中一高含水期提高原油采收率方法

通过开展并联双管长岩心实验,分析了水驱、氮气驱、气—水交替驱、氮气泡沫调驱、聚合物段塞+氮气泡沫调驱等方式的原油采出程度及含水率的变化程度,为QK17-2油田中—高含水期提高采收率研究提供了可靠依据.结果表明,聚合物段塞+氮气泡沫调驱的驱油效果最好,岩心驱替的采出程度比水驱的采出程度提高13.39％,调驱能够有效改善层间非均质性对原油采出程度的影响,提高原油采收率.     

张天渠特低渗油藏表面活性剂驱油先导实验研究

张天渠油田属于特低渗油藏,其主力开发层位长2,经过近20年的注水开发,目前综合含水84%,已进入高含水开发阶段,且采出程度达到20.5%,水驱采收率标定25.0%,已达到水驱开发比较理想的效果。为进一步提高油藏的采收率,开展表面活性剂驱油技术研究,通过表面活性剂单剂优选、复配筛选、临界胶束浓度测定,优选出4种表面活性较优的驱油体系,并进行性能评价及岩心驱替实验。室内实验结果表明,表面活性剂驱油技术可使张天渠油田长2储层驱油效率提高17.7%。     

鄂尔多斯盆地浅层特低渗透油藏氮气驱实验研究

浅层特低渗透油藏衰竭式开发效果较差,注水开发过程中存在注不进的问题,氮气驱技术为提高特低渗透油藏采收率提供了一种有效手段。结合矿场实际,通过对特低渗透岩心氮气驱开发效果的研究,分析了注入参数对水驱后氮气驱开发效果的影响,对比了单纯氮气驱和氮气与水交替注入时水驱驱替压力的变化,优化了特低渗透岩心氮气驱与水驱段塞比例。人造和天然岩心驱替实验结果表明,水驱后氮气驱可提高浅层特低渗透油藏采收率3%~10%,二次水驱时驱替压力增加,含水率较低时进行氮气驱效果较好;水驱后氮气驱采出程度与气体注入量变化存在阶梯性上升趋势,改变了以往采收率与气驱注入量单调性上升的认识,对于不同油田的注入要求可以选择气体注入量局域性最优值;相对于单纯氮气驱,氮气与水交替注入采收率有所增加,注入压力可明显提高,气水交替注入6轮次时压力最大增加约1.5 MPa,气水段塞优化最佳比例为2∶1。     

水驱油藏注CO2非混相驱油机理及剩余油分布特征

多数陆上油田经过几十年的注水开发,均已进入高含水、低产出、无效水循环严重的开发阶段,整体动用程度较低,亟需研究水驱后剩余油分布和提高采收率技术。CO_2非混相驱油时需考虑水驱后残留在孔隙中的注入水对气驱开发效果的影响。在传统剩余油分布研究方法的基础上,提出采用岩心在线CT扫描与岩心薄片仿真微观模型相结合的实验方法,分别从宏观岩心尺度和微观孔隙结构2方面,定性和定量地研究注水和注气驱油机理、驱替后宏观和微观剩余油的分布特征,揭示了水驱转气驱及气水交替驱对微观剩余油的启动方式和运移过程,进一步描述了可动水作用下油、气、水三相渗流规律,为油藏开发后期注CO_2非混相驱开发提供了理论基础和实验依据。     

濮城油田低渗高压注水油藏转CO2驱技术及应用

濮城油田卫42区块油藏埋藏深,储层物性差,导致该区块注水开发难度大,采出程度低,开发效益差。为此,针对高压低渗注水困难油藏,开展核磁共振实验及长岩心驱替实验,并在实验研究基础上,对卫42区块开展CO_2驱方案设计优化,建立可以模拟人工裂缝的油藏数值模拟模型,进行井网井距论证及参数优化。现场选取6个井组,开展注CO_2驱先导试验,注气压力较注水压力降低了17 MPa,有效补充了地层能量,在水驱基础上可提高采收率15%,取得了良好的增油效果。     

濮城油田沙一下油藏CO_2/水交替驱提高采收率数值模拟研究

濮城油田沙一下油藏经长期注水开发,综合含水高达98.7%,继续水驱提高采收率难度加大。为研究CO2/水交替驱在沙一下油藏的适应性,先进行岩心实验,进而利用油藏数值模拟评价其驱油效果,并对CO2注入速度、CO2段塞数目、交替注水速度和压力水平4个注采参数进行优化模拟。结果表明,濮城沙一下油藏注CO2最小混相压力18.4 MPa,地层条件能实现水气混相驱替,当注入倍数为1.28时,采收率达57.6%,比单独水驱采收率提高5.7%。选择CO2注入速度40.0t/d,CO2段塞数目8个,水注入速度280.3 m3/d,压力水平18.8 MPa作为最优方案参数,预测5年后含水率恢复到起始水平,采出程度能达64.6%。     

