Uncertainty analysis technique for OMEGA Dante measurements

The Dante is an 18 channel x-ray filtered diode array which records the spectrally and temporally resolved radiation flux from various targets (e.g., hohlraums, etc.) at x-ray energies between 50 eV and 10 keV. It is a main diagnostic installed on the OMEGA laser facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester. The absolute flux is determined from the photometric calibration of the x-ray diodes, filters and mirrors, and an unfold algorithm. Understanding the errors on this absolute measurement is critical for understanding hohlraum energetic physics. We present a new method for quantifying the uncertainties on the determined flux using a Monte Carlo parameter variation technique. This technique combines the uncertainties in both the unfold algorithm and the error from the absolute calibration of each channel into a one sigma Gaussian error function. One thousand test voltage sets are created using these error functions and processed by the unfold algorithm to produce individual spectra and fluxes. Statistical methods are applied to the resultant set of fluxes to estimate error bars on the measurements.     

Advanced experimental applications for x-ray transmission gratings spectroscopy using a novel grating fabrication method

A novel fabrication method for soft x-ray transmission grating and other optical elements is presented. The method uses focused-ion-beam technology to fabricate high-quality free standing grating bars on transmission electron microscopy grids. High quality transmission gratings are obtained with superb accuracy and versatility. Using these gratings and back-illuminated CCD camera, absolutely calibrated x-ray spectra can be acquired for soft x-ray source diagnostics in the 100-3000 eV spectral range. Double grating combinations of identical or different parameters are easily fabricated, allowing advanced one-shot application of transmission grating spectroscopy. These applications include spectroscopy with different spectral resolutions, bandwidths, dynamic ranges, and may serve for identification of high-order contribution, and spectral calibrations of various x-ray optical elements.     

氮气反应溅射制备Co/Sb多层膜研究

针对"水窗"波段(280~540eV)对多层膜反射镜的应用需求,在Sb的M5吸收边(525.5eV)附近,选择Co和Sb作为该能点的多层膜材料组合,优化设计膜系结构。采用直流磁控溅射方法制备了Co/Sb多层膜,通过在溅射气体氩气中引入氮气作为反应气体,多层膜界面粗糙度明显减小。利用X射线掠入射反射(GIXRR)测试多层膜结构,并在北京BSRF同步辐射3W1B实验站测量了反应溅射前后的多层膜反射率(SXR),结果表明:氮气含量为25%时的界面粗糙度最小,反射率从无反应溅射的7.2%提高到11.7%。     

Measurement of the high energy component of the x-ray spectra in the VENUS electron cyclotron resonance ion source

High performance electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources, such as VENUS (Versatile ECR for NUclear Science), produce large amounts of x-rays. By studying their energy spectra, conclusions can be drawn about the electron heating process and the electron confinement. In addition, the bremsstrahlung from the plasma chamber is partly absorbed by the cold mass of the superconducting magnet, adding an extra heat load to the cryostat. Germanium or NaI detectors are generally used for x-ray measurements. Due to the high x-ray flux from the source, the experimental setup to measure bremsstrahlung spectra from ECR ion sources is somewhat different from that for the traditional nuclear physics measurements these detectors are generally used for. In particular, the collimation and background shielding can be problematic. In this paper, we will discuss the experimental setup for such a measurement, the energy calibration and background reduction, the shielding of the detector, and collimation of the x-ray flux. We will present x-ray energy spectra and cryostat heating rates depending on various ion source parameters, such as confinement fields, minimum B-field, rf power, and heating frequency.     

