Regional geomechanical-geodynamic control geoinformation system with entropy analysis of seismic events (In Terms of Kuzbass)

The presented geoinformation system is based on cloud service classification of natural and mining-induced seismic events. The data entropy-based models treat seismic signals as functions of a “waveguide” led from a seismic source to a seismic station. The quality similarity or distinction of the models is related with the genesis of seismic events. The service includes Google App Engine cloud calculating technologies, IRIS Data Management Center web-services and local seismic monitoring databases. The application of the cloud service to classifying unknown-genesis seismic events is illustrated by the examples.     

Blasting and the man-made seismicity in the tashtagol mining area

Based on the analysis into the influence of blasting on the seismic activity in the area of the Tashtagol ore deposit, the paper shows that quantity, energy and concentration of the mining-induced seismic events grows in the blasting site region. The background-values of seismic activity come back in a period between 11 hours to 3 days after the blasting, and the seismic activity intensification depends on the blast energy.     

Natural and induced seismic activity in Kuzbass

Based on the plotted times of occurrence of seismic events, their timing within a work week and location of epicenters, it is illustrated that since the 1960s the seismicity in the Kuzbass territory has been a complicated natural and mining-induced phenomenon. Since the late 1980s, the natural and mining-induced seismicity has entered the second stage of development, with clustering of low-energy seismic events and strong shallow earthquakes in the areas under heavy mining and, in the first instance, at deep open pit mines. The representative event of this kind is the magnitude 5.2 earthquake at the Bachatsky Coal Open Pit Mine on June 19, 2013. It has been found that the natural and induced seismic activity is associated with deep faults that weakly show themselves in the upper layer of the earth crust but appear in the local relief, which is an evidence of their live emergence onto the daylight surface due to the mining impact. The article proposes the comprehensive research program for the natural and mining-induced seismic activity in the Kuzbass area and the development of early identification of seismically active zones.     

Deformation forerunners of earthquakes triggered off by development of hydrocarbon accumulations

The geodetic observations over the Astrakhan Gas Condensate Field make good grounds to predicate that a mining-induced seismic event is preceded by uplifting of the land surface and followed with intensive subsidence of the ground due to unloading of rocks from effective stresses. The uplifts of the earth surface may be assumed a deformation forerunner of an earthquake and utilized in forecasting the place and time of seismic events at oil and gas fields.     

New Approach to Monitoring Induced Earthquakes

The generalized observations over hypocenters of the strongest mining-induced events have shown that relative deformation occurs as movement along the existing faults. From the experimental evidence, transition of a section of a fault to meta-stable state goes with the decrease of its dynamic shearing stiffness. The alteration of the mechanical properties starts long before macroscopic movement of the fault surfaces is recorded. This effect is detectable using instruments and can be used as a foundation for a new approach to monitoring of induced earthquakes.     

顶板岩层动力事件发生机理与防治方法

在长壁开采过程中不可避免地会对顶板岩层产生强烈扰动,这种扰动可能扩展到开采区域以外的地方,并且岩石变形破坏的形式也不相同。当岩层坚硬时,储存的能量可能频繁地以高能量微震形式释放出来。当岩层本身所储存的能量无法缓慢释放时,矿震现象常常会发生。研究表明,岩层本身所储存的能量与岩层本身的尺寸有密切的关系。因此,可以采用一些方法或措施来减少采矿诱发的矿震。该措施基于人为的方法破坏储存弹性能的岩层结构,其中最有效的方法之一就是采用定向水压致裂技术。     

Shallow geophysical exploration of the Upper Kama Potash Salt Deposit

The mining safety circuit based on geophysical research is described in the article in terms of the Upper Kama Potash Deposit, with exemplification of different stages of the geophysical survey design. The authors discuss options of integrated interpretation of seismic and electric exploration data aiming to locate and monitor hazardous natural and mining-induced processes in potassium-enclosing strata.     

Influence of undulating fault surface properties on its seismic waves during fault-slip

Seismic waves arising from fault-slips induced by mining activities in underground mines can inflict severe damage to mine openings. Laboratory experiments on the cataclastic rock-flour found on surfaces of mining-induced faults have revealed that intense shock pulses can arise due to the unloading of fault surface asperities during fault-slip. This paper focuses on investigating the effect of fault surface asperities on the intensity of the seismic waves. Dynamic modelling of fault-slip with a mine-wide model has revealed that particle velocity of the rockmass can increase substantially when unloading takes place. It is concluded that considering the occurrence of locally intense seismic waves is indispensable for optimising secondary support systems.     

