聚砜类膜和膜材的改性

聚砜膜广泛应用于生物学分离上，但由于其蛋白质污染问题，导致膜的通透率下降，选择性改变。目前解决这一问题的办法是对膜或膜材进行亲水性改性。就聚砜类膜和膜材的改性情况作一概述，对比各种方法的优缺点，对聚砜类膜和膜材改性前景进行了展望。     

偶合接枝聚乙二醇单甲醚实现聚砜膜材亲水性改性

采用自制的氯甲基化试剂1,4-二氯甲氧基丁烷实施聚砜(PSF)的氯甲基化,再以Na2CO3为缚酸剂,使氯甲基化聚砜(CMPSF)的氯甲基与聚乙二醇单甲醚(PEGME)的端羟基之间发生亲核取代反应,将聚乙二醇(PEG)偶合接枝在聚砜侧链上,制得接枝共聚物PSF-g-PEG,实现了聚砜膜材的亲水性改性.表征了其化学结构,考...     

疏水性聚砜膜的共混改性研究

本文以聚砜为基材，采用共混法，利用聚原酸酯-b-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物中聚乙二醇段表面自由能高的特性，对材料表面进行改性，用扫描电子显微镜对表面微形态进行观察，以接触角来评价材料表面的亲疏水性，研究结果表明，材料表面出现微观相分离结构，且因聚乙二醇段富富集于表面，材料表面的亲水性得以提高。     

磁场协同氮等离子体改性聚砜膜及等离子体诊断

通过改变磁场强度、位置、放电时间、射频功率以及压强,探究磁场协同等离子体改性前后聚砜膜的亲水性及其抗污染性能的变化情况。结果发现在射频功率为80 W,放电时间为120 s,压强为20 Pa时,将3块磁铁放置在距离电圈15 cm处,出现最佳改性效果。对比了改性前后超滤膜亲水性及抗污染性能,结果表明:聚砜膜的水接触角由原始膜的80°降至30°,提高了聚砜膜的亲水性从而进一步提高了其抗污染性能。通过朗缪尔探针及光谱仪诊断氮等离子体并结合改性效果,得出改性效果最好时电子温度为1.92×104 K,电子密度为2.90×1015 m-3,此时等离子体氛围中电子、离子浓度较低,自由基浓度较高,刻蚀作用微弱,聚合物表面生成了较多的亲水性基团。     

溶剂的性质对聚砜／磺化聚砜合金膜性能的影响

介绍了溶剂的性质对聚砜 /磺化聚砜 (PSF/SPSF)合金分离膜膜性能的影响     

亲水性PEO/PSF复合膜的制备与性能研究

以聚砜(PSF)作为膜材料,再以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为致孔剂,聚氧化乙烯(PEO)为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,通过浸没沉淀相转化法制备了一系列的PEO共混改性的PSF复合超滤膜。通过杯式超滤器,接触角测量仪,扫描电镜(SEM),红外光谱仪(FTIR)等表征手段探究了PEO的加入对复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,PEO的加入显著改善了膜的亲水性能和超滤性能。在PEO质量分数为0.8%时,改性的PEO/PSF复合膜性能最佳,纯水通量达到161.12 L/(m^2·h),对BSA溶液的截留率为99.05%。     

壳聚糖季铵盐改性聚砜超滤膜的研究

将聚砜的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺溶液与壳聚糖季铵盐的二甲基亚砜溶液共混,其中二甲基亚砜中预先加入适量戊二醛,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中加入无水氯化锌,以聚酯类无纺布作为支撑层,采用浸没沉淀相转化制备了壳聚糖季铵盐/聚砜共混改性超滤膜并经热处理,通过粘度测试对比了共混溶液与纯聚砜溶液的粘度,通过测试水通量、牛血清蛋白脱除率研究了膜片的分离性能,通过接触角实验和耐污染实验表征了膜的表面亲水性变化和膜片耐污染性,通过扫描电镜观察膜的结构。研究结果表明,共混溶液粘度相比聚砜溶液得到了提高,壳聚糖季铵盐的引入提高了超滤膜的亲水性和耐污染性,相比未共混聚砜膜,季铵化壳聚糖共混改性聚砜膜膜片在膜性能上得到了显著的提高,最优化条件所制得膜片水通量测试结果为70 L/(m2·h),对牛血清蛋白的截留率为99.5%。     

亲水性无纺布复合膜的制备及性能研究

将涤纶无纺布浸泡于亲水性单体及添加剂溶液中,利用紫外辐照法引发单体聚合反应,将亲水性聚合物固定在无纺布表面对其进行亲水改性。通过测定改性率和改性度来评价亲水性聚合物在无纺布表面的负载程度;通过测定未改性及改性无纺布的膜通量,考察了改性无纺布表面的透水性;通过ATR-FTIR红外吸收谱图,对改性前后的无纺布表面官能团进行表征。实验结果表明:辐照距离为15cm时,改性率和膜通量同时达到较好的效果,此条件下无纺布复合膜的改性率可达到87.8%,膜通量为1567L/m2·h。ATR-FTIR红外光谱分析表明通过2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)的交联在无纺布表面负载了亲水性-OH、-CONH2和-SO3H。     

