低压电器产品IEC和UL通用标准的差异比较

我国的低压电器正大批量出口到欧美各国,出口产品需要符合IEC、UL等标准或获得相关认证才能在海外市场销售。在检验检疫的日常检验监管中发现,低压电器生产企业对UL和IEC标准之间的差异了解甚少,这样容易给出口产品和企业带来风险。分析了低压电器IEC和UL标准间的一些差异所在,如标准要求的泄漏电流测试仪器不一样,标准中II类和2类电器的定义和接地的术语标示不同,电动产品的额定值标示有所区别,塑料材料检测的试验方法和要求等差异。以此给广大电器生产企业一些建议和提示。     

Data-processing methods for the determination of test quantities inhigh-power laboratories

Results obtained by the Short-Circuit Testing Liaison (STL) task group dealing with the harmonization of methods used in high-power laboratories to compute tests results with data-acquisition systems are presented. The basic aim of the STL is the harmonized application of IEC standards to the type testing of high-voltage electrical equipment. An overview is presented of the methods used and their background     

接触器、起动器及类似设备的IEC标准最新动态研究

研究了接触器、起动器及类似设备的IEC标准的最新动态。介绍了IEC/SC17B/WG2的最新工作情况,包括其正在制修订的项目、关注的热点问题以及与UL之间的协调。对该工作组工作内容的跟踪与研究,对于完善我国的标准体系有积极的指导作用。     

Comparative Requirements of IEC and IEEE Standards for Medium-Voltage Switchgear

This paper presents the comparison of IEC and IEEE standards for medium-voltage switchgear. The study can help the user make suitable decisions while procuring switchgear, taking advantage of both standards. This trend in the industry has led to global harmonization of standards and made it almost mandatory for every one of us to know the comparative requirements of IEC and IEEE standards.     

国内外冷轧电工钢标准中尺寸公差分析

大多数工业化国家的冷轧电工钢都采用IEC标准来制定本国标准,在铁损、磁感相同的情况下,评价标准水平高低和质量优劣的主要指标就是电工钢的尺寸公差。本文对IEC、欧洲、日本、中国、ASTM标准中冷轧电工钢的尺寸公差进行了分析比较,结果表明:取向钢的同板差:IEC、欧洲、日本、中国相同,ASTM标准较严;无取向钢的同板差:ASTM标准最松,中国、日本标准中等,IEC、欧洲标准最严;取向钢的横向厚度差:IEC、欧洲标准严于日本和中国标准0.010 mm,ASTM没有规定;无取向钢横向厚度差:IEC、欧洲标准较严,日本、中国较松,ASTM没有规定;宽度偏差:IEC、欧洲标准最小,ASTM最大,日本、中国标准中等。     

The global HazLoc impact of the IECEx scheme

The IECEx scheme is an international certification scheme intended to facilitate global trade in electrical equipment for use in hazardous (classified) locations. Such hazardous locations are also commonly referred to as explosive atmospheres, with the equipment for use in such locations or atmospheres commonly referred to as HazLoc equipment or Ex equipment. The scheme provides a structured system to achieve global acceptance for explosion-protected equipment designed for hazardous locations. Scheme members declare that they will abolish national differences for product requirements in their countries during the coming years. This international scheme will greatly impact the free trade explosion-protected apparatus needed for the petrochemical and chemical industry if the scheme members recognize and accept harmonized worldwide International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. The goal is to develop and maintain uniform product evaluation to protect users against products that are not compliant with the required level of safety. Markers for trade in explosion-protected apparatus are growing as a result of global market integration and industry mergers across national and regional boundaries. The abolition of differences in the relevant national standards is especially important for products used in hazardous locations. Furthermore, relationships between conformity assessment bodies, such as testing agencies, can help accelerate the merging of markets     

Methods for analyzing the performance of gapless metal oxide surgearresters

The development and use of practical methods for analyzing the performance of gapless metal oxide surge arresters under various surge and power frequency overvoltage conditions is described. Using these methods, the thermal requirements of ANSI and IEC standards are examined in detail. The results, showing large differences between the two standards, indicate the need for further harmonization of standards. Recommendations are made to bring ANSI and IEC standards to a closer agreement     

Global hazardous area requirements

This article highlights those improvements and serves as a short tutorial into current international codes for the implementation of sometimes hazardous electrical components. It focuses on North American engineers working on non-U.S. projects. Included is a general subject overview and in particular, a discussion of similarities and differences between the codes. IEEE recommended the practice of 303 auxiliary devices for rotating electrical machines in Class I, Division 2 and Zone 2 locations. It is now expanded to include the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), and Standards Australia/New Zealand (AN/NZS) regulations     

North American and IEC standards for circuit breakers

Which standards are appropriate for molded-case circuit breakers in North America-North American or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards? Though IEC standards are generally international, they are not adopted worldwide. It is not always recognized that the National Electrical Code (NEC) is also international. The product standards for molded-case circuit breakers in the three North American countries are largely identical to each other, but not equivalent to the IEC standards for circuit breakers. These product standards could also be considered international, at least in content. How does one compare Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and IEC standards for circuit-breaker products? One way is to compare the details of one standard to the corresponding details of the other as would be necessary to convert an existing product designed to one standard to the other. Square D Company did such a comparison in both directions. The process was tedious and the results not practically applicable in specifying a product for a given application. However, the exercise did reveal some very useful points related to the products. This article discusses some of these points to provide an overview of product differences     

低压电器电磁兼容讲座 第六讲 低压电器电磁兼容试验及性能判别标准(二)

介绍了IEC（60947系列标准和现行的或正在报批的低压电器国家标准中有关低压电器的电磁兼容要求，并详细介绍了几个主要的低压电器产品的抗扰度试验和电磁发射试验项目及其性能判别标准。     

New International Electrotechnical Commission standards for regulating acoustic noise and vibration of electric machines

The results of a comparative analysis of the new International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for regulating the normative values of noise and vibration of electric machines and national standards valid in the territory of the Russian Federation are presented in this article. The most essential advantages and disadvantages of new IEC standards have been specified. Principal problems that domestic developers and electric machines manufacturers may experience due to the planned transition from local to new IEC standards have been considered.     