渤海稠油油田高含水期提高水驱采收率技术研究及应用

为探索稠油油田进入高采出程度、高含水率阶段提高水驱采收率的新技术,改善油田开发效果,以渤海S稠油油田为例,开展了高倍数水驱技术研究和联合井网注水方法研究。其中,高倍数水驱实验结果表明,当驱替倍数达到300~400倍时,与驱替倍数30~50倍时相比,驱油效率提高约10%,为S油田提高水驱采收率提供了方向;利用灰色关联分析方法所建立的多因素调控注水方法,综合考虑了有效厚度、渗透率、注采井距、注采井数、方向地层系数等因素,能够满足S油田具有海上特色的水平井与直井联合井网的注水需求。将研究成果在S油田G区应用后,G区2016―2019年自然递减率由6.0%降低至4.4%,含水上升率由2.2%降低至1.8%,改善了G区的开发效果,表明该方法对海上注水开发油田进入高含水期后的调整具有一定的指导意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北油田长3储层注CO_2室内研究

渭北油田WB2井区采用超前注水直注直采开发方式,开发效果不理想。通过渭北长3超低渗储层岩心物模室内实验,结合核磁共振数据,研究了水驱、CO_2驱、注水转注气3种方式的微观驱油机理。实验结果表明,渭北长3超低渗储层水驱驱油效率最低(37%),CO_2驱油效率更高(54.3%);水驱转气驱驱油效率最高(约55.7%)。通过核磁共振测量不同驱替方式后岩心的剩余油分布发现,直接水驱主要动用中、小孔隙中的原油,直接气驱更大程度动用的是中、大孔隙中的原油,而水驱转气驱能扩大波及范围,进一步动用大中小孔隙中的原油;注水转注CO_2有利于驱油效率的提高。     

柳北砂砾岩油藏CO_2驱提高采收率可行性

柳北中低渗油藏岩性以砂砾岩为主,非均质性强、水敏性强、水驱含水上升快、水驱效果差。为了进一步认识CO_2驱提高采收率技术可行性,基于地质及储层流体特征,运用可视化注气增溶膨胀相态配伍性实验、长细管驱替实验、多功能长岩心驱替实验和高压微观可视化驱替实验等多种方法,分析了注CO_2增溶膨胀和溶解抽提的相态配伍性和近混相驱程度;对比分析了注水、注CO_2等不同驱替方式的驱油效率以及微观驱油效果。评价结果表明:注CO_2有利于增溶膨胀和萃取抽提驱油;相态配伍性分析显示在原始地层压力条件下主要形成近混相驱;微观可视化实验显示,砂砾岩CO_2近混相驱过程具有较好的微观驱油效果,油流主要沿连通性较好的大孔道被驱替,也能驱替中小孔道的原油,驱替具有不连续性,呈现为一波一波的流动状态,可进一步通过提高驱替压差来增强驱替效率,使部分封闭的微观剩余油恢复流动;长岩心驱替表明原始压力下CO_2驱和衰竭至目前地层压力下CO_2驱的驱油效率均大于同等条件下水驱驱油效率,砂砾岩储层注入增黏水增加水的黏度有利于进一步提高采收率,但仍低于CO_2驱效果。     

叙利亚Gbeibe油田裂缝性碳酸盐岩长岩心驱替实验研究

为了真实地模拟Gbeibe油田Chilou B储层裂缝系统,对长岩心驱替实验用岩心进行了人工制造网状缝系统,在此基础上开展了水驱、CO2驱、伴生气驱以及空气驱共四组长岩心驱替实验,实验结果表明CO2驱具有最高的驱替效率,其次是伴生气驱、水驱,空气驱最低,各组实验最终驱替效率分别是水驱55.83%,CO2驱66.24%,伴生气驱61.85%,空气驱35.02%。根据实验结果认为,Gbeibe油田在提高Chilou B层采油效率的方法选择上,CO2驱、伴生气驱、水驱可选择作为进一步研究的开采方式,而因空气驱效率较低,不适合作为提高该储层采收率的方法。另外各组实验过程中水驱驱替压差较高,说明Chilou B储层注水相对注气较为困难。     

水驱后特低渗透油藏氮气驱驱油特性分析

特低渗透油藏水驱采收率低,注入压力高,而氮气在特低渗油藏具有良好的注入性。本文在特低渗透岩心水驱后分别进行了常规的注氮气、水驱后水气交替、水驱后脉冲注氮气驱替实验。实验结果表明:特低渗储层微观非均质性导致气体在大孔道易形成窜流,水驱后常规注氮气提高采收率的效果有限。水气交替通过多轮次的注入使油藏中不同相态流体的分散程度提高,在优势流动通道中形成毛管阻力,促使后续注入气体进入局部致密区,可有效提高采收率16.37%;脉冲注气通过周期性注气方式,在局部高渗区和局部低渗区间形成压力扰动与交互渗流,使流体在地层中不断地重新分布,从而启动油层低渗区原油,提高采收率15.94%。此外,脉冲注气的注气压力比较低,与水气交替开采方式比较注入性提高。图6表1参12     