壳聚糖/聚砜复合纳滤膜的制备

纳滤膜在水处理过程中的应用越来越受到关注。本试验通过在不同条件下制备壳聚糖/聚砜复合纳滤膜,研究了膜厚度,膜干燥温度,凝固浴浓度、温度和凝固时间,交联剂浓度、温度和交联时间,热处理温度和时间等因素对膜性能的影响。试验表明制备工艺条件对膜性能影响很大,主要体现在温度、浓度和反应时间方面。最后通过试验,获得了壳聚糖/聚砜复合纳滤膜的最佳制备条件。     

Fabrication of one-dimensional Ag/multiwalled carbon nanotube nano-composite

ABSTRACT: Composite made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with silver was fabricated by an electroless deposition process. The thickness of silver layer is about 40 to 60 nm, characterized as nano-crystalline with (111) crystal orientation along the nanotube's axial direction. The characterization of silver/carbon nanotube [Ag/CNT] nanowire has shown the large current carrying capability, and the electric conductivity is similar to the pure silver nanowires that Ag/CNT would be promising as building blocks for integrated circuits.PACS: 81.05.uj, carbon nanotubes, carbon-based materials, diamond/nanocarbon composites.     

改性多壁碳纳米管／PA6纤维的制备及力学性能

将多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)氧化后,酰氯化处理,在氨基封端的PA6聚合时加入,制备PA6／MWNT母粒,将母粒同PA6切片熔融共混纺丝,制备PA6／MWNT纤维。用INSTRON 1122型万能材料试验机测定纤维的力学性能。结果表明,改性MWNT的加入提高了PA6纤维的断裂强度,纤维中MWNT质量分数仅为0．05％时,纤维的断裂强度和初始模量最大,分别增加了60％和86％。用扫描电镜观察复合纤维的结构,发现MWNT均匀地分布在PA6中,并与PA6基体间有相互作用,沿纤维轴向取向。     

Performance of polysulfone/carboxylated polysulfone membranes

Membranes were made from miscible blends of polysulfone (PSf) and carboxylated polysulfone (CPSf) having an average of 0.45 and 0.87 ? COOH groups per repeated unit. Membranes made from PSf and CPSf alone showed low separation for NaCl, glucose, polyethylene glycol (PEG) of various molecular weights and bovine albumin, from aqueous solutions under an applied pressure of 50 psig and higher. Membranes made from PSf/CPSf of varied blend composition showed higher separation factors for the above solutes. Highest separation was observed in membranes made from an 80/20 wt% PSf/CPSf 0.45 blend, which yielded a separation factor of 0.60 for NaCl, 0.97 for glucose, 0.98 for PEG and 0.99 for bovine albumin under an applied pressure in the range 50–150 psig. This higher performance is believed to be a result of a synergism between PSf and CPSf 0.45 to give a membrane morphology unique among the PSf/CPSf membranes.     

Preparation and characterization of nanoporous polysulfone membranes with high hydrophilic property using variation in CBT and addition of tetronic‐1107 surfactant

Asymmetric polysulfone (PSF) membranes were prepared from PSF, Tetronic‐1107, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) via immersion precipitation. Pure water was used as the gelation media. The effects of coagulation bath temperature (CBT) (0 and 25°C), and addition of Tetronic‐1107 on the morphology, wettability, and pure water permeation flux (PWF) of the prepared membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurements, and experimental set up. The contact angle measurements demonstrated that the hydrophilicities of the nanoporous PSF membranes were significantly enhanced by addition of a small amount of Tetronic‐1107 surfactant in the casting solution, along with using the lower CBT. It was also found that addition of Tetronic‐1107 in the casting solution along with increasing the CBT from 0 to 25°C incites formation of bigger pores on the top surface and results in formation of membranes with higher thickness and more porous structure in the sublayer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

功能化碳纳米管/聚合物复合分离膜

碳纳米管不仅具有优异的力学性质和超大的比表面积,同时具有优良的传输特性,将其添加到聚合物中制备复合分离膜,具有广阔的应用前景。通过化学改性将碳纳米管功能化,提高其在聚合物中的分散性,制备碳纳米管/聚合物复合膜。本文在介绍了碳纳米管功能化、碳纳米管/聚合物复合膜制备方法的基础上,综述了功能化碳纳米管的加入对复合分离膜亲水性、水通量、机械稳定性以及分离等性能的影响。总结了近年来对碳纳米管在聚合物膜内定向排列的研究进展及碳纳米管定向对复合膜相关性能的影响。由于碳纳米管材料的各向异性,利用电场、磁场及流场等对碳纳米管在聚合物膜内的分布进行定向,从而充分利用其优异的性能,是该类复合膜的研究方向。     

