基于精度分簇的无线传感器网络时间同步算法

无线传感器网络时间同步的精度主要受同步跳数的影响,同步精度随同步跳数增大而降低;网络分簇采用分簇技术以实现尽可能延长网络的生存周期的目标;基于精度分簇的无线传感器网络时间同步算法结合了两个方面的因素;该算法以网络内节点不同的同步精度要求为基础,精度要求高的节点推选为簇首,保证簇首节点与基站的高精度单跳同步,同时在簇首与普通节点同步采用简单的单向报文同步方式以降低整个网络的同步功耗;通过仿真和分析得出该同步方法能保证精度要求,降低了同步开销和能耗,具有一定的应用价值.     

基于分簇的低功耗多跳无线传感器网络层次时间同步算法

针对典型时间同步算法在应用于多跳无线传感器网络(WSN)时主要集中于提高网络同步精度而忽略能耗、路径跳数、误差累积等问题,提出一种基于分簇的低功耗多跳WSN层次时间同步算法。该算法基于分簇的层次型网络结构,选取某一簇内节点与簇头进行双向同步,其邻居节点通过被动监听方式间接完成同步,减少了数据包传输数量,且数字签名方式保证了消息传输的安全性;引用了同步分组延迟的周期更新系数,以进一步减少报文开销。仿真结果表明,算法有效地降低了能量消耗,提高了网络寿命,具有一定的实用性。     

基于簇的能量均衡无线传感器网络时间同步算法

针对现有时间同步算法应用于多跳无线传感器网络时存在的误差累计和能耗不均衡问题,提出一种基于簇的能量均衡时间同步算法。该算法基于簇状分层的网络拓扑,簇首之间采用双向监听机制代替双向交换机制,以减小通信开销和发送时延带来的同步误差;簇成员节点利用双向交换和单向广播相结合的机制与簇首同步,并通过最优剩余能量选取回应节点,均衡簇内节点能耗。对提出的新方法和传统的同步算法在精度和能耗方面进行理论分析和仿真验证,结果表明,该算法在保证较高同步精度的前提下可以减小通信开销,均衡网内节点能量消耗,延长网络生命周期。     

基于动态分簇的低开销WSNs时间同步协议研究

时间同步是无线传感器网络（WSNs）的重要支撑技术。现有的同步协议RBS,TPSN与CHTS等较多考虑的是平面网络或是如何提高时间精度问题,带来了较大的能耗。在充分考虑了WSNs与能耗有限的特点的基础上,提出了一种基于动态分簇的低开销同步协议。该算法利用LEACH协议进行簇首节点的选择,簇成员节点的选择采用广度优先生成树拓扑结构。时间同步分为参考节点与簇首间的同步和簇首与簇内成员间的同步2个阶段,综合了单向同步和双向成对同步技术。性能分析和实验结果表明：该算法减少了同步开销,提高了精度,适用于WSNs。     

基于分簇的低功耗多跳WSN时间同步机制

针对典型同步算法中同步开销大的问题,提出一种基于分簇的低功耗时间同步机制(LCTS),将单向广播同步和双向成对同步机制相结合,在分级网络的基础上给出一种分簇算法,将LCTS扩展到多跳网络中,并对时钟漂移进行估计和补偿。仿真结果证明,该机制在不引起同步滞后的前提下,能减少同步报文开销,保证良好的同步精度。     

一种低功耗无线传感器网络时间同步算法

间同步对无线传感器网络的应用至关重要,为提高同步精度,多数算法都以较多的消息交换或复杂的计算为代价来达到这一目的,因而能耗较大.为减少时间同步的消息交换开销,节约节点能量,提出了一种简单低功耗时间同步算法,该算法结合了单向广播同步机制和双向成对同步机制,有效利用网络中节点的广播信息,使网络中节点单跳广播域内只有一个下层节点与之进行双向成对同步,从而达到了减少消息开销和节约能量的目的.最后通过仿真验证了该算法的性能.     

多层动态分簇的WSN时间同步算法

无线传感器网络受多跳传输延迟和节点中的晶振准确度的影响,造成时间同步误差较大.为了减小同步误差,传统解决方法提高了同步算法的频率,这使得算法面临两个问题:①通信能耗较高;②精度与能耗之间的不平衡.针对以上问题,结合单向广播机制和双向成对机制,提出一种多层动态分簇的无线传感器网络时间同步算法.采用节点分层策略减少了同步通信开销;采用同步误差补偿机制降低了算法同步误差的影响,使用时钟补偿机制减少了传感器节点运行的累积误差.实验测试表明:在保证精度的前提下,本算法降低了同步次数,减少了同步通信开销,从而延长了网络的生命周期.     

基于分簇的无线传感器网络时间同步算法

时间同步是无线传感器网络中一个重要支撑技术,为了提高时间同步精度,提出了一种基于分簇的无线传感器网络时间同步算法;在部署无线传感器网络的初期阶段,建立簇状拓扑结构,首先是基站与簇首节点实现同步,然后簇内实现同步,最终建立一个全网统一的时钟,在同步过程中,采用了成对节点间的同步算法,很好利用了多信道广播方式;该算法能很好地满足无线传感器网络低能耗的要求;性能分析和实验结果表明,该算法减少了同步层次,提高了同步精度。     

一种用于大规模无线传感器网络的时钟同步算法

针对经典的时钟同步算法在大规模无线传感器网络中存在的同步精度低与能量消耗高等问题,提出一种基于簇-树结构的无线传感器网络时钟同步算法。首先,建立一棵以网关为根节点、簇首为子节点的生成树来减少网络中节点同步时的累计跳数;然后,在该生成树的基础上采用簇间双向的SRS和簇内单向的ROS同步机制进行同步,在保证同步精度的前提下减少网络同步所需的消息数量。实验结果表明,相比传统的RBS和TPSN算法,提出的簇-树结构同步算法可使网络的平均同步精度保持在更高的水平,并有效地降低网络同步时节点的能耗。     

WSN中簇组结构上的时间同步算法研究

时间同步作为无线传感器网络的关键技术之一,对整个无线传感器网络的发展起着不可替代的作用。提出了类似于分簇结构的基站—簇首—组首—组内的层次结构。在基站簇首之间采用了单向广播同步机制和双向成对同步机制,有效利用网络中节点的广播信息;在簇首组首之间采用了主动和被动结合的双向同步算法;在组内采用了TPSN算法;用实验仿真的方式,清晰的显示出这种层次结构的特点;将这些算法结合在一起,在保证精度的前提下,大幅度的降低了能量消耗。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.