接枝内酯基活性炭增强苯乙烯吸附性能研究

活性炭以其丰富的孔道结构和高比表面积而在吸附苯乙烯废气上具有巨大的应用潜力,然而含氧官能团对弱极性苯乙烯的吸附作用机理尚未明晰。本研究通过酸浸渍法制备改性活性炭AC-S和AC-N,探究改性活性炭孔径结构、比表面积和含氧官能团的演变规律及其对苯乙烯吸附性能的影响。结果表明,酸改性可以明显提高活性炭对苯乙烯的吸附量。通过吸附动力学、吸附等温拟合发现,活性炭改性前后均受物理吸附与化学吸附的复合作用影响,改性后活性炭更倾向于单层吸附。HNO₃改性活性炭(AC-N)的孔隙结构在苯乙烯有效吸附孔径范围内没有显著改变,表面含氧官能团含量增加提高了AC-N对苯乙烯的吸附性能。表面含氧官能团分析表明,内酯基是提高改性活性炭对苯乙烯吸附量的关键因素。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明, AC-N上的内酯基官能团与苯乙烯的乙烯基产生强相互作用,增强了苯乙烯在改性活性炭上的吸附。     

改性活性炭对SO2和NOx的吸附性能研究

分别采用Cu(NO₃)₂、H₂O₂和KMnO₄对椰壳活性炭进行改性，研究了活性炭微观结构、表面化学性质变化，及其对SO₂、NO_x等酸性腐蚀性气氛的吸附性能。结果表明，Cu(NO₃)₂改性活性炭比表面积显著降低，平均孔径有所下降，Cu(NO₃)₂微晶分布于活性炭表面及微观孔道内，表面以碳、铜、氧和氮元素为主。H₂O₂改性活性炭比表面积有所增加，平均孔径减小，H₂O₂与活性炭表层反应后起到刻蚀效应，引入丰富的微纳孔道结构，使其表面含氧官能团增加，氧元素含量提升。KMnO₄改性活性炭比表面积和平均孔径略微降低，KMnO₄与活性炭表层反应后含氧官能团增加，反应产物附着于活性炭表面，改变其微观结构。三种方式改性的活性炭对SO     

水热法制备炭球—活性炭复合材料

以商品活性炭和葡萄糖为原料, 采用水热合成方法, 在活性炭表面和孔内合成纳米炭球, 制得富含含氧官能团的炭球—活性炭复合材料. 通过低温液氮(N₂/77K)吸附测定了炭球—活性炭复合材料的比表面积和孔容、孔径分布. 以SEM观测材料表面形貌. 采用FTIR、XPS分析复合材料的表面官能团结构. 以水相中无机Cr(VI)的去除测试材料的吸附性能. 结果表明：葡萄糖水热处理后在活性炭表面生成炭球, 活性炭孔隙结构降低, 炭球尺寸和分布受葡萄糖溶液浓度影响较大, 活性炭表面生成以—OH为主的含氧官能团. 炭球—活性炭复合材料对Cr(VI)的单位质量和单位面积吸附容量最高分别为原料活性炭的近4倍和95倍.     

活性炭对扑热息痛的吸附行为和体外释放性能

主要研究了药用颗粒活性炭对扑热息痛的吸附行为和体外释放性能。采用N2吸附表征了三种活性炭的孔结构，借助Beohm滴定法和质量滴定法测定了活性炭的表面含氧官能团和零电荷点pHPZC；考察了比表面积、孔隙结构与吸附性能和体外释放性能的关系，及活性炭表面化学性质对吸附性能的影响。结果表明：活性炭的孔结构和表面化学性质对吸附性能和体外释放性能具有决定性的影响。比表面积高、孔隙发达、孔径分布集中在2nm-11m,之间的中孔型活性炭，对扑热息痛的吸附力很强，平衡吸附量达到了358mg／g，累计释放率为7％；具有广谱孔径分布的活性炭，平衡吸附量为281mg／g，可以缓释12h以上，累计释放率达到27％。活性炭表面的酸性含氧官能团对吸附扑热息痛具有一定的促进作用。三种活性炭的释药过程均符合Higuchi方程释药模式。     

