Brilliance of novel X-ray source based on bremsstrahlung

A novel X-ray source based on tiny target bremsstrahlung and a low energy tabletop synchrotron was developed in Japan. In this paper, its brilliance formula is deducted and compared with BEAMnrc (EGS4) simulation. The brilliance of a tiny target bremsstrahlung X-ray prototype is discussed.     

Development of a new X-ray source using backscattered X-ray with the use of a cold cathode

The development of an intense X-ray source using backscattered X-ray produced using an advanced electrode configuration is described. The electrodes were composed of field emitters deposited on a wire mounted on a perforated plate as the cathode and a copper plate as the anode. Electrons from these emitters collided with the copper plate and X-ray was generated at collision points. The backscattered X-ray in the direction normal to the electron trajectory through a hole in the anode escaped from the vacuum chamber through a beryllium window. Continuous and characteristic X-rays were detected at an applied voltage lower than that of a conventional X-ray source from 3.0 to 9.4 kV, respectively. Moreover, the X-ray dosage measured with a survey meter reached 0.95 mSv/h at 5.0 kV of applied voltage. The transmission images of three types of material used as an X-ray source for the X-ray imaging system indicate three advantages; low power consumption, focal point controllable by adjusting applied voltage, and photographable motion picture of X-ray transmission.     

Two-stage EEHG for coherent hard X-ray generation based on a superconducting linac

A two-stage echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) scheme is proposed for a superconducting linacdriven FEL to produce coherent hard X-rays.Electron beams of quite different bunch lengths are separately used in each stage of EEHG,and a monochromator is designed to purify the radiation from the first stage for seeding the second stage.Theoretical analysis and 3D simulations indicate that the proposed scheme can generate high-repetition-rate coherent hard X-ray pulses directly from a conventional UV seed laser.     

Measurement of focal spot size in a 5.5 MeV linac

High energy X-ray beams allow to perform analysis on different materials and objects of relevant interest that cannot be investigated with conventional X-ray sources. A 5.5 MeV endpoint energy bremsstrahlung source has been characterized by evaluating the size of X-ray emitting area. In order to perform a proper characterization, an ‘ad hoc’ slit-camera has been designed and a specific technique has been adopted. Due to the characteristics of the beam, a highly attenuating slit with variable aperture has been designed using Monte Carlo simulations of the X-ray beam and set up. Since the slit camera is far from the ideal model (negligible X-ray transmission and very thin aperture), a whole set of image profiles of the slit at different width sizes have been acquired and analyzed. Imaging correction procedures and data fitting lead to satisfactory experimental results according to the theoretical model.     

工业CT系统中射线源的精确定位

为了实现工业CT系统射线源的精确定位,设计了射束中心位置测试专用装置,并开发了测试程序.利用该装置对两套工业CT系统进行了测试,修正了射线源的位置,精度达到士0.1mm.结果表明,利用该装置对射线源进行定位后,获取的图像质量有明显改善,并能够降低射线源位置调节机构的设计难度.     

超导质子直线加速器的分段研究

对超导直线加速器的分段进行了详细的研究。包括超导加速器的分段原则的讨论,对称性分段和非对称性分段的讨论。超导加速腔的加速单元数及设计值βo的确定,加速器能量增益的确定。     

Study by positron annihilation of radiation damage in an aluminium collimator of a 30 MeV electron linac

A positron annihilation lineshape study was made of samples cut from an aluminium commercial alloy collimator of a 30 MeV electron LINAC. The same material was studied after 60% deformation and both measurements were compared with the results of deformed pure aluminium samples. It was concluded that after irradiation, in addition to dislocations other trapping centres also have to be present. The annealing behaviour of the different samples is discussed.     