Thermal and flame retardant properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer/modified multiwalled carbon nanotube composites

The synthesized flame retardant 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphanthrene‐10‐oxide/vinyl methyl dimethoxysilane (DV) was used to modify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The results of FTIR, ¹H‐NMR, and TGA measurements show that DV has been covalently grafted onto the surfaces of MWNTs, and the MWNTs‐g‐DV is obtained successfully. Transmission electron microscopy images show that a core‐shell nanostructure appears with MWNTs as the core and the DV thin layers as the shell, and the modified MWNTs with DV can achieve better dispersion than unmodified MWNTs in EVM matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter tests indicate that the thermal stability and flame retardant are improved for the presence of the MWNTs in EVM matrix. Moreover, the improvement is more evident for EVM/MWNTs‐g‐DV composite compared to unmodified MWNTs‐based composite, which can be attributed to the better dispersion of the DV‐modified MWNTs and to the chemical structure of the combustion residue. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Synthesis and properties of new polyamide/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites containing a pyridine group

The effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the thermal properties and flame retardancy of a new polyamide (PA) derived from glutaric acid and aromatic diamine were investigated in this work. The synthesized PA containing pyridine and trialkylamine groups was characterized by ¹H NMR and SEC. The PA unit structure was geometrically optimized at the B₃LYP/6‐311⁺⁺G(d, p) level of theory. PA showed a glass transition temperature of 151 ºC. PA nanocomposites containing two different amounts of MWCNTs were prepared via the solution intercalation technique with the solvent N,N‐dimethylacetamide. Transmission electron microscopy showed that MWCNTs were exfoliated in the polymer matrix, resulting in well‐dispersed morphologies at 3 wt% MWCNT content. The redox behaviors of PA and the nanocomposites were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV). PA showed a reversible oxidation process in the CV scan. Thermal and flammability properties of the nanocomposites were studied by TGA in nitrogen and air, DSC and with a microscale combustion calorimeter. The TGA results showed that the addition of MWCNTs resulted in a substantial increase in the thermal stability and char yields of the nanocomposites compared with neat PA. The heat release rate and total heat release were significantly reduced in the presence of MWCNTs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile/single wall carbon nanotube composite films

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) composite films have been processed with unique combination of tensile strength (103 MPa), modulus (10.9 GPa), electrical conductivity (1.5×10⁴ S/m), dimensional stability (coefficient of thermal expansion 1.7×10⁻⁶/°C), low density (1.08 g/cm³), solvent resistance, and thermal stability. PAN molecular motion above the glass transition temperature (T_g) in the composite film is significantly suppressed, resulting in high PAN/SWNT storage modulus above T_g (40 times the PAN storage modulus). Rope diameter in the SWNT powder was 26 nm, while in 60/40 PAN/SWNT film, the rope diameter was 40 nm. PAN crystallite size from (110) plane in PAN and PAN/SWNT films was 5.3 and 2.9 nm, respectively. This study suggests good interaction between PAN and SWNT.     

Temperature-dependent gas transport performance of vertically aligned carbon nanotube/parylene composite membranes

A novel composite membrane consisting of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and parylene was successfully fabricated. Seamless filling of the spaces in CNT forests with parylene was achieved by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique and followed with the Ar/O₂ plasma etching to expose CNT tips. Transport properties of various gases through the CNT/parylene membranes were explored. And gas permeances were independent on feed pressure in accordance with the Knudsen model, but the permeance values were over 60 times higher than that predicted by the Knudsen diffusion kinetics, which was attributed to specular momentum reflection inside smooth CNT pores. Gas permeances and enhancement factors over the Knudsen model firstly increased and then decreased with rising temperature, which confirmed the existence of non-Knudsen transport. And surface adsorption diffusion could affect the gas permeance at relatively low temperature. The gas permeance of the CNT/parylene composite membrane could be improved by optimizing operating temperature.     

Influence of nanoclays on electrical and morphological properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube/clay nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and clays were prepared via melt processing using polyether‐ and polyester‐based TPUs, MWCNTs, and organically modified nanoclays (Cloisite C30B and C25A). Coaddition of clays and MWCNTs to TPU nanocomposites increased their electrical conductivities above those without any clay. Nanoclay alone is shown to produce no effect on electrical conductivity. TEM results show that the coaddition of nanoclay affects the nanocomposite morphology by changing the MWCNT distribution. Clay C25A and MWCNTs were observed to form network structures in the nanocomposites, resulting in improved electrical conduction. Interaction between MWCNTs and clays as well as an increase in nanocomposite viscosity caused by the coaddition of clays may influence the morphology change. Most of the nanocomposites containing both MWCNTs and clay exhibited higher dielectric constants, indicating higher electrical conductivities. Tensile properties investigations confirmed the reinforcing effects of the MWCNTs and clays. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013