不同原料来源卡拉胶的性质比较研究

对菲律宾麒麟菜卡拉胶、海南沙菜卡拉胶和阳江沙菜卡拉胶的溶胶性质和凝胶性质从宏观和微观方面进行了比较研究 ,观测了其溶解性、粘稠性、悬浮性、微观网络结构、凝胶强度、质构和动态粘弹性及凝胶保水性 ,以探讨沙菜卡拉胶代替麒麟菜卡拉胶的可能性。结果显示从溶胶状态看 ,阳江沙菜卡拉胶的性质较差 ,而海南沙菜卡拉胶与麒麟菜卡拉胶相差不多 ,麒麟菜卡拉胶的溶解度略好 ,而海南沙菜卡拉胶的粘度和悬浮性较好。从凝胶状态来看 ,阳江沙菜卡拉胶的弹性和保水性较好 ,其它性质都差于其它两种。海南沙菜卡拉胶与麒麟菜卡拉胶的性质差别不大 ,除了保水性外 ,强度、粘弹性、粘结性等性能均略好于麒麟菜卡拉胶。     

低分子量κ-卡拉胶的制备、分子修饰及其生物活性研究进展

卡拉胶是一种具有独特结构的硫酸多糖,卡拉胶经过降解、分子结构修饰以后,具有更好的抗病毒、抗溃疡、抗凝血等药理活性.综合论述了卡拉胶的化学组成、低分子量K-卡拉胶的制备、卡拉胶的分子修饰及其衍生物生物活性的研究进展,并对卡拉胶的应用前景做了展望.     

卡拉胶多糖的分子修饰：卡拉胶酶和硫酸化酶的研究进展

卡拉胶（carrageenan）是一种从海洋红藻细胞壁中提取出来的多糖物质,通过1,3-β-D-吡喃半乳糖和1,4-α-D-吡喃半乳糖交替连接作为基本骨架形成的线性硫酸多糖。研究表明,卡拉胶及其分子修饰后获得的衍生物具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗凝血、增强人体细胞免疫和体液免疫力等多方面生物活性。卡拉胶酶属于糖苷水解酶,通过使β-1,4糖苷键断裂来降解卡拉胶。卡拉胶硫酸酯酶又被称作卡拉胶硫酸化酶,是一种作用于卡拉胶寡糖的硫酸基使之游离出无机硫酸的酶。经研究证实,这两种酶对于卡拉胶多糖的降解具有协同作用。然而由于卡拉胶多糖结构的复杂性,人们对于卡拉胶的降解及分子修饰大多数尚未探索。现如今,随着技术的进步以及卡拉胶多糖生物活性的多样性,卡拉胶多糖的分子修饰引起了相关研究者的持续关注。作者概括了近年来卡拉胶多糖的分子修饰,重点介绍了卡拉胶酶和硫酸化酶的研究进展,进一步阐述了其修饰后的生理活性变化。     

卡拉胶/大豆11S蛋白共混体系相容性及凝胶性质研究

研究了大豆11S蛋白分别与3种不同荷电量卡拉胶组成共混体系的相容性、热性质、凝胶流变性质及微结构,并探讨了共混凝胶的成胶动力学及机理。结果表明:ι-卡拉胶对大豆11S蛋白的相容性比κ-卡拉胶弱,添加λ-卡拉胶样共混体系更易发生相分离;添加3种卡拉胶均提高了大豆11S蛋白的热变性温度,但降低了热焓值,影响效果依次是λ-卡拉胶﹥ι-卡拉胶﹥κ-卡拉胶;共混凝胶随卡拉胶所带负电荷的增加其弹性模量值呈降低趋势,且凝胶网络结构由蛋白-多糖双连续结构转变为蛋白凝胶网络单连续结构;增加卡拉胶所带负电荷可降低共混凝胶形成过程表观活化能,同时降低了温控程序终点的弹性模量值。     

肌球蛋白与κ-卡拉胶混合胶凝机理的研究

通过研究pH、离子强度和钾离子对肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合溶液粘弹性的影响,揭示了肌球蛋白与κ-卡拉胶混合胶凝的机理。肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合胶凝的过程是肌球蛋白在加热过程中首先胶凝,然后卡拉胶在降温过程中胶凝并使体系胶凝能力增强,卡拉胶的作用一般处于次要地位。较高pH可导致肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合凝胶能力下降;低离子强度使肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合胶凝能力明显增强;钾离子促进了卡拉胶的凝胶作用,在肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合胶凝过程中占主要地位。     

肌球蛋白与k-卡拉胶混合胶凝机理的研究

通过研究pH、离子强度和钾离子对肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合溶液粘弹性的影响，揭示了肌球蛋白与k-卡拉胶混合胶凝的机理。肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合胶凝的过程是肌球蛋白在加热过程中首先胶凝，然后卡拉胶在降温过程中胶凝并使体系胶凝能力增强，卡拉胶的作用一般处于次要地位。较高pH可导致肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合凝胶能力下降；低离子强度使肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合胶凝能力明显增强；钾离子促进了卡拉胶的凝胶作用，在肌球蛋白与卡拉胶混合胶凝过程中占主要地位。     