炭表面改性对负载型TiO_2/活性炭复合光催化剂性能的影响

采用HNO3、H2O2和O3对商品活性炭进行表面改性处理,考察了改性处理对活性炭表面基团、负载TiO2以及所形成的TiO2/活性炭复合光催化剂性能的影响。利用傅里叶红外光谱(IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)及氮气吸附等手段对材料进行了表征。结果表明,3种改性方法均可有效提高活性炭载体表面的含氧官能团数量,但是对活性炭的比表面积和孔容影响不大;H2O2和O3对活性炭载体改性后可以提高对钛前驱体的吸附性能,HNO3改性有利于TiO2颗粒在活性炭表面的分散。使用改性后的活性炭作为载体制备的TiO2/活性炭光催化降解甲基橙的性能均高于未改性的TiO2/活性炭催化剂,其中以HNO3改性后的TiO2/活性炭活性最高。     

沙柳活性炭纤维改性及其对铅离子的吸附性能

采用硝酸对自制的沙柳活性炭纤维进行处理来制备改性吸附材,并与未改性活性炭纤维进行对比,借助红外光谱、扫描电镜等方法分析两者的性能及结构差异。在含铅污水的净化试验中,重点对比分析了水溶液pH值对吸附效果的影响,线性吸附等温线及吸附动力学模型拟合的差异及循环再吸附性能。结果表明:经硝酸改性后活性炭纤维的整体形貌保持不变,其表面含氧官能团及微孔数量增多。随着pH值的增大,改性吸附剂对铅离子的吸附量和吸附速率均大于未改性活性炭,用Langmuir吸附等温线模型和准二级动力学模型可以更好地描述此吸附过程,且改性活性炭纤维具有良好的循环再吸附性能。     

超声预处理对活性炭材料结构的影响及其表征

对活性炭(AC)进行超声预处理,通过正交实验评价超声功率、超声温度和超声时间三个因素对活性炭材料结构的影响。利用比表面积及孔径分析仪(BET)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、碘吸附值测试,表征活性炭材料的微观形貌及吸附性能;利用傅里叶红外光谱法(FTIR),表征活性炭材料表面官能团。结果表明,超声温度50℃,超声功率140W,超声时间30min为最佳预处理条件。各因素对活性炭性能影响大小依次为功率温度时间。在该条件下制备出的活性炭比表面积为1161.6m2/g,与原样相比提高了11.2%;其表面及孔隙变得光滑干净,微孔体积和总孔容变大;活性炭表面官能团种类变化不大,酸性含氧官能团增多。活性炭材料经超声预处理后,性能得到改善,该结果为后期活性炭的应用研究提供参考。     

活性炭表面含氧基团与其液相吸附脱氮性能的关系

选用12种物化学性质不同的活性炭,利用TPD对活性炭表面含氧基团的种类和浓度进行考察,使用质谱仪定量分析其含氧基团在不同温度下分解产生的CO2和CO,并通过曲线分峰测定含氧基团的种类和浓度.同时研究了这些活性炭分别对葵烷中的喹啉和吲哚的吸附行为.研究发现:活性炭的吸附符合Langmuir吸附热力学.根据吸附过程中的最大吸附量和吸附常数测定结果,使用多元线性回归方法,对活性炭表面含氧基团种类和浓度与吸附量间的关系进行了关联,建立了含氧基团与吸附量间的定量关系.研究结果表明:活性炭物理性质对其在葵烷吸附脱氮中没有明显影响,而含氧官能团,特别是含羧基的环氧官能团对其脱氮性能起关键性的作用.     

活性炭硝酸表面改性对催化剂分散度的影响

无论是活性炭作为催化剂载体还是在活性炭本身的催化制备过程中,催化剂在活性炭或活性炭前体上的高度分散都是至关重要的。通过X射线能谱(EDX)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术直接观察、研究了活性炭表面经硝酸氧化改性对硝酸铜在煤基活性炭中分散度的影响。此外,将经硝酸表面改性的商品活性炭采用浸渍法负载上硝酸铜催化剂,再经水蒸气二次活化制备了一种新的活性炭。结果表明,硝酸处理造成活性炭吸附性能的下降,并且硝酸处理的强度越高,活性炭吸附性能的下降程度越大。然而,对硝酸处理的活性炭经简单的水洗可恢复其吸附性能。研究结果还表明,活性炭经硝酸氧化提高了炭表面含氧官能团的数量,使催化剂在活性炭的内外表面均能均匀分布,提高了催化剂的分散度和抗烧结能力。活性炭经硝酸改性后再负载硝酸铜进行二次活化制备高性能活性炭,可使硝酸铜的催化性能得到进一步的提升。     