冬瓜山矿山地震活动的时间分布规律研究

矿山地震是由于人工开采活动引起的地震,有关岩爆倾向的硬岩金属矿山方面的矿震研究却很少.以冬瓜山微震监测数据为基础,分别从矿震事件数、震级大小以及定量地震参数时间分布进行了研究,得出了矿震的每时、每天分布特征、震级大小以及累积体积和累积矿震能量的时间分布特征,为金属矿矿震监测和控制提供了参考.     

Procedure and results of seismic investigations into causes of landslides in permafrost rocks

The article focuses on seismic monitoring of causes of landslides. Such studies are of great importance in open pit mining in permafrost rocks. Extensive mining-induced impact in combination with natural thawing of permafrost as a consequence of the planet warming may end in catastrophe. The authors describe a procedure for plotting velocity profiles of seismic waves along slopes in the presence of extremely contrast discontinuities conditioned by permafrost rocks. The presented approach enables studying slip surfaces of landslides and detecting potential failure zones where wave velocities are lower due to extensive jointing. The processed field data obtained in the area near Chagan-Uzun settlement in Kosh-Agach district of the Republic of Altai are reported.     

Monitoring rock mass transformation under induced movements

The article reports the underground mining-induced movement monitoring using a combination of geodesy survey and geophysical exploration methods in Vysokogorsky Iron Ore Mine where a geodynamic movement has occurred. The geodesy survey methods are the conventional observation of the daylight surface deformation and the spectral seismic profiling of changes in the undermined rock mass structure. The monitoring objective was to find spatial parameters of disintegrated rock zone, to make recommendations on continuing mining operations in the subsidence trough zone where protected objects are situated, and to identify causes of the enclosing rock instability.     

矿区生态环境要素的采动损害定量评价方法研究

为了系统研究矿区生态环境的采动损害,必须分析各生态环境要素的采动损害情况,揭示其采动响应机理,并对其采动损害状况进行定量评价。根据采动破坏特点,本文首先分析了矿区生态环境的采动要素构成,并将其划分为建(构)筑物、交通线路、耕地、水环境和地形地貌五大类别。然后描述了各类别的采动响应特征并对其采动损害的影响因素进行了简要分析,在此基础上择取了各要素采动损害定量分析的评价指标。然后提出了各自的采动损害定量评价方法,针对五阳煤矿生态环境的典型采动要素进行了实例分析,分析结果表明评价方法可行,能够满足矿区生态环境采动损害综合分析研究的基础数据需求。     

开采沉陷对矿区土地资源的采动效应研究

基于生态场理论和GIS技术研究矿区土地资源的采动效应。首先介绍了采动土壤特性测算、采动变化规律分析及土壤采动损害评价的程序方法;然后叙述了采用RS和GIS空间分析技术对土地资源各采动生态位指标进行量化,并基于生态场理论和开采沉陷学分析土地资源的采动空间分异特征、采动累积效应及其延迟效应的过程。对山西潞安集团五阳矿井采煤沉陷区的实例分析表明,耕地土壤特性与开采沉陷明显相关,1997年至2002年间采动生态元耕地和植被覆盖率上升而建设用地覆盖率下降,研究区土壤侵蚀以轻度和中度为主且明显存在采动延迟,土地利用集约度指数终采后10 a逐步进入稳定期,各地类的流失与来源组成趋于稳定,说明土地利用方式摆脱采动影响并进入新的动态平衡状态。     

采动影响下建筑物损害程度的模糊聚类分析

在建筑物下采煤之前,需要准确预测和评价地下开采对地表建筑物的损害程度．在分析采动影响下建筑物损坏程度影响因素的基础上,结合建筑物采动损害典型实例,采用基于模糊等价关系的模糊聚类分析方法,对采动影响下建筑物损害程度进行了分类研究．研究结果表明：用模糊聚类分析方法评价建筑物的采动损害程度是可行的,其评价结果与实际符合较好,为建筑物采动损害程度的预测和评价提供了一种新的方法．     

采动影响下建筑物损害程度的模糊聚类分析

在建筑物下采煤之前,需要准确预测和评价地下开采对地表建筑物的损害程度．在分析采动影响下建筑物损坏程度影响因素的基础上,结合建筑物采动损害典型实例,采用基于模糊等价关系的模糊聚类分析方法,对采动影响下建筑物损害程度进行了分类研究．研究结果表明：用模糊聚类分析方法评价建筑物的采动损害程度是可行的,其评价结果与实际符合较好,为建筑物采动损害程度的预测和评价提供了一种新的方法．     