离子选择性电极法测定卡拉胶中钾含量

卡拉胶中钾离子的含量会影响卡拉胶的凝固性,为测定卡拉胶中钾的含量,本实验将商品卡拉胶用盐酸-硝酸(1:3)湿法处理后,配成一定浓度的溶液,用四苯硼钠滴定法做对照,采用钾离子选择性电极法对卡拉胶中的钾含量进行了测定,建立了一种简便、快速、准确的测定卡拉胶中钾含量的方法,标准曲线方程:y=48.14x 175.45,相关系数为0.9942。用此方法测得卡拉胶样品中的钾含量为5.36%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.65%。     

卡拉胶凝胶特性及其在巧克力牛奶中的应用

针对卡拉胶水凝胶的两个主要指标凝胶强度和胶体黏度,研究了卡拉胶含量、钾离子浓度和pH值三个主要因素对卡拉胶水凝胶特性的影响,结果表明:凝胶强度随胶体含量的增加线性增大后渐趋平稳、受钾离子的影响出现峰值、在pH值8.0和10处出现两个拐点;胶液黏度随卡拉胶含量增加迅速增大、随钾离子浓度提高而减小、中性时的黏度最大.通过正交实验确定了影响卡拉胶凝胶因素的主次顺序为卡拉胶浓度、钾离子浓度和溶液的pH值,最佳条件组合为卡拉胶浓度1.2%,钾离子浓度1.2%,pH值9.0;通过考察单独使用卡拉胶以及卡拉胶与魔芋胶、刺槐豆胶及结冷胶等几种食品胶在巧克力牛奶中形成凝胶时的结构状态,判定卡拉胶与刺槐豆胶的协同作用效果最佳.     

高浓度iota卡拉胶溶液的流变性能研究

本文研究了高浓度iota卡拉胶溶液的流变特性以及浓度、温度、转速和甘油等的影响。在实验条件范围内,结果显示:iota卡拉胶溶液粘度随浓度的增大而增加;粘度随温度的增大而减小;4%和60℃下3.5%的iota卡拉胶溶液具有剪切变稀现象,流变性能呈现假塑性,属于非牛顿流体,低于3.5%的iota卡拉胶溶液呈现牛顿流体特点;非牛顿态iota卡拉胶溶液具有复合触变性;甘油含量可以改变卡拉胶溶液的粘度。     

κ-卡拉胶影响大豆分离蛋白乳浊液稳定性的研究

研究了卡拉胶对大豆分离蛋白乳浊液粒度分布、乳析率和离心沉淀率的影响,在此基础上分析了静置过程中乳浊液粒径与乳析率、离心沉淀率之间相关性,结果表明:乳浊液粒径随卡拉胶浓度由小到大依次为0.03%<空白样<0.06%<0.09%;而体系的表观粘度随卡拉胶浓度的增大而升高;静置过程中乳浊液顶部粒径d3,2与乳析率有较好的相关性;乳浊液底部d3,2与离心沉淀率有很好的相关性。进一步分析了其可能的作用机理:卡拉胶低浓度时,卡拉胶分子被吸附到液滴的蛋白质正电荷区域,增加了液滴间的静电排斥,从而增加了体系的絮凝稳定性;随着卡拉胶浓度增大,卡拉胶会引起体系排斥絮凝。     

Encapsulation of food ingredients

Microencapsulation is a relatively new technology that is used for protection, stabilization, and slow release of food ingredients. The encapsulating or wall materials used generally consist of starch, starch derivatives, proteins, gums, lipids, or any combination of them. Methods of encapsulation of food ingredients include spraydrying, freeze‐drying, fluidized bed‐coating, extrusion, cocrystallization, molecular inclusion, and coacervation. This paper reviews techniques for preparation of microencapsulated food ingredients and choices of coating material. Characterization of microcapsules, mechanisms of controlled release, and efficiency of protection/ stabilization of encapsulated food ingredients are also presented.     

Depth of concussion in cattle shot by penetrating captive bolt

The prevalence of shallow depth of concussion following captive bolt shooting was assessed in 1608 cattle at an abattoir. Depth of concussion was determined in each animal from physical collapse, presence or absence of corneal reflex, normal rhythmic breathing, eyeball rotation, and whether the animal was re-shot. The presence of nystagmus and the absence of tongue protrusion were also monitored as potential indicators of a shallow depth of concussion, and simultaneous noise measurements assessed whether loudness of gun discharge was linked to concussion depth. The prevalence of a shallow depth of concussion was 8% for all cattle and 15% for young bulls. Nystagmus was associated with other indicators of a shallow depth of concussion. Absence of tongue protrusion was not associated with depth of concussion, but could serve as a useful indicator of jaw relaxation and insensibility following exsanguination. Soft-sounding shots (111 dB) when using 4.5 gr cartridges were associated with shallow depth of concussion.     