10 MeV电子加速器X射线能谱模拟研究

本文建立了10 Mev电子轰击铅靶、铁靶、铝靶产生x射线的几何模型,使用蒙特卡罗程序模拟计算得到了0°~180°方向上产生的x射线能谱和O°、90°、180°方向上的剂量率发射常数。模拟结果表明剂量率发射常数具有明显的方向性,0°方向轰击铅靶最高,随着靶材原子序数的降低或角度的增大而减小;0°方向的X射线能谱最硬,随着靶材原子序数的降低或角度的增大而逐渐变软。     

Effect of 4MeV electron beam irradiation on carbon films

Pulsed KrF excimer laser is used to deposit tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) thin films on Si (1 1 1) single crystal substrates at room temperature under vacuum ∼10⁻⁶ mbars. The pristine deposited films are then irradiated by 4 MeV electron beam at doses varying from 1000 to 4000 cGy. Analysis through AFM illustrates that the irradiation of electron has induced cluster formation on the film surface and increased the surface roughness. Optical properties (n, α and Tauc optical band gap) measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry and electrical resistivity measured by four probe technique are found to depend strongly on electron dose. High electron doses cause significant alteration in order/disorder or sp² states in the film which is the main cause of modifying band gap in the carbon films. The electrical conductivity of the films also increases by increasing electron dose which is due to tunneling of charge carriers through neighbouring conductive chains. The present electron irradiation process at varying electron doses proved to be successful to modulate the optical and electrical properties of carbon films.     

Velocity bunching for the linac of Shanghai Deep UV FEL facility

High brightness electron beam is one of the main goals of the research and development effort in RF photo-injectors.Compared with the normally used magnetic chicane,an alternative scheme,commonly known as 'velocity bunching',has been proposed as a tool to compress electron beam pulses in modern high brightness photo-injector sources.This paper presents numerical optimization systematically and the first attempt to demonstrate the velocity bunching scheme on SDUV-FEL linac experimentally.The relationship between the degree of bunching and the off-crest phase of the accelerating structure is explored experimentally.Velocity bunching operating mode illustrates flexible performances with an intrinsic machine jitter,which agrees well with the theoretical prediction.     

9MeV行波电子直线加速器加速管的物理设计

海关大型货物在线检测用加速器采用４ＭＷ速调管作为微波功率源,保证加速管入口功率可达３．５ＭＷ、工作频率为２８５６ＭＨｚ;以行波方式加速电子,聚束器俘获效率大于８０％;加速管全长约２２０ｃｍ;电子能量设置９、６ＭｅＶ两档,对应的额定脉冲束流强度理论设计值分别为１７０和３００ｍＡ。本文给出了纵向粒子动力学、盘荷波导的尺寸及加速管的工作特性等方面的计算结果。     

X射线及电子束照射对非洲紫罗兰叶片外植体不定芽再生的影响

采用X射线（电子束能量8MeV）及9MeV电子束对两个品系（Mauve and Indikon）的非洲紫罗兰（Saintpaulia ionahta）组培苗叶片外植体进行辐照处理，研究其组织增殖、芽分化及叶片形态学变化。结果表明，40Gy的X射线照射能使Mauve及Indikon的外植体新鲜组织增殖倍数为27.3和26.3，相同剂量的电子束照射抑制组织增殖能力不如X射线照射，增殖倍数为49．7和27．4。低于20Gy的X射线和电子束照射诱发非洲紫罗兰叶片外植体增殖变化的规律不同于剂量高于20Gy的照射，呈先降低后升高趋势。100Gy的电子束辐照处理使Mauve及Indikon的芽形成率降为3．7％和11.3％，而100Gy的X射线辐照处理其芽形成率分别为7．5％和64．1％。就Mauve而言，60Gy的电子束辐照处理后畸形小苗百分比高达22．2％，相同剂量的X射线辐照处理后为14．8％；而对于Indikon，40Gy的电子束辐照可使畸形小苗百分比升至35．2％，该剂量条件下x射线的百分比仅为5．8％。因此，本研究发现非洲紫罗兰叶片的电子束辐照的诱变效果要优于X射线辐照。电子束辐照非洲紫罗兰Mauve及Indikon叶片组织的推荐最佳诱变剂量为40—60Gy。     

基于GDT的14MeV中子源初步设计研究

为满足聚变材料测试对D-T聚变中子源的需要,本文首先根据国际上对用于聚变材料测试的中子源的要求给出设计目标,然后基于Gas Dynamic Trap(GDT)装置的实验进展,提出了基于GDT装置的14MeV中子源的设计初步方案,并建立了GDT中子源的物理模型。计算分析给出了两套中子源参数初步方案,其中FDS-GDT2中子壁负载为2MW/m2,可用于聚变材料的测试。     

