Y掺杂(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3材料的缓变PTC特性及复阻抗分析

采用氧化物固相合成法制备了Y掺杂（Ba0.6Sr0.4）TiO3材料，对1350℃/2h烧结，然后自然降温方式下成瓷的祥品进行了R-T特性测试及复阻抗分析。结果表明样品电阻上升区域的0～185℃，最大升阻比为2.98个数量级，在185℃测试温度下样品的ρmax达到最大。变温复阻抗分析表明，材料的PTC效应完全是一种晶界效应，复阻抗谱测试结果与R-T特性测试结果相一致。     

La掺杂Sr0.4Pb0.6TiO3陶瓷热敏机理研究

液相掺杂施主元素La，在1100－1200℃烧结制备出了Sr0.4Pb0.6TiO3基陶瓷。该陶瓷具有显著的NTCR－PTCR复合效应，其室温电阻率随烧结温度提高而增大；而添加少量PbO用于补偿铅损失，则明显降低了陶瓷的室温电阻率及减弱了居里点下的NTCR效应。同时利用XRD，SEM和TEM分别对陶瓷的相结构，形貌和畴结构进行了研究。根据实验结果，探讨了La掺杂Sr0.4Pb0.6TiO3陶瓷的半导化机理及其热敏特性。     

纳米BaTiO3基PTCR瓷粉的制备及其性能

本文以TiCl4为原料,将其水解生成的H2TiO3与化学计量比的Ba(OH)2·8H2O及Ca,Sr,Y,Mn的醋酸盐在室温下混合研磨后,于100℃烘干,再经800℃热处理,得到了一系列掺杂Ba0.85-xYx Sr0.07Ca0.08 MnyTi1-yO3纳米固溶体粉末.经XRD物相分析证明,产品为立方晶系的完全互溶取代固溶体.TEM电镜形貌分析,粒子分布较均匀,基本呈规则球形,粒径大约50 nm.通过制陶实验,研究了材料的PTC效应,当施主Y和受主Mn的掺杂量分别为1mol%和0.04mol%时,得到了室温电阻13Ω左右,升阻比达到106,电阻温度系数α为21.9%/℃的性质优良的PTC陶瓷材料.     

Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/PANI的制备及吸波性能研究

采用超声场下原位聚合法制备了Ba0.6Sr0.4-TiO3/PANI复合材料。其结构、形貌和电磁性能分别采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和HP8510网络矢量分析仪进行了研究。结果表明,HCl掺杂后的PANI是部分结晶的。Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3与PANI分子链之间存在某些相互作用。与PANI相比,在8.2～12GHz频率范围内,Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/PA-NI复合物的ε′值和ε″值均较大。在9.8～12.4GHz的频率范围内,Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/PANI复合物的tanδε值大于PANI的tanδε值。Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3/PANI复合材料具有较好的微波吸收性能,最大损耗为-14dB,-10dB带宽超过了5GHz。     

Ba0.6 Sr0.4 TiO3-ZnNb2O6复相微波介质陶瓷的结构与介电性能研究

以Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3为基体材料,采用传统陶瓷制备工艺,制备了Ba0.6 Sr0.4 TiO3-ZnNb2O6(简称BSTZ)复相微波介质陶瓷.结果表明,BSTZ复相陶瓷可在1200℃烧结成瓷,烧结温度明显低于Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3陶瓷的烧结温度,并反应生成新相BaNb3.6O10.在室温低频下,随ZnNb2O6含量的增加,BSTZ复相陶瓷的介电常数下降;在1.6kV/mm的直流偏压下,各BSTZ复相陶瓷的可调性随ZnNb2O6添加量增加而减小.     

钛酸锶钡(BaxSr1-xTiO3)陶瓷制备及其介电性能的研究

采用乙酸钡、乙酸锶和钛酸丁酯为原料的溶胶凝胶方法制备了BaxSn1-xTiO3(x=0．6)超细粉体,将BST超细粉体压制成型,进行烧结,得到(Ba0.6Sr004)TiO3陶瓷。通过热分析(DSC／TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3粉体合成过程及其相结构变化。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)描述(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3烧结体的相结构和显微组织结构变化。阻抗分析仪测量(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷的-50～100℃介电温谱。实验结果表明BaxSn1-xTiO3粉体的相结构为立方相钙钛矿结构,其合成温度及烧结温度分别为800℃及1250℃,均低于传统工艺的相应温度。(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷在-50～100℃温度范围内,其电容率随着烧结温度升高而增大.介电损耗tgδ在-50～100℃温度范围内,随温度的增加而降低。1250℃的(Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3陶瓷烧结体样品存在介电峰弥散化。     

CaTiO3对(Ba,Pb)TiO3系高温PTC材料性能和显微结构的影响

本文研究了CaTiO3含量及烧成工艺对(Ba,Pb) TiO3基PTC陶瓷材料性能和显微结构的影响.结果表明CaTiO3的最佳添加量为3mol％,室温电阻率达到最小,PTC效应最好.SEM观察表明添加CaTiO3后晶粒更均匀致密.不同烧成工艺下材料性能的比较,结果表明烧成温度越高,温度系数越大,但室温电阻率也越大；降温...     

Sr0.4Pb0.6TiO3基陶瓷晶界组成对热敏特性的影响

采用固相烧结工艺制备出了Sr0.4Pb0.6TiO3半导体陶瓷元件，其阻温特性具有独特的NTCR和PTCR复合效应，陶瓷室温电阻率及居里点以下的NTCR效应随着烧结温度的升高而提高，适当过量PbO则能降低陶瓷室温电阻率及其NTCR效应。利用XRD，SEM和EDS分别对样品的相结构，形貌及成份分布等进行分析。结果显示晶界中的Sr,Ti含量相对较高，而Pb含量相对较低，材料的阻温特性明显受其影响，铅挥发造成的阳离子空位是该类半导体陶瓷在居里点下出现NTCR效应的主要原因之一，同时探讨Y^3 离子掺杂（Sr,Pb)TiO3陶瓷的半导体机理和热敏特性。     

TiO2和MgO掺杂的ZnO导电陶瓷材料

以ZnO为基添加Al2O3、TiO2和MgO制备了导电陶瓷;研究了TiO2、MgO掺杂含量对ZnO陶瓷相对密度、电阻率和电阻温度系数的影响;测试分析了ZnO导电陶瓷在小电流和脉冲大电流下的伏安特性.结果表明,掺Ti有利于致密烧结,TiO2含量为0.6%(质量分数)时,样品相对密度为96%,室温小电流下测试其电阻率为8.14Ω·cm;添加适量MgO能降低电阻率且可改善电阻温度系数,MgO含量为0.4%(质量分数)时,小电流电阻率为5.67Ω·cm;室温小电流下样品伏安特性接近线性,在脉冲大电流下呈现一定非线性特性.     

MgO对(Ba,Pb)TiO3系PTC热敏材料性能的影响

研究了MgO对(Ba,Pb)TiO<,3>基高温PTC陶瓷材料性能的影响.结果表明,添加摩尔分数为0.059%MgO后,降低了烧结温度,促进Ba、Pb的固溶,材料居里温度提高30℃;电阻温度系数提高6%,PTC效应明显增强;并且此时室温阻值降低3倍.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...