树脂基球状活性炭用于焦油加氢后油品脱色研究

采用悬浮聚合、水蒸气活化方法制备了树脂基球状活性炭(ACS),并进行硝酸氧化改性(NACS),用于焦油加氢后油品的脱色研究。通过SEM、N_2吸附-脱附、FTIR、XPS、TG等技术对所制样品ACS和NACS进行结构性质表征。结果显示,经硝酸氧化改性后,NACS样品的表面形貌和孔结构并未受到显著影响,但球状活性炭表面的含氧官能团明显增加。选取两种典型的显色化合物对苯醌(PBQ)和N,N-二仲丁基对苯二胺(DBD)配置一定浓度的模型油进行吸附脱色,考察了吸附时间、吸附温度和吸附剂用量对吸附剂性能的影响。研究表明,NACS样品展现出良好的吸附性能,在一定的吸附条件下,对DBD和PBQ的脱色率分别达到94.5%和96.6%,除了球状活性炭表面微孔提供的活性位点之外,NACS表面官能团与有色物质形成的氢键可能对吸附性能的提升起着关键作用。重复使用6次后,吸附剂对两者的脱色率仍能达到90%以上,展现出良好的可再生性能。在对真实加氢油品脱色后,脱色效果显著,验证了所制备吸附剂在实际应用中的可行性。     

Adsorption characteristics of N-nitrosodimethylamine from aqueous solution on surface-modified activated carbons

This study investigated the removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by an adsorption mechanism using commercially available activated carbons and surface-modified activated carbons. The effects of the modification on the properties of the activated carbon were studied by N₂ adsorption/desorption, Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transmission (DRIFT) analysis and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Adsorption experiments revealed that the activated carbons demonstrated a greater capacity for NDMA adsorption capacity than can be achieved using zeolite. The equilibrium data was fitted to the Freundlich equation and it was found that the adsorption capacity was significantly influenced by the micropore size, relative pore volume and surface characteristics. Adsorption experiments were conducted using unmodified and modified activated carbons. The results indicated that the adsorption capacity of NDMA can be significantly improved by heat treatment and doping of TiO₂ particles. This was because the surface treatments yielded more hydrophobic sites and fewer oxygen-containing surface functional groups, and consequently an increased capacity for NDMA adsorption.     

Carbon spheres/activated carbon composite materials with high Cr(VI) adsorption capacity prepared by a hydrothermal method

Glucose and commercial activated carbon (AC) were used as starting materials to hydrothermally synthesize carbon spheres on the surface of AC, producing new carbon sphere–AC hybrid carbon materials. It was found that micrometer-sized carbon spheres, rich in oxygen-containing functional groups, can be effectively anchored to, and well-dispersed on, the surface and at the entrance to the macropores of AC. As the glucose concentration increased, the size and dispersion of carbon spheres changed, the porosity of the AC decreased, the number of oxygen-containing functional groups increased, and COH gradually became the dominant functional group. The carbon composites that were obtained exhibited a remarkably enhanced adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) per unit mass and per unit surface area. The highest adsorption capacity per unit mass achieved was 0.4834 mmol g^?1, about 4 times that of unmodified AC. The abundant surface oxygen-containing functional groups and relatively well-developed pore structure were the main causes of the high specific adsorption capacity of the carbon sphere/AC composites.     

高温热处理对活性炭纤维微孔及表面性能的影响

研究了1173K高温改性处理对沥青基活性炭纤维吸附性能、孔径分布、微孔结构和表面化学的影响。低温(77K)N2吸附结果表明热处理后活性炭纤维比表面积略有下降，通过密度函数理论解析活性炭纤维全孔范围的孔分布得出活性炭纤维表面孔径大于1．0nm的微孔明显减少，微孔孔径更加集中于0．5nm～1．0nm，从而提高了活性炭纤维的碘吸附值。X射线衍射分析表明活性炭纤维是乱层石墨结构，热处理使活性炭纤维类石墨微晶碳层面的层间距下降，X光电子能谱分析表明热处理后活性炭纤维表面的含氧官能团C=O和COOH的含量变化不大，而呈碱性酚羟基C—OH含量的明显下降使活性炭纤维表面碱性降低。     