基于耗散结构的矿区采动生态承载力演变趋势

基于耗散结构分析矿区采动生态承载力的演变趋势。首先分析矿区生态环境系统及其特征,提出矿区采动生态环境承载力的概念。利用矿区生态环境系统的耗散结构特征分析矿区采动生态环境承载力的演变规律,借助于RS技术测算采动生态环境承载力各状态变量值并进行采动变化趋势拟合,基于此构建矿区采动生态环境承载力的测算模型。最后以山西潞安矿区某典型开采沉陷区为例进行采动生态环境承载力测算及其采动效应分析,结果表明：研究区生态环境承载力呈现“巢形”采动变化趋势;可分解为4个演变阶段,即采后4~8 a的急剧下降阶段,采后9~12 a的缓慢下降阶段,采后13~22 a的低水平（约为6.0）维持阶段和采后23~40 a的缓慢复苏阶段。     

不同开采方式下煤岩应力场-裂隙场-渗流场行为研究

煤岩的采动力学行为与常规的煤岩材料力学行为有本质不同,传统的岩石力学实验研究没能体现开采方式和工程扰动的真实影响。深部煤与瓦斯共采实践中,不同开采方式扰动下的煤岩应力场、裂隙场和渗流场行为有显著差异,但煤岩采动力学行为特征尚缺乏科学的、定量化的分析和表达。通过开展不同开采方式下煤岩采动力学实验,分析3种典型开采方式下煤岩采动力学行为、采动裂隙展布及增透率演化规律,探索不同开采方式下煤岩真实采动应力场、裂隙场和渗流场的特征差异。研究表明:不同开采方式产生不同的采动应力场,并导致不同的煤岩裂隙场和渗流场行为特征差异;不同开采方式条件下煤岩峰值应力、峰值应力对应轴向应变和环向应变按照无煤柱开采、放顶煤开采和保护层开采的顺序降低,而体积应变绝对值则依次升高;不同开采方式下煤岩采动裂隙尺度分维D及煤层增透率激增点与工作面之间的距离(L_(rise))均按照保护层开采、无煤柱开采、放顶煤开采的顺序依次下降,确定煤层L_(rise)范围和增透率空间分布可为煤瓦斯共采工程提供理论指导。     

沟谷地形下开采覆岩裂隙发育特征研究

为了研究沟谷地形条件下薄基岩浅埋煤层覆岩采动裂缝发育规律,以神府矿区为研究基地,对安山煤矿5-2煤开采工作面的覆岩采动裂缝发育特征进行分析,建立弱强度覆盖层作用下的基本顶受力模型,即“非均布载荷梁”结构模型。通过对非均布载荷梁结构的力学分析,推导基岩承载结构稳定性的判别条件,确定了基本顶两端压力、剪力及垮距等参数的计算公式,揭示了弱强度覆盖层厚度及坡度变化对覆岩采动裂缝间距的影响规律。实践表明,依据非均布载荷梁模型确定的覆岩采动裂缝间距与周期来压步距近似相等|覆岩采动裂缝随基岩破断失稳而呈周期性动态发育演化特征,工作面上方地表附近塌陷型和台阶型采动裂缝较为发育,采空区上方地表裂缝逐渐演化成错动量及张开量较小的闭合型地表裂缝。     

基于差分进化算法的矿震震源谱参数反演

针对地震震源谱的零频极限及拐角频率参数反演计算,本文提出采用差分进化算法,并选取四种不同差分进化策略,利用矿山地震监测系统记录的采矿诱发矿震的地震波资料及Brune位错模型,对零频极限及拐角频率进行反演。经过差分进化算法反演,并与遗传算法反演结果对比,确定差分进化算法能够实现零频极限及拐角频率的精确计算。同时,研究发现针对多元非线性Brune位错模型进行差分进化反演,其变异策略中的rand相比best,更能够实现全局寻优能力,避免陷入搜索停止,出现早熟现象。再根据反演的零频极限和拐角频率,进而计算地震矩、震源半径及视应力等震源参数,从而为研究采矿区域应力分布、集中及释放规律、判别开采作业区域安全提供了很好的途径。     

地采诱发建筑物损伤识别的SVM分析模型

针对地采诱发建筑物损害预测中指标与建筑物损害的关系不确定性问题,综合应用相关分析法、鱼骨图理论及SVM原理构建地采诱发建筑物损害的分析模型。采用相关分析法及原因型鱼骨图模型分析指标与建筑物损害的关联度,计算各因素权重,用建筑物损害观测数据对指标加权的SVM模型进行训练和测试,测试结果良好。研究结果表明：鱼骨图模型可获得指标与建筑物损害的关系,量化输入指标的重要性;建筑物本身条件中与空区位置、建筑物状况的重要性明显高于其他指标,加大建筑物本身建设,可较好地改善建筑物抗损害能力;基于鱼骨图的SVM分析模型可以更好地考虑各指标对建筑物损害的综合影响,回估误判率较低。