Two Monte Carlo-based simulators for imaging-system modeling and projection simulation of flat-panel X-ray source

The advantages of a flat-panel X-ray source(FPXS)make it a promising candidate for imaging applications.Accurate imaging-system modeling and projection simulation are critical for analyzing imaging performance and resolving over-lapping projection issues in FPXS.The conventional analytical ray-tracing approach is limited by the number of patterns and is not applicable to FPXS-projection calculations.However,the computation time of Monte Carlo(MC)simulation is independent of the size of the patterned arrays in FPXS.This study proposes two high-efficiency MC projection simulators for FPXS:a graphics processing unit(GPU)-based phase-space sampling MC(gPSMC)simulator and GPU-based fluence sampling MC(gFSMC)simulator.The two simulators comprise three components:imaging-system modeling,photon ini-tialization,and physical-interaction simulations in the phantom.Imaging-system modeling was performed by modeling the FPXS,imaging geometry,and detector.The gPSMC simulator samples the initial photons from the phase space,whereas the gFSMC simulator performs photon initialization from the calculated energy spectrum and fluence map.The entire process of photon interaction with the geometry and arrival at the detector was simulated in parallel using multiple GPU kernels,and projections based on the two simulators were calculated.The accuracies of the two simulators were evaluated by comparing them with the conventional analytical ray-tracing approach and acquired projections,and the efficiencies were evaluated by comparing the computation time.The results of simulated and realistic experiments illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed gPSMC and gFSMC simulators in the projection calculation of various phantoms.     

数字化X荧光仪电源的最优化设计

针对数字化X荧光仪的低功耗、低噪声等要求进行了电源最优化设计。文中对数字梯形滤波器进行了Simulink仿真,根据仿真结果得到最佳的M,N系数,由此确定微分电路的时间常数,最后确定高压电源的最佳开关频率点,降低了高压偏置电源噪声对系统的干扰。还分析了数字梯形滤波器及高速ADC采样的特点,设计了最优化的低压供电系统,进一步降低低压电源对系统的干扰。为了提高Si-Pin探测器制冷电源的供电效率,采用了高效率DC-DC、LDO芯片与检流芯片完成高效率恒流源的设计。实测高压电源的交流纹波小于3.5 mV,带载功耗小于70 mW,恒流源的带载转换效率83%,纹波电压小于12 mV,相同条件下采用文中电源系统可提高谱线的能量分辨率。     

Neutron interrogation of high-enriched uranium by a 4 MeV linac

For revealing unauthorized transport (illicit trafficking) of nuclear materials, a non-destructive method reported earlier, utilizing a 4 MeV linear accelerator for photoneutron interrogation, was further developed. The linac served as a pulsed neutron source for assay of highly enriched uranium. Produced in beryllium or heavy water by bremsstrahlung, neutrons subsequently induced fission in the samples. Delayed neutrons were detected by a newly designed neutron collar built up of 14 ³He counters embedded in a polyethylene moderator. A PC controlled multiscaler served as a time analyzer, triggering the detector startup by the beam pulse. Significant progress was achieved in enhancing the detector response, hence the sensitivity for revealing illicit material. A lower sensitivity limit of the order of 10 mg ²³⁵U was determined in a 20 s measurement time with a reasonable amount of beryllium (170 g) or of heavy water (100 g) and a mean electron current of 10 μA. Sensitivity can be further enhanced by increasing the measurement time.     

Analysis of X-ray spectra in 14.5-GHz ECR ion source for optimizing operation conditions

An electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source operating at 14.5 GHz was developed for the generation of charged ions at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). Experiments were carried out to study the plasma inside the ECR ion source by analyzing the X-ray spectra generated by it. The X-ray energy distribution and electron energy inside the plasma chamber are influenced by the status of the heated plasma. That status depends on various operation parameters such as microwave power, injected gas-pressure, and solenoid and trim coil currents. X-ray spectra were recorded to find the correlation between the plasma and the X-rays for variations in the operation parameters. A standard NaI(Tl) detector was used for that purpose. The X-ray energy distribution was studied in the range of 100–500 W for radiofrequency power. The influence of the injected gas pressure and the mirror ratio in the emission of X-rays were analyzed.