The nuts and bolts of a good installation

Most oil exploration and subsequent refining operations take place outside the continental areas of North America and Europe. There, the National Electrical Code (NEC), Canadian Electrical Code (CEC), and CENELEC standards are not the de facto codes and standards to which firms must adhere. There is limited control over where equipment is purchased, with the taut policy "to purchase from anyone that can meet the specifications." As a result, specifications become extremely critical since they are the primary means of controlling safety, functionality, maintenance, and reliability of the installation. When designing or specifying to IEC standards, there are several major areas to consider that contrast from NEC: the use of cabling systems, sealing methods, enclosures, lighting practices, and intrinsically safe circuits     

对IEC 61196-4(2004)同轴通信电缆第4部分辐射电缆标准中的问题探讨和建议

对IEC 61196-4(2004)同轴通信电缆第4部分辐射电缆分规范提出了若干问题和建议,供相关标准编订部门和线缆同行的讨论,以便更好地编制或修订我国漏泄同轴电缆的国家标准,有利于我国漏泄同轴电缆研究、生产和应用。     

Harmonizing electrotechnical standards in North America

The creation of the North American free trade zone, and possibly an Americas free trade zone, will permit the US to compete on an equal footing with the European and Australasian markets. Harmonization of the electrotechnical product standards, conformity assessment test standards, and the electrical installation codes will greatly facilitate trade between Mexico, Canada, and the United States, and improve the economies and the standards of living in all three countries. The paper discusses the electrotechnical organisation agreements, types of harmonisation, North American harmonisation activities, electrotechnical standards harmonisation and their acceptance     

付费系统国际标准及其安全体系研究

符合STS协议的电能表已经在全球近100个国家得到应用,相关的系列标准正在被转化成IEC 62055标准,该系列标准涵盖了付费系统、用户信息系统、售电系统、令牌介质、预付费电能表和存在于这些实体中的接口等内容。本文对IEC 62055国际标准体系框架进行了研究并对标准传输规范(STS)进行了解析,STS规范了实用化的设备和编码,用于售电系统内使用的加密密钥的安全管理(产生、保存、补救和传递),着重研究了STS中传输令牌(Token)的加密流程和加密算法,以及预付费电能表的售电方式和密钥管理体系的安全性。     

International Standards 101

This is an introduction to international standards and describes two global organizations, CIGRE and IEC. CIGRE is important to the manufacturers of electrical power equipment and electrical utilities. It often carries out the preliminary work needed for high-voltage international standards prepared by the IEC. IEC prepares standards on all aspects of electrical equipment and electronics.     

IEEE Std 515 takes a step toward harmonization

IEEE Recommended Practice 515 for the "Testing, Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Electrical Resistance Heat Tracing for Industrial Applications" was first published in 1983. During the first five-year review cycle, which took place from 1984 to 1990, a major effort was made to harmonize 515 with other North American and European standards. The Project Authorization Request (PAR) for the second five-year review cycle was approved in June 1993. At this time, changes to the United States National Electrical Code (NEC) were proposed that would have a major impact on heat tracing systems. In Article 427, consideration was given to requiring metallic coverings on all heating cables, and ground-fault equipment protection on all heat tracing circuits, regardless of area classification or application. In addition, expanding the 1996 NEC to include IEC Zone methods of hazardous area classification was proposed. Inclusion of area classification Zone methods provides wide harmonization. IEEE 515 is now a standard which will provide the user with a means to achieve a safe and reliable heat tracing system     

基于CIM XML电网模型的互操作研究

应用程序级的开放是新一代能量管理系统(EMS)发展的迫切要求。国际电工委员会(IEC)提出的IEC 61970系列标准中的公共信息模型(CIM)能够实现EMS应用真正意义上的信息共享。文中基于实时库技术，设计构造了数据交换适配器，实现了原有EMS的数据库与符合CIM标准的数据存储器之间的数据交换和数据传递。根据IEEE给出的14节点标准系统数据，建立了符合CIM标准的电力系统模型。     

直流电缆试验标准体系分析及±535 kV电缆系统试验中关键问题

直流电缆系统开发过程中材料选型、制造工艺、验证直流电缆系统可靠性的方法等成为国内外关注的焦点问题。在过去10里,高压直流电缆系统的试验方法体系得到全面的发展,已建立的规范或标准包括CIGRE TB 496、GB/T 31489.1和IEC 62895等,均对直流电缆系统在开发过程中的试验鉴定方法做出了明确要求。依据国产化±535kV直流电缆研发试验经验,综述上述3个标准要求制定的背景,着重梳理对比GB/T 31489.1和IEC 62895在条款规定中的差异性,总结研发过程中绝缘材料电性能评价方法和直流电缆系统在低温环境下电性能型式试验经验,提出在标准化工作中的建议,可作为试验方案制定的参考。     

Electrical safety for employee workplaces in Europe and in the USA

The USA and Europe use different standards to provide electrical safety for employee workplaces. This paper examines the two standards NFPA70E and EN 50110, shows some of the similarities and differences, and looks at the possibilities for a gradual harmonization between the two systems. The paper would contribute to improve the electrical safety continuity in the worldwide globalization efforts.