Heteroepitaxy of Nd(0.67)Sr(0.33)MnO3 on silicon for bolometric x-ray detector application

We have recently reported the design concept and sensor fabrication for a novel bolometric x-ray detector based on a rare earth manganite material for application as a total energy monitor for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) free electron laser at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The detector employs epitaxial thin films of Nd(0.67)Sr(0.33)MnO(3) grown on Si by pulsed laser deposition. In this paper we report details of the fabrication of the actual detector, its response characteristics under photon illumination from LCLS, and improvements in the growth scheme of the sensor material on Si using a buffer/template layer scheme that employs yttria-stabilized zirconia, cerium oxide (CeO(2)), and bismuth titanate (Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12)). The thermal sensor response changes linearly with the energy of an optical calibration laser as expected, and the signals from optical and x-ray pulses at LCLS are very similar, thereby validating the design concept. To the best of our knowledge, the LCLS detector application reported here is the first practical use of colossal magnetoresistive manganite bolometers.     

光纤式GIS局部放电检测装置的研究

传统的GIS局部放电检测的方法主要是电测法和声测法,这些方法很容易受到现场环境的干扰。本文通过检测GIS内电晕产生的紫外光实现其内部局部放电的在线监测,介绍了非接触式紫外光功率检测法的基本原理及基于该方法的在线装置的基本构成和实现方法,并使用该实验装置对高压放电进行了模拟实验。结果表明,该装置具有很高的灵敏度和响应速度,具有很好的应用前景。     

分布光度计测量LED路灯光通量的不确定度评定

为了减少检测的误差,提高检测结果精确度,评定LED路灯光通量的不确定度,分析了用分布光度计法测量LED路灯光通量的影响因素,建立数学模型对测量不确定度进行评定,并计算出A类、B类不确定度,最终给出测试结果的不确定度报告。相对扩展不确定度评定结果为4.13%,置信概率P为99%。结果表明,光谱辐射计的测量误差和标准灯的不确定度所产生的测量不确定度影响因素最大。     

红外锁相法热波检测技术及缺陷深度测量

研究了红外锁相法热波检测技术的原理、缺陷深度测量及在蜂窝夹层结构及焊接构件检测中的应用。建立了二维热传导有限差分模型,采用该模型计算了强度按正弦规律变化的热流引起试件表面温度变化的历程,基于锁相法提取了有缺陷与无缺陷处的准稳态温度变化,并计算了二者的相位差。然后,建立了热波在试件中传导的热-电等效模型,利用该模型对红外锁相法热波检测技术进行了仿真研究,得到了缺陷深度和反射热波与入射热波相位差之间的关系。最后,采用红外锁相法热波检测技术对模拟缺陷的蜂窝夹层结构试件和实际焊接构件进行了无损检测试验。结果显示,有限差分模型和热-电等效模型计算有缺陷与无缺陷处的相位差与试验结果基本一致,偏差5%,表明采用红外锁相法热波检测技术能够快速、准确地获得缺陷大小、位置等,该技术也适用于有复杂曲面结构的构件。     

碲镉汞光导探测器在中红外激光测量中的热问题

为了准确测量中红外高能激光系统的远场功率密度时空分布等参数,分析了室温光导型碲镉汞(HgCdTe)探测器在环境温度变化和光热效应情况下存在的探测器光敏元温升等热问题,并分别给出了应对措施。从HgCdTe的电学参数经验公式和光导型探测器工作原理出发,分析了暗电阻和响应率与光敏元工作温度的相关性。建立了计入接触热阻和自然对流效应的光导型HgCdTe探测器热分析模型,并对模型进行了实验验证。分析了光敏元与环境温度间的热平衡时间特性,提出了连续激光测量中的环境温度校正模型。讨论了激光辐照下探测器的动态响应特性,给出了激光加热探测器光敏元导致的附加光热信号的修正方法,该方法在典型应用条件下可将测量系统的单通道测量不确定度降低2%以上。目前,所述方法均已成功应用于多套远场激光光斑定量测量系统。     

Images of the laser entrance hole from the static x-ray imager at NIF

The static x-ray imager at the National Ignition Facility is a pinhole camera using a CCD detector to obtain images of Hohlraum wall x-ray drive illumination patterns seen through the laser entrance hole (LEH). Carefully chosen filters, combined with the CCD response, allow recording images in the x-ray range of 3-5 keV with 60?μm spatial resolution. The routines used to obtain the apparent size of the backlit LEH and the location and intensity of beam spots are discussed and compared to predictions. A new soft x-ray channel centered at 870 eV (near the x-ray peak of a 300 eV temperature ignition Hohlraum) is discussed.     

Absolute x-ray energy calibration over a wide energy range using a diffraction-based iterative method

In this paper, we report a method of precise and fast absolute x-ray energy calibration over a wide energy range using an iterative x-ray diffraction based method. Although accurate x-ray energy calibration is indispensable for x-ray energy-sensitive scattering and diffraction experiments, there is still a lack of effective methods to precisely calibrate energy over a wide range, especially when normal transmission monitoring is not an option and complicated micro-focusing optics are fixed in place. It is found that by using an iterative algorithm the x-ray energy is only tied to the relative offset of sample-to-detector distance, which can be readily varied with high precision of the order of 10(-5) -10(-6) spatial resolution using gauge blocks. Even starting with arbitrary initial values of 0.1 A?, 0.3 A?, and 0.4 A?, the iteration process converges to a value within 3.5 eV for 31.122 keV x-rays after three iterations. Different common diffraction standards CeO(2), Au, and Si show an energy deviation of 14 eV. As an application, the proposed method has been applied to determine the energy-sensitive first sharp diffraction peak of network forming GeO(2) glass at high pressure, exhibiting a distinct behavior in the pressure range of 2-4 GPa. Another application presented is pair distribution function measurement using calibrated high-energy x-rays at 82.273 keV. Unlike the traditional x-ray absorption-based calibration method, the proposed approach does not rely on any edges of specific elements, and is applicable to the hard x-ray region where no appropriate absorption edge is available.     

Time-resolved soft x-ray absorption setup using multi-bunch operation modes at synchrotrons

Here, we report on a novel experimental apparatus for performing time-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy in the sub-ns time scale using non-hybrid multi-bunch mode synchrotron radiation. The present setup is based on a variable repetition rate Ti:sapphire laser (pump pulse) synchronized with the ~500 MHz x-ray synchrotron radiation bunches and on a detection system that discriminates and singles out the significant x-ray photon pulses by means of a custom made photon counting unit. The whole setup has been validated by measuring the time evolution of the L(3) absorption edge during the melting and the solidification of a Ge single crystal irradiated by an intense ultrafast laser pulse. These results pave the way for performing synchrotron time-resolved experiments in the sub-ns time domain with variable repetition rate exploiting the full flux of the synchrotron radiation.     

同步辐射硬X射线光子通量的绝对测量

在北京同步辐射光源上使用自由空气电离室绝对测量了同步辐射硬X射线光子通量。通过自由空气电离室复现空气比释动能率量值,根据在电离辐射量及其单位中定义的空气比释动能与注量及通量的关系,定量得到了光子通量。由于在测量期间,光子通量随时间变化,而测量需要一定的时间,因此,研究了配套的在线通量监测系统,监测带来的不确定度为0.03%。通过测量空气衰减修正因子及复合损失修正因子,结合在线通量监测,在能量为15keV的同步辐射X射线上用自由空气电离室复现了空气比释动能率。在实际实验条件下复现的空气比释动能率为0.239Gy/s,从而得到同步辐射X射线的光子通量为5.28×10~9 photons/s,相对标准不确定度为0.68%。     

Experimental mathematical model as a generalization of sensitivity analysis of high temperature spectral emissivity measurement method

The development of an experimental mathematical model describing temperature state of the sample during high temperature spectral emissivity measurement is introduced. Dimensional analysis of the measurement process gives the physical dimensionless quantities and sensitivity analysis of the measurement process provides the large set of performed model experiments. Evaluated experimental mathematical models are presented including their accordance with model experiments. Established equations are generalization of sensitivity analysis of high temperature spectral emissivity measurement method and can be used for computation of spectral emissivity total uncertainty.     