Maximizing the Oil Recovery Through Miscible Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection in an Iranian Oil Reservoir

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in water alternating gas (WAG) processes, both miscible and immiscible. Microscopic oil displacement and sweep efficiency of waterflooding and continuous gas injection can be improved by WAG injection. In this work, by designing various scenarios of water and gas injection, WAG injection and simultaneously water and gas injection, the recovery and residual oil saturation obtained by implementing these methods are compared to choose the appropriate method of injection. The results showed that simultaneously the water and gas injection method has the highest recovery but from economic view, WAG process is the best enhanced oil recovery method to increase the recovery. In WAG method, the values of gas oil ratio and water cut are the smallest, so in this case, operational and process facilities problems and their costs are the minimum.     

Scaled 3-D model studies of immiscible CO2 flooding using horizontal wells

In this study, a comprehensive laboratory investigation was conducted for the recovery of heavy oil from a scaled three-dimensional (3-D) physical model, packed with 18° API gravity crude oil, brine and crushed limestone. A total of 20 experiments were conducted using the scaled 3-D physical model with 30×30×6 cm³ dimensions. Basically, four different immiscible CO₂–water displacement processes were used for recovering heavy oil: (i) continuous CO₂ injection, (ii) waterflooding, (iii) simultaneous injection of CO₂ and water, and (iv) water alternating gas (WAG) process. Three groups of well configurations were mainly used: (1) vertical injection and vertical production wells, (2) vertical injection and horizontal production wells, and (3) horizontal injection and horizontal production wells. Base experiments were run with water only and carbon dioxide alone and optimum rates for WAG and simultaneous water–CO₂ injection were determined. In continuous CO₂ injection, highest recovery was obtained by vertical injection–horizontal production (VI–HP), followed by vertical injection–vertical production (VI–VP) and the least by horizontal injection–horizontal production (HI–HP). In VI–HP configuration, the best recovery was obtained as 15.1% OOIP. Higher oil recovery was obtained with a VI–HP wells than with a pair of vertical wells and horizontal wells. The WAG 1:5 ratio yielded a final recovery of 34.5% OOIP with VI–VP well configuration and 17.0% OOIP of additional recovery over waterflooding. In turn, the WAG 1:10 ratio was the best with a final recovery of 20.9% of OOIP with VI–HP well configuration. Oil production from WAG injection is higher than that obtained from the injection of continuous CO₂ or waterflooding alone.     

高凝油油藏气水交替驱提高采收率参数优化

通过开展室内物理模拟实验,验证了高凝油油藏气水交替驱提高采收率的可行性,得到了岩心尺度下的最优化参数,采出程度较纯水驱时提高19.83%。在物模研究的基础上,利用实验岩心和流体参数、含气活油相渗曲线建立数值模型,分别研究注采井网、注采井距、段塞尺寸、气水体积比、注入时机、注入周期各参数对采收率的影响。研究结果表明:当采用五点系统、300 m井距、0.2PV段塞尺寸、1∶2气水体积比、含水率60%时转注、连续注入9个周期为最佳方案,可以保证在较低的注气成本下获得较高的采收率,对以后该类油藏的气水交替驱开发具有理论指导意义。     

倾斜油藏水气交替驱提高采收率机理研究

以冀东油田柳北大倾角油藏为原型建立了剖面地质模型,在流体相态拟合基础上．应用数值模拟技术讨论了地层倾角、油层厚度、地层压力、注入速度、气水比等参数对倾斜油藏水气交替驱开发效果的影响。结果表明,倾角的存在可显著提高水气交替驱开发效果,模型中倾角15°时提高采收率比无倾角时大6．18％;对于倾斜油藏。油层厚度越大对水气交替驱越有利．而无倾角时,规律相反;通过控制注入速度,倾斜油藏水气交替驱在较低的适宜压力下也可获得较好的开发效果;此外注入速度、气水比等对倾斜油藏水气交替驱的影响与无倾角时规律不同且均存在最佳取值。     

An Experimental Study on the Applicability of Water-alternating-CO2 Injection in the Secondary and Tertiary Recovery in One Iranian Reservoir

