微流控技术中液滴聚并的研究进展

随着微流控技术的发展,在微通道内精确调控液滴行为的研究受到越来越多的关注。详细介绍了引发液滴聚并的方式,包括主动聚并和被动聚并。主动聚并是指施加电场、磁场、温度场等引起液滴融合,被动聚并是指通过改变通道结构或改变通道壁面润湿性促进聚并发生。此外,综述了液滴聚并动力学研究进展,例如：液膜排出时间和临界毛细管数。最后对聚并过程中的流场研究做了简要介绍。对液滴聚并的后续机理研究、探索高效的聚并方式和聚并的实际应用具有重要的指导意义。     

微通道内卫星液滴生成机理与惯性分离机制

由于非线性动态特征,液液界面破裂过程常伴随卫星液滴的产生,对基于液滴的微流体技术生产液滴的均一性和精准化目标提出了挑战。阐释了微流体界面失稳的复杂动力学特征,剖析了界面失稳的影响因素,并分析了伴随界面失稳而产生的卫星液滴的现象与原理。结合惯性微流体新概念,总结了卫星液滴的惯性分离机制。展望了卫星液滴生成-惯性微流体分离一体化及其并行化数目放大的构想。相关工作的开展,有利于实现微流体技术生产单分散性液滴的精准化目标,为微流体与复杂流体相关的界面动力学行为与调控夯实基础。     

T型微通道内液滴尺寸的实验测定与关联

利用高速摄像仪对不同深宽比的T型微通道内液滴尺寸进行了实验研究。分别采用3种不同尺寸(深度×宽度)的微通道:400 μm×400 μm、400 μm×600 μm、400 μm×800 μm。以环己烷为分散油相,含0.3%表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的蒸馏水-甘油(质量分数分别为20%、40%、60%)溶液为连续相。考察了弹状流、过渡流和滴状流流型下微通道尺寸、两相流率、物性对液滴尺寸的影响。结果表明:液滴尺寸随微通道深宽比、连续相流率、黏度和毛细数的增加而减小,随分散相流率的增加而增加。用毛细数、两相流量比和通道深宽比对微通道内液滴尺寸进行了关联和预测,预测值与实验结果吻合良好。     

微通道内液滴/气泡破裂动力学分析

微化学工程与技术是现代化学工程学科的前沿领域。微通道内液滴及气泡破裂动力学是决定多相过程并行微通道数目放大的基础与难点。破裂流型转换条件、界面动力学和尺寸调控等三方面是微通道内液滴与气泡破裂动力学的主要研究对象。讨论了对称微通道、非对称微通道、多级微通道、旁路微通道、含有障碍物的微通道内气泡和液滴破裂行为及影响因素,指出了目前微尺度下气泡与液滴破裂行为相关研究工作存在的不足,并对该领域未来的发展进行了展望。     

同轴微通道内管结构对液滴生成的影响规律研究

研究了同轴微通道内水-硅油体系的液滴生成过程。在不同的连续毛细数Ca_c和分散相Weber数We_d下,观察到滴出流和喷射流两种不同的流型。实验考察了两相流量、黏度和内管结构对液滴尺寸和液滴生成频率的影响。结果表明液滴尺寸随着分散相流量增加而增大,而随着连续相流量和黏度的增加而降低。此外,随着We_d的增加,流型会从滴出流过渡到喷射流,而更大尺寸的内管会更早过渡到喷射流,从而得到更大的液滴尺寸。对于液滴生成频率,其随Ca_c和We_d的增加均呈现先快速增加后变缓的趋势。当内管通道尺寸基本相同时,不同结构的内管通道在固定Ca_c时其液滴生成频率相差不大,且随着通道尺寸的减小,液滴生成频率逐渐增加。基于实验结果,建立了液滴尺寸预测模型,预测值与实验值吻合较好。     

阶梯式T型微通道内液滴、气泡分散规律

采用高速摄像仪对嵌入毛细管的阶梯式T型微通道内液滴和气泡的分散规律进行研究。考察了两相流量、黏度、表面活性剂浓度等因素对分散流型及分散尺寸的影响规律。结果表明,对于液滴分散过程,表面活性剂的浓度和连续相流量决定了分散流型,随二者增大,流型从dripping流向jetting流转变。对于气泡分散过程,实验范围内仅存在squeezing、dripping流型,表面活性剂的加入对气泡分散过程影响可忽略。嵌入毛细管的阶梯式T型微通道内获得的液滴、气泡直径小于微通道直径,根据实验结果基于两相流量和毛细管数分别建立了计算液滴、气泡分散尺寸的半经验模型,模型与实验结果符合良好。     