Highly absorbing gadolinium test device to characterize the performance of neutron imaging detector systems

We report on the fabrication and application of a novel neutron imaging test device made of gadolinium. It is designed for a real time evaluation of the spatial resolution, resolution direction, and distortions of a neutron imaging detector system. Measurements of the spatial resolution of (6)LiF doped ZnS scintillator screens with different thicknesses and of imaging plates were performed. The obtained results are in good agreement with comparison measurements using the standard knife edge detection method.     

激光等离子体X射线极化光谱研究

为了诊断激光等离子体X射线的极化光谱,研制了一种新型的基于空间分辨的极化谱仪。将平面晶体和球面弯晶色散元件在极化谱仪内正交布置,即在水平通道用PET平面晶体作为色散元件,而在垂直通道用Mica球面弯晶作为色散元件,球面半径为380mm。信号采用成像板进行接收,有效接收面积为30×80mm,从等离子体光源经晶体到成像板的光路约为980mm。物理实验首次在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心“2×10J激光装置”上进行,成像板获得了铝激光等离子体X射线的光谱空间分辨信号。实验结果表明该谱仪具有较高谱分辨率,适合激光等离子体x射线极化光谱的诊断。     

Inverse model of fiber probe aperture size using a non‐destructive method

This study establishes a set of theoretical line segment fabrication models of near‐field photolithography using radiation field theory—Dill's exposure model and Mack's development model. By combining the theoretical line segment fabrication model and experiments, this work constructs a novel theory of inverse calculation of fiber probe aperture size using the non‐destructive method. The experimental and simulation results obtained using the theoretical line segment fabrication model are compared; the error between these results is utilized as an objective function. The Levenberg–Marquardt method is used to search and rationalize the convergence criterion. Fiber probe aperture size that fits the experimental and theoretical model is inverse calculated. According to the results, the probe aperture obtained by this inverse model is d=250.6 nm, while the average size certified by SEM is d_avg=253.4 nm, the close match indicated that the probe aperture calculated with the inverse model is reasonable and can be accepted. The lithographic fabrication profile can be predicted with the inverse model to get the probe aperture and, then, cooperated with the theoretical simulated values and experimental parameter control. Such a fabrication has an application value for industry. This non‐destructive fiber probe aperture measured model can overcome the bottleneck at present to get this value by destructive measurement, thus, it has surmounted contribution in fiber probe aperture measuring techniques. SCANNING 31: 211–220, 2009. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

X-ray diffraction in the pulsed laser heated diamond anvil cell

We have developed in situ x-ray synchrotron diffraction measurements of samples heated by a pulsed laser in the diamond anvil cell at pressure up to 60 GPa. We used an electronically modulated 2-10 kHz repetition rate, 1064-1075 nm fiber laser with 1-100 μs pulse width synchronized with a gated x-ray detector (Pilatus) and time-resolved radiometric temperature measurements. This enables the time domain measurements as a function of temperature in a microsecond time scale (averaged over many events, typically more than 10,000). X-ray diffraction data, temperature measurements, and finite element calculations with realistic geometric and thermochemical parameters show that in the present experimental configuration, samples 4 μm thick can be continuously temperature monitored (up to 3000 K in our experiments) with the same level of axial and radial temperature uniformities as with continuous heating. We find that this novel technique offers a new and convenient way of fine tuning the maximum sample temperature by changing the pulse width of the laser. This delicate control, which may also prevent chemical reactivity and diffusion, enables accurate measurement of melting curves, phase changes, and thermal equations of state.     

测量不确定度的简易估算

本文首先简要介绍不确定度的基本概念及不确定度的评定流程,并给出测量不确定度在多种情况下的简易估算方法,最后举例说明不确定度简易评定方法在实际检验工作中的应用,为测量不确定度评定提供参考。