Water–disaccharides interactions in saturated solution and the crystallisation conditions

This paper reports solubility data and measurements of viscosity of the saturated aqueous solutions of sucrose, maltitol, and trehalose. Likewise, the metastable zone width and velocity of nucleation of the three disaccharides are compared. The narrowest metastable zone is observed for maltitol and the largest for trehalose. Such behaviour is due to a higher affinity of trehalose for water. Moreover, the crystallisation of anhydrous disaccharides in aqueous solution necessitates that hydration water be removed and evacuated from crystal integration surface to the bulk of solution to allow the growth of crystals. This step of disassociation and diffusion of hydration water proves to be the controlling step of the crystallisation process. Structural features at the origin of the differences between the three sugars are studied by FTIR spectroscopy. Modifications of frequencies and intensities of the vibrations around the glycosidic bond are interpreted in terms of conformational flexibility. Arguments like H-bond strength or conformational flexibility of the two monomers around the glycosidic oxygen were evoked as possible explanations of the behaviour of disaccharides. Likewise stability of hydration of the disaccharides is derived from the interpretation of FTIR spectra. These structural features help in interpreting the differences in crystallisation conditions and to hypothesize about the cryoprotective ability of the studied molecules.     

39—THE FLOW OF LIQUID FROM A JET THROUGH A COMPRESSIBLE POROUS LAYER. PART III: THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID FLOW THROUGH A COMPRESSIBLE LAYER OF LOOSE WOOL

The effects on the conditions of flow of the surface and configurational properties of the fibres in a compressible porous layer are discussed. The characteristics of a layer of wool are evaluated, and its compressibility is determined. It is shown that, when a liquid of initial uniform pressure flows through a compressible porous medium, the pressure gradient within the medium increases with the distance of flow. The resulting pressure drop is found to depend on a function of the ratio of the downstream to the upstream porosity of the compressible medium. Experimental results are reported for permeable flow through various layers of loose wool; these indicate that, when the flow is disturbed turbulent, the pressure drop through the layers is proportional to the square of the filter velocity. This result is not readily apparent from the graphs of pressure drop against filter velocity because of the compressibility of the fibres.     

Headspace solid‐phase microextraction analysis of artificial flavors

Using a non‐equilibrated solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique, differentiation between a wide variety of types and examples of artificial flavors has been demonstrated. Addition of an internal standard to the samples, as received, allowed for the calculation of yields on a µg g^?1 basis for the majority of headspace volatiles. The relative standard deviation values expressed as percentages were between 3 and 5%. The precise nature of the approach coupled with the compound identification capacity of the mass spectrometer afforded the capability to easily differentiate between multiple sources of artificial flavors. With a total analysis time of approximately 30 min and the absence of solvent, this approach has the capability of detecting and quantifying the presence of the low‐molecular‐weight solvents often used in the preparation of artificial flavors. Such a capability represents a distinct advantage over more conventional methods of solvent dilution. Results from conventional gas chromatography/mass selective detector analyses are contrasted and compared with the results obtained from the headspace SPME approach. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

21—THE ACETYLATION OF COTTON

An account is given of a study of the effect of the amount of activating agent, the temperature, the catalyst, and the diluents used in the acetylation of cotton with perchloric acid as catalyst. Sulphuric acid was compared with perchloric acid as a catalyst. The effects of traces of water, the amount of acetyl chloride, and the rate of acetylation were studied in the acetylation of cotton with acetyl chloride and pyridine. The conditions in all cases were such that the acetylated cotton retained its fibrous form.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Biodegradation of genetically modified seeds and plant tissues during composting

BACKGROUND: The increasing global market of genetically modified (GM) crops amplifies the potential for unintentional contamination of food and feed with GM plants. Methods proposed for disposal of crop residues should be assessed to prevent unintended distribution of GM materials. Composting of organic material is inexpensive and location‐independent. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of composting for disposal of GM plants in terms of reducing seed viability and promoting the degradation of endogenous as well as transgenic DNA. RESULTS: Duplicate samples of corn kernels, alfalfa leaves, and GM canola seeds, meal and pellets were sealed in porous nylon bags and implanted in duplicate 85 000 kg (initial weight) feedlot manure compost piles. Samples were collected at intervals over 230 days of composing. Canola seeds and corn kernels were not viable after 14 days of composting with temperatures in the piles exceeding 50 °C. In all samples, PCR analyses revealed that plant endogenous and transgenic fragments were substantially degraded after 230 days of composting. Southern blotting of genomic DNA isolated from canola seeds identified differences in the persistence of endogenous, transgenic, and bacterial DNA. CONCLUSION: Composting GM and non‐GM plant materials with manure rendered seeds non‐viable, and resulted in substantial, although not complete, degradation of endogenous and transgenic plant DNA. This study demonstrates that composting could be effective for disposing of GM crops in the event of their inadvertent entry into the food or feed chain. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd