延迟采收对晋中南地区梅鹿辄葡萄酒酚类物质的影响

以晋中南地区梅鹿辄葡萄为试材,探究延迟采收对葡萄酒基本理化指标、酚类物质、花色苷组分和非花色苷酚类物质的影响,以期为改善当地梅鹿辄葡萄酒品质提供理论依据。结果表明,延迟14 d后采收,梅鹿辄葡萄酒中的总花色素、总酚和各花色苷组分含量均有显著提高（P＜0.05）;延迟7 d后采收,可显著提高葡萄酒中的黄烷醇含量（P＜0.05）;但延迟采收对葡萄酒中的单宁含量有较显著的降低作用（P＜0.05）。因此,延迟14 d采收有利于提高葡萄酒酚类物质的含量,改善葡萄酒的质量。     

不同地区酿酒葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力的分析

以源于我国4个地区(宁夏玉泉营、山西乡宁、河北昌黎和沙城地区)赤霞珠和梅鹿辄葡萄果实为研究对象,通过光谱和液相色谱-质谱联用技术对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力及花色苷单体酚含量进行测定和分析。研究结果表明:宁夏玉泉营地区赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实中的总酚、总类黄酮、总黄烷醇和总花色苷均最高,抗氧化能力也最强,河北沙城次之,其他2个地区互有高低;在2个品种中分别检测出22和23种花色苷单体酚物质,其中包括5种基本花色苷和18种花色苷衍生物;生态条件对赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实花色苷组成的影响主要表现在其衍生物上,对其含量的影响与品种特性有关。产区生态条件对葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及花色苷单体酚的组成造成不同程度的影响。     

摘叶处理对酿酒葡萄果实酚类物质的影响

以赤霞珠和品丽珠为试材,研究摘叶处理对赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄果实酚类物质（总花色苷、总酚、单宁及非花色苷单体酚类物质）含量的影响,为晋中南地区酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒的生产提供理论依据。结果表明,摘叶能促进葡萄果实酚类物质的积累,其中赤霞珠在转色初期摘除4片叶效果最好,能显著提高采收期成熟度、总花色苷（增加了23.92%）、总酚（增加了22.00%）及非花色苷单体酚类物质含量（增加了83.02%）（P＜0.05）;而品丽珠在转色末期摘除6片叶效果最佳,能显著提升采收期成熟度、总花色苷（增加了12.79%）、总酚（增加了26.17%）、单宁（增加了128.80%）及非花色苷单体酚类物质含量（增加了140.82%）（P＜0.05）。     

延迟采收对酿酒葡萄类黄酮物质的影响

以梅鹿辄和赤霞珠葡萄为实验材料,研究延迟采收对葡萄类黄酮物质的影响。结果表明：延迟采收后酿酒葡萄果粒质量和果粒纵径均降低,可溶性固形物的含量增加,可滴定酸含量降低。梅鹿辄果皮中共检测出19 种花色苷、6 种黄烷醇和15 种黄酮醇,延迟1 周后,黄烷醇和黄酮醇含量增加,相较于对照分别增加了69%和1.67%,延迟2～3 周后黄烷醇和黄酮醇含量降低;而延迟采收后,花色苷含量下降。赤霞珠果皮中共检测出15 种花色苷、4 种黄烷醇和15 种黄酮醇,花色苷、黄烷醇和黄酮醇的含量在延迟3 周后显著增加,相较于对照分别增加了22%、102%、80%。     

赤霉素拉穗处理对西拉葡萄果实酚类物质的影响

赤霉素是一种常见的植物激素,在高等植物的各个生长发育阶段都具有重要的调控作用。本实验针对山西 临汾地区酿酒葡萄西拉果穗过于紧密、果实酚类物质含量低等问题,采用赤霉素进行拉穗处理：于葡萄开花前20 d 和15 d分别采用3 种不同质量浓度（3、5、7 mg/L）的赤霉素溶液浸蘸果穗,研究各处理方式下葡萄果实酚类物质 的含量及组成差异。结果表明：开花前赤霉素处理对西拉葡萄果穗具有显著拉长作用（P＜0.05）,并促进了葡萄 果实的成熟;单体花色苷含量和非花色苷单体酚类物质含量均随着赤霉素质量浓度的增加而增加,且相同质量浓度 下开花前20 d赤霉素处理组单体花色苷含量高于开花前15 d处理组;所有处理组中以开花前20 d 7 mg/L赤霉素浸蘸 处理果穗效果最优,该处理能显著提高葡萄大部分单体花色苷和非花色苷单体酚类物质含量（P＜0.05）,并对酰 基化花色苷和黄酮醇类物质的形成有明显的促进作用。     