Abstract

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the performance of water-alternating gas (WAG) injection in one of Iran's oil reservoirs that encountered a severe pressure drop in recent years. Because one of the most appropriate studies to evaluate the reservoir occurs generally on rock cores taken from the reservoir, core samples drilled out of the reservoir's rock matrix were used for alternating injection of water and gas. In the experiments, the fluid system consisted of reservoir dead oil, live oil, CO₂, and synthetic brine; the porous media were a number of carbonate cores chosen from the oilfield from which the oil samples had been taken. All coreflood experiments were conducted using live (recombined) oil at 1,700 psi and reservoir temperature of 115°F. A total of four displacement experiments were performed in the core, including two experiments on secondary WAG injection and others on the tertiary water and gas invaded zones WAG injections. Prior to each test porosity and permeability of dried cores were calculated then 100% water-saturated cores were oil-flooded to obtain connate water saturation. Therefore, all coreflooding tests started with the samples at irreducible water saturation. Parameters such as oil recovery factor, water cut, and gas-oil ratio and production pressure of the core were recorded for each test. The most similar experimental work with the main reservoir condition, indicated that approximately 64% oil were recovered after 1 pore volume of WAG process at 136,000 ppm brine salinity. Although tests show ultimate recovery of 79% and 55% for secondary and tertiary injection in gas and water invaded zones, respectively, immiscible WAG injection efficiency in the gas and water invaded zones will not be proper. In the similar test to field properties, the average pressure difference about 70 Psig was observed, which shows stable front displacement. These experiments showed that there was significant improvement in the oil recovery for alternating injection of water and CO₂, especially in the secondary recovery process. Water breakthrough time in almost all of the tests shows frontal displacement of injected fluid in cores and produced gas-oil ratio changes a little whenever the injection is miscible and increases rapidly in immiscible processes.     

大庆油田烃气非混相驱矿场试验

大庆油田烃气非混相驱矿场试验于１９８９年４月在大庆萨中开发区进行。注气后改善了吸入和产出剖面，减慢了含水上升速度，累积产没比正常水驱增加了１１９８２９ｔ，提高采收率４．３％，预计最终采收率可提高９．０％左右，经济效益显著，可获得纯利润９２１１．６８万元，为投资的２．６４倍。     

大庆油田泡沫复合驱油先导性矿场试验

根据室内模型实验结果,泡沫复合驱可比水驱提高采收率30%。在同一层位萨Ⅲ3-7层水气交替试验(WAG)后,北二东泡沫复合驱试验区于1997年2月开始泡沫复合体系的注入。随着气液交替周期的增加,气窜现象得到有效的控制,油层中形成了泡沫。目前已见到良好效果,含水大幅度下降,油层中明显地形成了含油富集区。北二东泡沫复合驱全区阶段采出程度为10.64%,中心井区阶段采出程度为10.34%。中心井区总采出程度达到54.96%。目前试验仍处于实施过程中,最终采收率将依据物模、数模及矿场开采规律综合进行评价。     

氮气泡沫驱注入参数优化试验研究

为提高高温高矿化度中渗油藏注水开发后期的油藏原油采收率,研究优选了发泡剂浓度、气液比、注入量、注入方式、设备注入性和泡沫的封窜能力等工艺参数。实验结果表明:最佳气液比为2:1;最佳发泡剂浓度为0.5%;在气液比为2:1和发泡剂浓度0.5%的条件下,氮气泡沫注入量由0.11 PV增加到0.54 PV,采收率由20.6%增大到68.6%;水段塞与氮气泡沫段塞体积比为1:2～1:3时,最终采收率较高;在2.0 mL/min范围内,注入速度的变化对提高原油采收率的影响不明显。试注试验表明:注气设备额定压力在35 MPa以上可以满足试验区注入要求;水气交替注氮气易发生气窜;泡沫具有明显的封堵气窜和调剖作用。     

特低渗透油藏水驱规律及最佳驱替模式

为了进一步改善特低渗透油藏开发效果，提高水驱采收率，通过大量特低渗透油藏水驱开采特征研究，揭示了特低渗透油藏的水驱规律：在注水开发过程中，特低渗透油藏会首先沿现今最大水平主应力方向注、采井间开启注水动态裂缝，随着注水压力的升高，或将开启与之成最小角度的注采井连线方向裂缝，导致注入水沿裂缝方向注采井无效循环，造成油藏水驱开发效果很差。等值渗流阻力法计算结果也证明了面积驱替径向渗流转为裂缝线性侧向驱替平行流后可大大降低渗流阻力。由此提出了“沿现今最大水平主应力方向注水动态裂缝线性注水、侧向基质驱替”的井网转换模式。井网模式的转换避免了注水动态裂缝导致的注入水无效循环，消除了动态裂缝对储层非均质性的影响，减小了渗流阻力，扩大了水驱波及程度。现场应用效果显著，单井产能增加了一倍，平面波及系数提高了43.2%，水驱采收率提高了19.3%。