菊粉调节能量代谢紊乱机制的研究进展

随着人们膳食结构的转变,高脂、高能量膳食诱发的以能量代谢紊乱为共同特征的肥胖、糖尿病等相关慢性代谢疾病已经成为困扰全球的公共卫生问题。菊粉对预防能量代谢紊乱及其相关代谢性疾病的发生和发展有重要作用。本文从改善肠道菌群失调、调节肠道微生物的发酵产物、降低宿主炎症状态以及影响相关酶和基因的表达4 个方面综述了菊粉调节宿主能量代谢紊乱的机制,以期为菊粉的进一步研究与应用提供参考。     

谷物膳食纤维及其改性产品抑制红肉胆碱代谢研究进展

流行病学研究表明,谷物膳食纤维对慢性代谢性疾病,如肥胖、Ⅱ型糖尿病、心脑血管疾病以及结肠癌等具有预防作用。红肉膳食结构中补充膳食纤维,在提高膳食营养、促进肠道益生菌增殖的同时,可抑制胆碱成分向三甲胺的转化进而减少动脉粥样硬化等潜在疾病的发生。膳食纤维分子结构特征和介观性质会影响其微生物可利用性和作用方式,并影响其在机体内发挥干预功能,因而多元强化方式的定向改性及构效关系的建立对于目标膳食纤维产品的获得至关重要。本文综述了谷物膳食纤维补充调节肠道菌群和宿主效应的作用及膳食纤维的加工改性,对于目标膳食纤维产品的定向控制、传统膳食结构的调整及膳食诱导的疾病的预防具有重要的理论和指导意义。     

膳食纤维的组成、改性及其功能特性研究

膳食纤维作为第七大营养素,在调节人体正常生理代谢过程,预防心脑血管疾病、糖尿病、高血压、高血脂等多种疾病方面有着重要的作用,目前多应用于食品行业、药品研制及保健品开发等方面。该文就膳食纤维的组成结构及其化学特性、几种常见的膳食纤维改性方法及改性膳食纤维在结构和生理方面的功能特性等相关研究结果进行介绍,对农副产品中膳食纤维的合理开发利用和如何寻找更为优良的改性方法做出展望,以期为膳食纤维的进一步研究和功能性应用提供支持。     

膳食纤维调节糖尿病降血糖作用的研究进展

膳食纤维对糖尿病患者的预防和治疗具有重要的临床意义,目前糖尿病已经比心血管疾病、肿瘤等慢性疾病更为引起人类的重视,其严重威胁着人类健康,糖尿病的治疗变得越来越迫在眉睫,膳食纤维被证明在血糖控制方面具有显著的作用,很多的临床研究对此进行了试验证明,但是目前膳食纤维的降糖机理还尚待完善,主要的机理包括作用于糖代谢的机理和作用于胰岛素的机理研究,因此需要进一步的研究来证明。本文综述了膳食纤维对糖尿病的预防及治疗资料,包括膳食纤维的定义、结构、功能、膳食纤维的降糖机理、膳食纤维对糖尿病的临床治疗实例等,通过从不同的方面对膳食纤维的降糖作用进行总结,希望为膳食纤维的功能性食品开发和资源的综合利用提供一些理论依据。     

膳食纤维提取的研究进展

膳食纤维对人类健康有积极的作用,在预防人体胃肠道疾病和维护胃肠道健康方面功能突出。本文综述了国内外膳食纤维提取的常用方法以及从不同原料中提取膳食纤维的工艺和原料的利用情况,并从所得膳食纤维的品质、特性及发展前景等方面进行了较全面的比较。     

菊粉梨汁的研制及其功能评价

以梨为原料、菊粉为配料研制了一种高膳食纤维梨汁饮品—菊粉梨汁。通过单因素实验、Box-Behnken(BB)实验和正交实验,结合感官评定的方法优化了菊粉梨汁的最佳配方。采用DPPH法和重量法分别评价、测定了菊粉梨汁的清除自由基能力和膳食纤维的含量。结果表明,果胶酶添加量为0.05%时可获得较高出汁率。菊粉梨汁的最佳配方为梨汁40%,蔗糖添加量为7.0%,柠檬酸为0.15%,菊粉为2.99%,复合稳定剂为CMC-Na 0.15%,黄原胶0.10%,海藻酸钠0.15%。该菊粉梨汁对自由基清除的IC50为2.64%,膳食纤维含量为4.98%,其抗氧化性和膳食纤维含量均高于不添加菊粉的对照组,说明通过菊粉添加可有效提高果汁饮品中膳食纤维含量和抗氧化性。     

菊粉和大豆膳食纤维对牛肉饮食的小鼠肠道菌群及其代谢产物的改善作用

红肉的大量摄入会导致其未消化成分经肠道菌群发酵形成有害代谢产物,从而破坏肠稳态,增加患结肠癌、心血管疾病的风险.为探究添加菊粉和大豆膳食纤维对牛肉饮食小鼠的肠道菌群及代谢产物的影响,本实验将雄性C57BL/6Cnc小鼠随机分为空白对照组、牛肉组、牛肉与菊粉组和牛肉与大豆膳食纤维组,通过16S rRNA高通量测序技术检测...     

菊粉在面制品中的应用现状及展望

菊粉作为一种新的膳食纤维,具有良好的水溶性和色泽、适宜的分子质量大小、与面粉相似的粉体特性和形成优异凝胶质构的能力。与普通膳食纤维相比,菊粉的生理功能和食品加工性能更加突出。本文介绍了菊粉在食品加工方面的物化特性,系统回顾普通膳食纤维在面制品中的应用情况和存在的主要问题,综述近年来国内外在菊粉应用于面团和面制品方面所取得的研究成果,探究菊粉对面团和面制品品质影响的可能机理,指出目前研究存在的一些问题,并对今后发展的方向进行展望。     

菊粉在干酪中的应用现状及展望

菊粉是一种天然膳食纤维,在功能特效方面,它具有降血糖、改善肠道环境、促进益生菌生长、增强新陈代谢等功能。菊粉可作为益生元、脂肪替代物、质构改良剂等用于乳制品、面制品、饮料和冰淇淋等行业。该文对菊粉的理化性质及生理功能进行介绍,综述国内外关于菊粉对干酪质构特性、微生物的影响、色泽、风味、功能特性取得的研究成果,旨在推动菊粉在干酪实际生产中应用提供理论。     

杂豆与慢性疾病防控

杂豆中的植物化学物、膳食纤维及抗性淀粉等有助于慢性疾病预防和控制。人体干预研究和前瞻性流行病学研究表明,含有杂豆的饮食可以降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）,有利于减少代谢综合征、缺血性心脏病、糖尿病和肥胖的风险。本文对杂豆结合进入健康膳食模式时对控制餐后血糖、体重管理、预防心血管疾病等方面的积极作用进行综述。     

Effect of Dietary Fiber on Properties and Acceptance of Meat Products: A Review

Meat is an important source of all essential nutritional components of our daily diet as it content most of the essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals which are lack in plant based food, but it is devoid of dietary fiber, which is very essential component for normal physiological/biochemical process. During meat products processing, its functional values can be improved by supplementation of dietary fiber rich vegetative substances like cereal and pulse flour, vegetable and fruits pulp, etc. by this process, a significant proportion of required daily allowance of dietary fiber can be fulfilled for the frequent meat consumers. The consumption of meat products fortified with of dietary fiber can lead to the prevention of diseases like coronary heart disease, diabetes, irritable bowel disease, obesity, etc. On the other hand, the dietary fiber can effectively be incorporated in the processed meat products as binders, extender, and filler, they can significantly replace the unhealthy fat components from the products; increase acceptability by improving nutritional components, pH, water-holding capacity, emulsion stability, shear press value, sensory characters, etc. of finished products. Addition of dietary fiber in the meat products can increase the cooking yield therefore the economic gain as well.     

菊苣低聚果糖的研究与开发

菊苣低聚果糖是从菊苣根中提取的果聚糖,又被称为菊糖,是一种低聚果糖,菊糖不被有机体消化吸收而能被肠道微生物利用,进行肠内发酵,产生益生素作用和其他多种生理营养功能。在欧洲,功能性食品菊糖被广泛的应用于食品行业,特别是作为膳食纤维。本文主要介绍菊糖的成分、来源、消化后的生理功效以及作为膳食纤维的原因。     

燕麦营养成分、功能特性及其产品的研究进展

燕麦是国际国内重要的特色谷物,含有较高的蛋白质、脂肪、可溶性膳食纤维等宏量营养素,也富含燕麦特有的多酚化合物、矿物质、维生素等微量营养素。研究表明,食用燕麦产品可以降低心血管疾病风险的作用,表现在具有降血压、改善动脉粥样硬化、降低餐后血糖水平、增加胰岛素应激反应、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、调节肠道菌群、预防和治疗皮肤炎症、瘦身减肥、平衡心态、解除焦虑等功效。我国形成了比较全面的燕麦系列产品,可以分为大众化传统食品、高附加值产品、低GI特膳食品。根据国内外燕麦研究成果,燕麦及其加工产品的功能可以概括为:控糖降脂护血管,美容减肥抗衰老,增强免疫抗疲劳,润肠通便缓焦虑。     

菊粉改善酥性饼干的品质及降低消化速率

可溶性膳食纤维可以抑制淀粉的水解消化,为研究菊粉对饼干品质的影响,通过均匀设计法优化菊粉饼干的配方工艺,并通过模拟人体胃肠道消化过程研究菊粉对饼干消化的影响。结果表明;最佳配方为低筋粉100 g,水20 g,木糖醇15.05 g,菊粉12.60g,油脂(黄油:玉米油=1:1)31 g,小苏打0.5 g,食盐0.5 g。另外,测得菊粉饼干脂肪含量为16.54%,蛋白质3.33%,膳食纤维6.87%,碳水化合物56.63%。通过体外消化模拟结果表明加入菊粉之后,饼干的快消化淀粉含量从14.51%下降到3.06%,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的含量分别增加了3.67%和0.20%,且菊粉饼干的体外消化率低于空白饼干,预测菊粉饼干血糖指数为68.36,属于中等血糖指数食品。故对于高油脂饼干而言,菊粉可以抑制其淀粉的水解消化,降低其血糖指数,菊粉的应用对于开发中低血糖指数产品具有重要意义。     

Significance of Inulin Fructans in the Human Diet

This paper reviews the physicochemical properties and nutritional significance of inulin fructans (oligofructose and inulin). These compounds are naturally present in a large number of food crops and serve in our diet as dietary fiber. Inulin fructans can be isolated and purified from the chicory root and used as ingredients in a large range of foods to improve structure and/or taste and to increase the intake of dietary fiber. Inulin fructans have a low caloric value, are safe, and generally well tolerated up to a level of 20 g/d. They exert a range of effects, which can be differentiated into direct effects on the gut and the intestinal flora and indirect systemic effects. Direct effects on the gut include prebiotic (bifidogenic) effects, improvement of bowel habits and bowel function in constipated subjects, increased colonic absorption of minerals (Ca and Mg), and secretion of satiety hormones. Indirect effects are on blood lipids, bone mineral content, the immune system, and energy homeostasis. These issues are discussed and it is argued that promising avenues for research are particularly in the areas of energy homeostasis and systemic low‐grade inflammation in relation to changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota.     

牛蒡根及其精深加工研究进展

牛蒡是一种膳食与营养价值极佳的植物,俗称"东洋参"。牛蒡根富含菊糖、膳食纤维、绿原酸等活性物质,具有降血脂、降血糖、抗癌、抑菌、抗炎、护肝等生理功能。本文综述其活性成分、营养功效及精深加工现状,以期为其功效成分的精准加工提供科学依据,为进一步开发和利用牛蒡资源提供理论支持。此外,对其今后研究方向和应用前景进行展望,为肥胖、高血脂、二型糖尿病、结肠炎等慢性非传染性疾病的早期预防提供新思路。     

Dietary fiber in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome: a review

Inclusion of fiber in the diet has been linked to the prevention of a range of illnesses and conditions. This review contains several ideas about the possible benefits of dietary fiber intake in patients with metabolic syndrome. The principal beneficial effects of a fiber-rich diet in these patients are: prevention of obesity, improved glucose levels, and control of the profile of blood lipids. We now also know that dietary fiber may favor the control of arterial blood pressure. Animal experiments have also shown the benefit of different types of fiber on these variables. Of particular relevance are the studies using obese Zucker rats, which present similar anomalies to those seen in patients with metabolic syndrome. There is therefore a growing interest in discovering new sources of natural fiber. Some of these different kinds of fiber may then be used as functional ingredients to obtain foods with properties that are beneficial to health.     

Whole grain cereals: functional components and health benefits

Cereal-based food products have been the basis of the human diet since ancient times. Dietary guidelines all over the world are recommending the inclusion of whole grains because of the increasing evidence that whole grains and whole-grain-based products have the ability to enhance health beyond the simple provision of energy and nutrients. In this review we will examine the main chemical components present in whole grains that may have health enhancing properties (dietary fiber, inulin, beta-glucan, resistant starch, carotenoids, phenolics, tocotrienols, and tocopherols) and the role that whole grains may play in disease prevention (cardiovascular diseases and strokes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, as well as different forms of cancer). The knowledge derived from the functional properties of the different chemical components present in whole grains will aid in the formulation and development of new food products with health enhancing characteristics.     

Inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber: a review of the evidence

This critical review article examines the composition and source of inulin and oligofructose, the physiological effects of their consumption, and how these materials relate to the concept of dietary fiber. Inulin and oligofructose are fructans extracted on a commercial basis from the chicory root. Inulin has been defined as a polydisperse carbohydrate material consisting mainly, if not exclusively, of beta (2-1) fructosyl-fructose links ranging from 2 to 60 units long. Native chicory inulin has an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 10 to 20, whereas oligofructose contains chains of DP 2 to 10, with an average DP of 4. While a universally accepted definition for dietary fiber does not exist, it is generally agreed that this term includes saccharides (+ lignin) that are not hydrolyzed or absorbed in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. These materials reach the colon, where they may be totally fermented, partially fermented, or remain unfermented. In addition, fibers contribute to fecal bulking. Inulin and oligofructose are not digested in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract or are they absorbed and metabolized in the glycolytic pathway, or directly stored as glycogen like 'sugars' or starches. None of the molecules of fructose and glucose that form inulin and oligofructose appear in the portal blood. These materials are quantitatively fermented by the microflora of the colon; further, it has been demonstrated that this fermentation leads to the selective stimulation of the growth of the bifidobacteria population. After reviewing their chemistry, origin, and physiological effects, it is the opinion of the authors that inulin and oligofructose are dietary fiber. They share the basic common characteristics of dietary fibers, that is, saccharides of plant origin, resistance to digestion and absorption in the small intestine, and fermentation in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids that are absorbed and metabolized in various parts of the body. Moreover, this fermentation induces a bulking effect.