基于主成分分析的酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄的最佳采收期

在葡萄酒酿造过程中,酿酒葡萄采收期的确定是影响葡萄与葡萄酒质量的重要因素。通过研究梅鹿辄葡萄在不同采收期果实基本理化指标和多酚指标(皮总酚、皮单宁、皮花色苷、皮类黄酮、皮黄烷醇、籽总酚、籽单宁、籽类黄酮、籽黄烷醇)的变化,并运用主成分分析法对这些指标进行综合评价,为确定梅鹿辄葡萄的最佳采收期提供试验依据。结果表明:在2012年和2013年,梅鹿辄葡萄果皮各多酚物质的含量在成熟前期都呈缓慢上升趋势,至9月3日后,它们各自的变化都较小并趋于稳定(果皮单宁除外);而葡萄籽各多酚物质的含量在成熟前期的变化趋势虽存在差异,但都在9月3日达到最大值,之后又呈下降趋势,并且在成熟过程中,葡萄籽中多酚物质的含量始终高于果皮。主成分分析结果表明:梅鹿辄葡萄的最佳采收期在9月10日。该分析方法将基本理化指标与多酚指标相结合,能够更客观、全面地确定该地区梅鹿辄葡萄的最佳采收期,为酿造优质干红葡萄酒提供理论参考。     

不同整形方式对‘赤霞珠’葡萄果皮非花色苷酚的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,通过高效液气相色谱-质谱联用法研究单干单臂、单干双臂和单干双层双臂3 种整形方式对葡萄果皮非花色苷酚类物质的影响,并采用聚类分析和偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares-discrimination analysis,PLS-DA）筛选不同整形方式间单体非花色苷酚的差异组分。结果表明：与单干单臂和单干双层双臂整形相比,单干双臂整形可以提高葡萄果皮中的槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷类黄酮醇物质的含量;单干单臂和单干双臂整形葡萄果皮中杨梅酮-3-O-葡萄糖苷、异鼠李亭-3-O-葡萄糖苷、丁香亭-3-O-葡萄糖苷类黄酮醇类物质和表没食子酸儿茶素、儿茶素类黄烷醇类物质及原儿茶酸类、香草酸酚酸类物质的含量均高于或显著高于单干双层双臂整形,而单干双层双臂整形葡萄果皮中仅原花色素C1的含量较高。聚类分析结果显示,部分单体非花色苷酚类物质受年份的影响较大,且单干单臂和单干双臂整形对非花色苷酚类物质的影响模式类似,而两者与单干双层双臂整形区别较大。PLS-DA结果表明,不同整形方式的葡萄果皮中单体非花色苷酚类物质组分差异较大。槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、杨梅酮-3-O-葡萄糖苷等黄酮醇类物质是3 类整形方式所处理的葡萄果皮的主要差异组分,且对单干双臂整形处理组的贡献值较大,单干双臂整形的葡萄果皮中含有较高的黄酮醇类物质含量。综上,单干双臂整形方式有助于葡萄果皮非花色苷酚类物质的积累,可被应用于陕西关中地区酿酒葡萄的栽培生产中。     

3个品种干红葡萄酒酿造过程中成分差异研究

分析了新疆哈密地区赤霞珠、梅鹿辄和西拉3个品种的干红葡萄酒酿造过程中pH、总酸、单宁含量以及花色苷含量的变化。结果表明,西拉和赤霞珠的pH都在酵母菌正常发酵的最佳范围内,梅鹿辄葡萄的pH则相对略高;梅鹿辄葡萄酒总酸含量为6.469 g/L、赤霞珠和西拉都略高于6.5 g/L;3个品种葡萄酒检测到的单宁含量都非常低,相比而言,梅鹿辄葡萄单宁含量相对较高为55.69 mg/L,对于葡萄酒后期品质形成贡献较大;梅鹿辄葡萄酒花色苷含量为79.427 mg/L、下降率13%;西拉葡萄酒花色苷含量79.097 mg/L、下降率11%;赤霞珠葡萄酒花色苷含量最低76.178 mg/L、下降率24%。3个品种葡萄酒的发酵各有其特点,充分利用其发酵优势,为干红葡萄酒的酿造和工艺优化提供了重要的理论依据。     

三种红色酿酒葡萄品种果实酚类物质比较

为了综合评价酿酒葡萄品种特性,以酿酒葡萄美乐、品丽珠、赤霞珠为研究对象,采用比色法测定果实不同部位酚类物质含量,并对结果进行主成分分析。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄果皮中总酚、单宁、黄烷醇、花色苷含量分别为28.82 mg/g、23.15 mg/g、41.19 mg/g、9.25 mg/g,均显著高于美乐和品丽珠（P＜0.05）;赤霞珠葡萄种子中总酚、单宁、总类黄酮分别为14.56 mg/g、5.74 mg/g、2.32 mg/g,显著高于品丽珠（P＜0.05）。主成分分析结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄酚类物质在第一主成分和第二主成分综合得分为82.27分,为酚类物质含量丰富的品种。     

不同品种染色葡萄转色期花色苷积累的差异性研究

该研究探究了三个染色葡萄品种烟73、Kolor和Tintorera在转色期其果皮和果肉中花色苷积累的差异。 通过利用高效液相色 谱-离子阱质谱联用仪（HPLC-ITMS）对花色苷的检测发现,各染色葡萄品种花色苷含量和比例存在组织特异性。 果皮和果肉中含量最 高的花色苷分别为二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和甲基花青素-3-O-葡糖苷,果皮和果肉中所占比例最高的花色苷分别为3',4',5'-羟基取 代花色苷和3',4'-羟基取代花色苷。 此外,基于各类花色苷的含量主成分分析（PCA）也能明显区分三个品种的果皮和果肉。 就不同品 种而言,烟73和Tintorera花色苷组成相似,而与Kolor存在明显差异（P＜0.05）。 该研究为探究染色葡萄不同组织中花色苷的合成机理 提供了基础,并且为染色葡萄在葡萄酒调色中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Effects of exogenous abscisic acid on phenolic characteristics of red <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> grapes and wines

The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on phenolic characteristics of grapes and wines were investigated in Vitis vinifera cvs. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon. Exogenous ABA treatment at veraison significantly improved phenolic contents, mainly anthocyanins and flavonols, and antioxidant properties of the grape skins, but had no effects on total phenolics and antioxidant activities in the seeds or on basic fruit qualities. The wines made from ABA-treated grapes were also consequently enhanced in total phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonols and antioxidant activities. The proportions of methylated anthocyanins in the skins and acylated anthocyanins and derived pigments in the wines were decreased to some degree by exogenous ABA treatment. No distinct relationships were observed between ABA concentrations and phenolic characteristics, and the effects were observed even with 200 mg/L ABA. The results revealed that exogenous ABA applied at veraison offered opportunities to improve phenolic contents and nutritional values of grape skins and wines.     

外源脱落酸处理对葡萄果实及葡萄酒中抗氧化成分的影响

以天津蓟州区栽培的"美乐"和"赤霞珠"葡萄为试验品种,分别在其始熟期的初、中和末期3个阶段利用外源脱落酸(200 mg/L)处理果实,采用分光光度法测定葡萄和葡萄酒中酚类总含量和抗氧化活性,利用液质联用技术分析花色苷的含量和组成.研究结果表明:始熟期的外源脱落酸处理对成熟果实的质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和pH值,以及葡萄籽的酚类含量和抗氧化活性没有显著影响,但对葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类物质含量和活性具有显著影响.在始熟期中期(30％ ～50％果实转色)以前,对果实喷施外源脱落酸可以显著提高葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性.始熟期外源脱落酸处理使"美乐"和"赤霞珠"果实的酚类总含量分别提高了14％ ～39％和73％ ～172％,花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性分别提高了18％ ～143％和88％ ～178％;外源脱落酸处理使葡萄酒的3个指标(酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性)分别提高了17％ ～69％、18％ ～36％和21％ ～46％,而这些影响可以有效改善葡萄酒的感官品质和营养价值.外源脱落酸处理时期的精准控制可以提高酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化作用,进而提高葡萄酒品质和营养价值.     

多主蔓扇形不同结果部位葡萄酒多酚物质含量变化的研究

以新疆玛纳斯县酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)、梅鹿特(Merlot)、霞多丽(Chardonnay)和贵人香(Italian Riesling)为试材,分析了多主蔓扇形距离地面不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒的花色素苷、单宁和总酚等质量指标.结果表明:(1)不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒中多酚物质含量存在明显差异.(2)赤霞珠与梅鹿特干红葡萄酒中的总花色素含量均随果实结果部位的提高而呈增加趋势.(3)供试四个品种葡萄酒中总酚与单宁含量均随果实结果部位高度的提高而增加.结论:为了保证树体不同结果部位葡萄酒的质量,建议在酿酒葡萄的栽培中采用结果部位等高的整形方式,并适当提高结果部位.     

Phenolic composition of Merlot and Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes from Bordeaux vineyard for the 2009-vintage: Comparison to 2006, 2007 and 2008 vintages

Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot skin and seed extracts from Bordeaux grapes were investigated to determine both grape variety and vintage effect on phenolic composition. The total content of polyphenols and tannins in Merlot seeds was higher than that of Cabernet-Sauvignon allowing to discriminate the varieties. HPLC analyses underlined significant differences in the absolute concentration of proanthocyanidins amongst the two varieties and in their composition: mean degree of polymerisation (mDP) and percentage of galloylation of seed extracts were good indicators of grape variety. The vintage effect on the phenolic composition was confirmed for 2009 in comparison to previous vintages. Low values of mDP and concentrations of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins were found in 2009 seeds and skins. The climatic conditions of 2009 (high rainfall before flowering followed by a strong hydric stress during berries development until ripening) let us hypothesise a lower activation of flavonoid pathway.     