Nanospace engineering of KOH activated carbon

This paper demonstrates that nanospace engineering of KOH activated carbon is possible by controlling the degree of carbon consumption and metallic potassium intercalation into the carbon lattice during the activation process. High specific surface areas, porosities, sub-nanometer (<1 nm) and supra-nanometer (1-5 nm) pore volumes are quantitatively controlled by a combination of KOH concentration and activation temperature. The process typically leads to a bimodal pore size distribution, with a large, approximately constant number of sub-nanometer pores and a variable number of supra-nanometer pores. We show how to control the number of supra-nanometer pores in a manner not achieved previously by chemical activation. The chemical mechanism underlying this control is studied by following the evolution of elemental composition, specific surface area, porosity, and pore size distribution during KOH activation and preceding H(3)PO(4) activation. The oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen contents decrease during successive activation steps, creating a nanoporous carbon network with a porosity and surface area controllable for various applications, including gas storage. The formation of tunable sub-nanometer and supra-nanometer pores is validated by sub-critical nitrogen adsorption. Surface functional groups of KOH activated carbon are studied by microscopic infrared spectroscopy.     

Superior prospect of chemically activated electrospun carbon fibers for hydrogen storage

In this study, the capacity of hydrogen storage was evaluated by using electrospun activated carbon fibers prepared by electrospinning and chemical activation based on the comparison with other carbon materials such as active carbon, single walled carbon nanotube, and graphite. For an improved hydrogen storage system, the optimized conditions of carbon materials were investigated with studying their specific surface area, pore volume, size, and shape. The hydrogen adsorption capacity of chemically activated electrospun carbon fiber itself is better than that of other porous carbon materials. This is attributed to the optimized pore structure of electrospun activated carbon fibers that might provide better sites for hydrogen adsorption than other carbon materials.     

硝酸表面氧化改性木质活性碳纤维

采用2~14mol/L的硝酸,在23~83℃下,对木质活性碳纤维(WACF)浸渍氧化改性1~8h后,通过Raman、XPS、水吸附和汞吸附等表征表面官能团的结构性能。结果表明,硝酸氧化能力强,可以增加氧原子浓度。酚基、醇基、羟基、羧基官能团随着硝酸浓度增大而增多,酚基和醇基随着浸渍时间的延长而减少,羟基随着浸渍时间的延长而显著增多。WACF表面的石墨化程度随硝酸浓度增大而提高,芯部石墨化程度整体提高但不随浓度梯度的变化而变化。硝酸改性后WACF的水吸附孔容降低,水吸附比表面积显著增加。WACF对HgCl2的吸附量随着硝酸浓度的增大、温度的升高和浸渍时间的延长而增大。以WACF的吸附能力为研究目标,通过对其形貌、晶体结构、表面官能团等进行表征,揭示影响水吸附、汞吸附性能的表面结构特性和化学特性的内在规律,研究结果对WACF功能化利用有指导意义。     

Alternative methods of phenol wastewater control

Methods for removal of phenol from large volume flow effluents by biological and chemical oxidation and adsorption are described. pH and temperature control and nutrient addition are necessary in biological systems, which may utilise trickling filters, aerated lagoons or activated sludge treatment. Adsorption by activated carbon produces the lowest level of phenol in the final effluent of all methods examined, but is the most expensive. Oxidation by chlorine is effective but needs careful control; chlorine dioxide may be an alternative. Hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate and ozone as oxidising agents have been examined. For very large effluent flows ozonation appears the least costly, use of hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate being competitive with ozone for smaller flows.     

Preparation of hydrophilic mesoporous carbon and its application in dye adsorption

A hydrophilic mesoporous carbon (H-MS) has been prepared by a rapid redox reaction between mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) and an acidic potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) solution at room temperature. The obtained material has a hydrophilic surface by the modification of oxygen-containing groups, and meanwhile retains the ordered mesoporous structure. No obvious difference of pore size between H-MS and CMK-3, and the slight decrease of surface area and pore volume is due to the modification of oxygen-containing groups on the carbon surface. An improved property for adsorbing dyes in aqueous solution was observed in H-MC, and the adsorption amount at equilibrium is ~ 3 times higher than that of CMK-3.