇钠（CH3ONa）和豆粉KOH-CH3OH 3种甲酯化方法前处理样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）分析豆豉和黄豆的脂肪酸组分含量,并对3种样品前处理方法进行比较分析。结果显示,豆粉KOH-CH3OH甲酯化法前处理检测得到10种脂肪酸,其他两种方法预处理均只检测到5种脂肪酸。豆粉KOH-CH3OH甲酯化法前处理简便快捷,适合大量样品的快速检测,可以避免长时间加热对脂肪酸组分的影响,测定结果相对准确,对应用气相色谱法测定黄豆发酵前后脂肪酸种类及含量具有实际指导意义。     

Influence of starter cultures on the free fatty acids during ripening in Tea sausages

The influence of starter cultures on the free fatty acids content during ripening of Tea sausages, typical dry sausages produced in the south of Croatia, was studied. Three batches of Tea sausages were produced using different starter mixtures (Staphylococcus xylosus S81 and Lactobacillus sakei G20; Staphylococcus xylosus S142 and Lactobacillus sakei G20; Staphylococcus xylosus S206 and Lactobacillus sakei G20), while the control batch was produced without a starter. The amounts of free fatty acids present in the samples at the end of the ripening period were not significantly different, suggesting that the lipolytic enzymes naturally occurring in meat could play a predominant role in the free fatty acids release. Oleic and linoleic acids were present in the highest concentrations, while only small quantities of short-chain fatty acids were detected, with acetic acid being the most representative one.     

Influence of adjunct cultures on volatile free fatty acids in reduced-fat Edam cheeses

The effects of the adjunct cultures Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis, Brevibacterium linens BL2, Lactobacillus helveticus LH212, and Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 23272 on volatile free fatty acid production in reduced-fat Edam cheese were studied. Lipase activity evaluation using p-nitrophenyl fatty acid ester substrates indicated that L. lactis ssp. diacetylactis showed the highest activity among the 4 adjunct cultures. Full-fat and 33% reduced-fat control cheeses (no adjunct) were made along with 5 treatments of reduced-fat cheeses, which included individual, and a mixture of the adjunct cultures. Volatile free fatty acids of cheeses were analyzed using static headspace analysis with 4-bromofluorobenzene as an internal standard. Changes in volatile free fatty acid concentrations were found in headspace gas of cheeses after 3-and 6-mo ripening. Acetic acid was the most abundant acid detected throughout ripening. Full-fat cheese had the highest relative amount of propionic acid among the cheeses. Certain adjunct cultures had a definite role in lipolysis at particular times. Reduced-fat cheese with L. lactis ssp. diacetylactis at 3-mo showed the highest levels of butyric, isovaleric, n-valeric, iso-caproic, and n-caproic acid. Reduced-fat cheese with Lactobacillus reuteri at 6 mo produced the highest relative concentration of isocaproic, n-caproic, and heptanoic, and the highest relative concentration of total acids.     

紫苏子油中游离脂肪酸的动态分析

采用毛细管气相色谱的方法,以十五碳烷酸为内标,对紫苏子油中的五种游离脂肪酸:棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、亚麻酸(C18:3)进行分析,研究紫苏子油中五种游离脂肪酸在储藏期间的变化.此分析方法无需进行甲基化,直接分析游离脂肪酸的变化.研究中对每种脂肪酸都作了方法学研究,脂肪酸的线性范围在147～922 ppm之内,12值≤0.9997.精密度≤2.43%(n=5).最后用此法测定了不同储藏期间的样品,结果显示随储藏时间的延长,游离脂肪酸的总量增加,但各脂肪酸的变化情况不同.     

纯种米曲霉发酵与自然发酵豆豉挥发性成分比较

采用气相色谱- 质谱的分析方法,对米曲霉纯种发酵制成的豆豉与传统自然发酵豆豉中挥发性成分变化进行比较分析。结果表明,共鉴定出包括酯类、吡嗪类、酮类、醇类、烷烃类、烯烃类、酸类、醛类、呋喃类、醛类等11 类51 个化合物。纯种发酵挥发性成分中含量较高的是酯类(58.53%)、酸类(23.98%)、烯烃类(10.07%)、酮类(5.56%),采用传统自然发酵制成产品中含量较高的是酸类(62.4%)、酯类(31.46%)、醛类(3.07%)、胺类(1.98%)。     

Effect of fat-enriched diets on rabbit meat fatty acid composition

The effects of beef tallow-, soya and sunflower olein- and soya bean oil-enriched (3%) diets on the chemical and fatty acid composition of total, a polar and polar lipids of rabbit meat have been studied. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in the meat chemical composition were observed between groups. However, a large effect of the diet on the total and apolar lipid fatty acids was found, with C18:1 and C18:2 the most affected fatty acids. The influence of the diets on the fatty acids of the polar fraction was less marked. It is concluded that the enrichment of the rabbit diet with either soya and sunflower oleins or soya bean oil allows the production of rabbit meat with a higher unsaturation degree than is obtained by using conventional diets, which constitutes an important nutritional benefit to the human being.     

Influence of starter culture ratios and warm room treatment on free fatty acid and amino acid in Swiss cheese

Quantification of water-soluble volatile free fatty acids (FFA) and free amino acids (FAA) was performed as a ripening index and an indirect measure of flavor development in Swiss-type cheeses. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of warm room treatment (WRT) and usage ratio of starter cultures, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus vs. propionibacteria, on the concentration of FFA and FAA in pilot plant-scale Swiss cheese. A capillary gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used for the analysis of FFA in Swiss cheese. Free amino acids were analyzed by the Cd-ninhydrin method. Starter culture ratios did not affect development of FAA during the cheese ripening. However, duration of WRT had an effect on the concentration of FAA in the Swiss cheese. Free amino acids increased considerably during WRT. A continuous increase in FAA was shown during 70-d ripening time after WRT. The concentrations of C2:0 and C3:0 fatty acids were affected by starter culture ratios after 2-wk WRT, but these differences had mostly disappeared after 3-wk WRT. Similar concentrations of FFA and FAA reported in previous studies were developed in Swiss cheese with a 3-wk WRT and a 0.33:1 ratio of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus helveticus to propionibacteria.