Identification of polyphenolic compounds in red and white grape varieties grown in R. Macedonia and changes of their content during ripening

The composition of polyphenols in the skin, seed and pulp extracts of the grapes of Vranec and Smederevka varieties, and Merlot and Chardonnay as well, was analyzed by liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) and MS/MS techniques. Thirty-one phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols and flavan-3-ols, as well as phenolic acids derivatives, have been identified in the extracts prepared from the grapes at physiological maturity, by mass spectrometry applying electrospray ionization operated in alternating ion mode and by performing tandem MS experiments in the ion trap mass analyzer. Grapes were analyzed at three different phases: (i) veraison, (ii) physiological ripeness and (iii) late harvest, in order to follow the evolution of polyphenolic content during berry development, applying spectrophotometric methods. Vranec had a higher polyphenolic content compared to Merlot due to the higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids in the skins and seeds as well as a higher content of flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins in the skins, allowing discriminating the varieties. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis presented significantly higher relative amounts of anthocyanin monoglucosides and p-coumaroylglucosides in Vranec grapes. Smederevka seeds had a higher amount of flavan-3-ols than Chardonnay, while a higher content of total phenolics and flavonoids was found in the skins of the Chardonnay variety. Anthocyanin content in both red varieties increased during the berry ripening, while flavan-3-ols in seeds were mainly accumulated in the veraison phase followed by decrease of the content with ripening.     

发芽糙米焙炒过程中品质变化研究

为研究焙炒过程中发芽糙米品质的变化,将发芽糙米分别进行轻度、中度和强度焙炒,测定其主要成分、色泽和挥发性风味物质的变化。结果表明：3 种焙炒程度的发芽糙米中的还原糖、可溶性蛋白含量均显著低于未焙炒（P＜0.05）但三者之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量随焙炒程度增加而显著降低（P＜0.05）,强度焙炒的发芽糙米总酚显著高于其他两种焙炒（P＜0.05）。焙炒后直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量均增加但3 种焙炒程度差异不显著（P＞0.05）。焙炒对总淀粉含量的变化影响不明显。a*、b*和ΔE值随焙炒程度增强逐渐增加,而L*值逐渐降低。采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用对未焙炒及不同焙炒程度发芽糙米风味物质进行提取、鉴定与分析,发现吡嗪和呋喃类物质种类和含量均显著增加（P＜0.05）。发芽糙米轻度焙炒GABA含量损失最少,且对焙烤香气起主要贡献的吡嗪类物质含量最高,达到焙炒增香目的,因此轻度焙炒较为适宜发芽糙米焙炒加工。     

Colour and phenolic compounds in sweet red wines from Merlot and Tempranillo grapes chamber-dried under controlled conditions

Chamber drying under controlled temperature and humidity conditions of the red grape varieties Merlot and Tempranillo grown in Andalusia (Spain), and the fortification and maceration of the musts in the presence of skin from both types of grapes, to obtain sweet red wines, has been studied. Changes in colour and in monomeric and polymeric phenols during the vinification process were examined. Chamber drying increased the sugar content to about 31.4 °Brix within 48 h in Merlot grapes and 72 h in Tempranillo grapes. This drying process also causes skin rupture, facilitating the access of phenolic compounds to the pulp. The resulting musts exhibited slight browning and increased red hues, due to a high concentration of anthocyanins; maceration in the presence of grape skins for 24 h provided the best results. The end-product contained highly acceptable tannin, colour and phenolic compounds for marketing as a high quality sweet red wine, in comparison with other commercial sweet red wines.     

Determination of phenolic compounds of grape skins during ripening by NIR spectroscopy

The potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to determine the content of phenolic compounds in red grapes has been evaluated. The near infrared spectra of intact grapes and grape skins throughout maturity were recorded using a fibre-optic probe and a transport quartz cup, respectively. Reference values of phenolic compounds were obtained by HPLC-DAD-MS. Modified Partial Least Squares (MPLS) regression was used to develop the quantitative models for flavanols, flavonols, phenolic acids, anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds. The procedure reported here seems to have an excellent potential for fast and reasonable cost analysis. The results of this work show that the models developed using NIRS technology together with chemometric tools allow the quantification of total phenolic compounds and the families of main phenolic compounds in grape skins throughout maturation. The validation of these models showed the best results for the determination of flavonols (differences between HPLC and NIRS of 7.8% using grapes and 10.7% using grape skins) in the external validation procedure. Good results in the external validation were also obtained for the determination of total phenolic compounds (differences of 11.7% using grapes and 14.7% using grape skins). The best results were generally obtained recording the spectra directly in intact grapes.