Y聚焦型微通道内磁流体液滴的生成与调控

利用高速摄像仪研究了截面为400 μm×400 μm Y聚焦型微通道内磁流体液滴在矿物油中的生成过程。以水基磁流体EMG 807为分散相,含4%表面活性剂Span-20的矿物油为连续相。实验观察到了3种流型：弹状流、滴状流和喷射流。分别考察了两相流量、连续相毛细数及磁感应强度对液滴尺寸及生成过程的影响。结果表明：可通过改变两相流量及磁场调控液滴尺寸。当分散相流量不变时,液滴尺寸随着两相流量比的增加而减小。液滴尺寸随着连续相毛细数及磁感应强度的增加而减小,随着分散相流量的增加而增加。以两相流量比、连续相毛细数和磁Bond数为参数提出了一个液滴尺寸的关联式,预测值与实验值吻合良好。     

小气泡或小液滴之间的聚并

对2个小气泡或小液滴之间的聚并进行了动力学分析,并考虑范德华力的影响,得到了界面无切向运动时气泡或液滴聚并所需时间与气泡直径、流体主体和界面性质的关系。     

聚羧酸减水剂在微通道反应器内的合成及应用

以异丁烯醇聚氧乙烯醚(HPEG)、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)为主要原料,过硫酸铵、亚硫酸氢钠复合还原氧化体系为引发体系,疏基乙酸为链引发剂,在微通道反应器内合成了聚羧酸减水剂,利用单因素法考察了各因素对减水剂分散性的影响.确定的最佳工艺为:停留时间为120s,反应温度为45℃,n (AA)∶n(HPEG)为...     

微通道内纳米流体传热流动特性

为提高微通道散热器的传热效率,需要对微通道进行结构优化设计。以热阻Rt和泵功Pp为目标函数,在Re=100的条件下,采用多目标遗传算法对文丘里管微通道的结构参数,如通道深度、收缩角度、喉颈宽度和扩散角度进行优化,通过遗传迭代计算得到Pareto优化解集,利用k-means聚类法对优化解集进行比较分析,通过强化传热因子η对各聚类点综合性能进行评价,得到最优的微通道结构。采用数值模拟方法,研究优化后的微通道结构的流动与传热特性。结果表明：当去离子水中加入纳米颗粒后微通道内的压降具有小幅度上升,但其流动阻力在相同Reynolds数的条件下并没有发生较大的变化。在文丘里管微通道喉部位置会产生喉部效应,强化纳米颗粒与微通道中流动工质的融合。熵产分析表明,传热熵随着Reynolds数的增大而减小,摩擦熵随着Reynolds数的增大而增大,不过总熵值中主要是传热熵占据主导地位。纳米流体随着体积分数的增加不可逆损失均小于去离子水。     

双重刺激响应型pickering乳液研究进展

Pickering乳液因其极强的稳定性、良好的生物相容性和对环境友好等特点在众多领域有着广泛应用.虽然乳液必须具有良好的稳定性,但实际应用中通过适当的触发机制使其能够实现快速破乳也是非常重要的.响应型Pickering乳液由于在特定因素刺激下可以轻易实现可逆乳化-破乳成为近些年研究的热点.早期研究学者主要研究单一刺激因...     

Preparation of monodispersed emulsion with large droplets using microchannel emulsification

Microchannel (MC) emulsification is a novel technique for producing monodispersed emulsions with coefficients of variation of less than 5%. To produce emulsions with large droplets, we designed three MC with large dimensions. The MC structure consists of two parts: a channel and a terrace. Terrace length was defined as the length from the exit of the MC to the end of the terrace. The MC plates used in this study have deeper channels and longer terraces. The size limit of droplets prepared by MC emulsification was studied. Monodispersed emulsions with droplets as large as 100 μm were prepared using an MC with a depth of 16 μm and a terrace length of 240 μm. The average diameter (coefficient of variation) of the emulsion droplets was 98.1 μm (2.5%). Emulsions with larger-diameter droplets were prepared using an MC with a longer terrace. The effect of the applied pressure on emulsification behavior was studied and discussed from the viewpoint of the droplet formation mechanism. At low applied pressures, droplet diameters were independent of the applied pressure, and monodispersed emulsions were produced. The pressure ranges of constant droplet diameter for large-droplet emulsions were narrower than those for the 5 to 30 μm droplet size emulsions because interfacial tension is more significant on a smaller scale compared with the other forces.     

On the Selectivity of an Insulator-Based Dielectrophoretic Microdevice

Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is a dielectrophoretic mode where non-uniform electric fields are created employing insulating structures. This article presents an evaluation of the selectivity of an iDEP microdevice by employing DC electric fields with mixtures of polystyrene nano and microparticles. Experimental and mathematical modeling work was carried out in order to assess the selectivity of an iDEP microdevice to immobilize only the large particles from a binary mixture. Negative dielectrophoretic trapping was observed and the effects of particle concentration, concentration ratio, size ratio, and magnitude of the applied electric potential (200 to 600 V) on the microdevice selectivity were studied. The results demonstrated that high selectivity can be obtained with iDEP.     

Growth mechanism and pH-regulation characteristics of composite latex particles prepared from Pickering emulsion polymerization of aniline/ZnO using different hydrophilicities of oil phases

A Pickering emulsion polymerization of aniline, using different hydrophilicities of oil phases, was stabilized by ZnO nanoparticles and performed to synthesize composite latex particles of polyaniline/ZnO. Ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) was used as an oxidizing agent. The morphologies and growth mechanisms of the resulted composite latex particles were studied. The pH-regulation capacity of the composite latex particles was discussed. When toluene was used as the oil phase, the composite latex particles showed hollow structure, irregular morphology, and hundreds of nanometer in size. It was ascribed to the polymerization of aniline on the interfaces of droplets/water. ZnO nanoparticles, with 50-100 nm in size, acted as surfactants to stabilize the emulsion. When THF was used as an oil phase, the composite latex particles showed spherical morphology and enwrapping ZnO nanoparticles. It was attributed to the homogeneous nucleation of polyaniline in the aqueous phase. ZnO nanoparticles acted as templates for the polyaniline particles. The stability of the Pickering emulsion polymerization was affected by the volume ratio of the oil phase to water. The aqueous solution with pH 3-9 could simply be regulated to about pH 7 by the composite latex particles. It was contributed by the dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles and doping-dedoping of polyaniline in the acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions.     

Suspension polymerization based on inverse Pickering emulsion droplets for thermo-sensitive hybrid microcapsules with tunable supracolloidal structures

Polymerization using Pickering emulsion droplets as reaction vessels is being developed to become a powerful tool for fabrication of hybrid polymer particles with supracolloidal structures. In this paper, two kinds of thermo-sensitive hybrid poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) microcapsules with supracolloidal structures were successfully prepared from suspension polymerization stabilized by SiO₂ nanoparticles based on inverse Pickering emulsion droplets. SiO₂ nanoparticles could self-assemble at liquid-liquid interfaces to form stable water-in-oil inverse Pickering emulsion. NIPAm monomers dissolving in suspended aqueous droplets were subsequently polymerized at different temperatures. The hollow microcapsules with SiO₂/PNIPAm nanocomposite shells were obtained when the reaction temperature was above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAm. While the core-shell microcapsules with SiO₂ nanoparticles' shells and PNIPAm gel cores were produced when the polymerization was conducted at the temperature lower than LCST using UV light radiation. The supracolloidal structures with different cores could be tuned by simply changing reaction temperature, which was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The interesting properties of both microcapsules were their ability of reversibly swelling during drying/wetting cycles and responsive to temperature stimulus. Such functional microcapsules may find applications in double control release system due to the presence of the supracolloidal structures and thermo-sensitivity.     

Polymer blend emulsion stabilization using carbon nanotubes interfacial confinement

The present study demonstrates the effect of unfunctionalized MultiWalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) interfacial confinement on coalescence suppression in an immiscible polymer blend exhibiting a sea-island morphology. The effect of carbon nanotubes on morphological stabilization in polyamide (PA)/ethylene-methyl acrylate random copolymer (EA) blends is studied using electronic microscopy techniques. Owing to their interfacial localization, MWNTs are shown to enhance both phase dispersion and stability of the dispersed phase for long mixing time (at least 60 min) and very low filler content (0.5 wt.-% MWNTs) compared to what was previously observed in literature. MWNTs also produce a more uniform distribution of droplets size. The main stabilization mechanism proposed is the formation of a deformable barrier network providing a mechanical barrier against coalescence. Blends stabilized by solid anisotropic nanoparticles, like MWNTs, could therefore offer an interesting alternative to blends compatibilized by block-copolymers.     

季铵盐壳聚糖/淀粉纳米晶稳定Pickering乳液的研究

将淀粉纳米晶(SNC)与带正电的季铵盐壳聚糖(QCS)复配,制备了稳定的Pickering乳液。通过FTIR、表/界面张力、流变仪、光学显微镜、荧光显微镜分别对QCS/SNC分散液Pickering乳液的性能进行表征。结果表明,QCS通过氢键作用和静电作用吸附在SNC颗粒表面,QCS的加入使SNC水溶液的分散性提高、表面张力和界面张力降低。随着QCS质量分数的增加,乳液粒径呈现先增大后减小又增大的趋势;当QCS的质量分数为0.4%时,QCS/SNC稳定的乳液粒径最小,且室温储存30 d后仍无乳析现象。     

基于显微图像识别的微流控液滴聚并研究

微流控技术作为操控微米尺度液滴的重要手段,受到普遍关注。显微摄像是微流控过程的主要研究方法,以往主要通过人工观察识别的方式获取关键参数,工作效率低、数据量小,限制了针对复杂微流控过程的深入认识。提出了一种基于MATLAB图像处理程序的微流控液滴聚并研究方法,通过背景提取、背景扣除、掩膜二值化、噪声消除、区域填充、形态开启、边界物体移除、干扰滤除等过程,实现六边形扩大通道内液滴聚并显微实验视频的数值化,进一步通过识别液滴投影面积、质心、偏心率等信息,研究了液滴运动速度和液膜的排空时间等微流控聚并关键参数的变化规律。