碳中和背景下,中日韩能源合作战略思考

碳中和掀起的"零碳革命",被称为继农业革命、工业革命和信息革命之后的第四场革命。能源领域是最主要的碳排放源,推进能源转型是实现碳中和的关键。目前,同为能源结构高碳化、油气高度依赖进口的东亚国家,中日韩都宣布了碳中和目标并致力于推进能源的绿色低碳转型,为三个国家深化能源合作创造了新机遇。碳中和背景下推进中日韩能源合作,建议以新能源和可再生能源合作为重点,协同推进绿色低碳技术创新和国际标准制定,深入开展节能环保和绿色低碳产业链供应链合作,稳妥推进电力基础设施的互联互通,携手推进区域和全球能源气候治理合作,多维度提升能源合作水平。     

美国构建国家零碳技术创新路径的主要举措及启示

零碳技术创新和应用是能源系统深度脱碳的关键。本文重点阐述美国面向其长期气候目标推进零碳技术创新主要做法,分析对我国能源科技创新的启示,并提出相应政策建议。技术创新被美国视为实现其2050年净零排放目标的支柱,为了加速和扩大净零排放所需的技术部署,美国推出“三重净零技术行动计划”来系统推进技术创新,建立了独特的全周期组织管理模式,且尤为注重以美国为主的技术合作机制。其经验对我国构建零碳能源技术创新体系、提高我国科技竞争力具有一定借鉴意义。     

《德国2050年能源效率战略》对我国的启示

德国政府十分重视通过节能和发展可再生能源实现能源转型。为进一步推进其能源转型,实现其气候中和目标,德国出台了《德国2050年能源效率战略》,提出了节能提高能效中长期目标,并在工业、建筑、交通等各个行业作出具体部署。德国作为全球能源转型的典范,其在节能上的相关举措对我国有一定借鉴意义。重点分析研究了《德国2050年能源效率战略》及其相关举措,从强化“能效优先”理念、制定中长期战略、出台奖惩措施、利用科技手段,推动节能降碳发展四个方面对我国的节能发展提出了相关政策建议。     

欧盟能源转型的路径及对我国的启示

欧盟在发展低碳经济的背景下通过制定具体且严格的温室气体减排和可再生能源发展目标,大力推广各种低碳能源技术的应用,积极倡导低碳化的能源转型。欧盟能源转型的理念和行动已成为各国制定能源政策的重要参考,并引领了当前全球能源转型的主流发展方向。本文在对欧盟各国能源转型战略进行梳理的基础上,归纳了各国能源转型的核心及关键措施,分析了欧盟低碳能源发展迅速的主要原因,并总结了欧盟能源转型对我国推进能源生产和消费革命的启示。     

我国光伏产业迎来黄金发展

<正>随着全球经济发展,能源危机和环境污染正在日益引发关注,以光伏发电为代表的新能源在能源体系中占据越来越重要的地位。全球光伏产业发展趋势良好。近年来,我国政府出台了一系列相关政策支持光伏产业转型升级。"十三五"是我国推进经济转型、能源转型、体制创新、技术开放的重要时     

液氢的制、储、运技术现状及分析

随着我国“双碳”目标的提出,清洁能源产业开始迅速推进,作为“零碳”能源-氢能的重要高效载体,液氢是保证氢能规模化应用的有效实施途径。文章对当前全球液氢生产方法和产能现状进行了梳理,介绍了液氢的制取方法、储运技术及特点,并对液氢技术路线在加注终端前的经济性进行了分析,梳理了我国涉及液氢技术的相关标准,总结了液氢技术路线的特点,得出以液氢作为氢能规模化发展载体将适用于我国氢能发展路线的结论,最后提出了我国未来氢能规模化发展的建议。     

破解多重难题 推动生物质能多元化利用

生物质能作为零碳可再生能源,有利用推动能源绿色低碳转型,推进经济社会尤其是农业的绿色发展。本文主要围绕我国生物质能源发展现状及存在的问题进行了初步分析,提出完善政策体系、优化发展方式、加强模式创新、加大技术研发等建议,探讨如何进一步发挥生物质能多元化利用的优势,助力能源转型和绿色发展。     

南非碳中和实现路径及减排措施研究

南非是非洲最具影响力的国家之一,也是全球主要温室气体排放国之一.随着全球气候变暖形势越发严峻以及本国优质煤炭资源日趋紧张,南非近年来开始积极推进能源低碳转型并提出2050年实现碳中和的减排目标.首先详细介绍了南非能源结构和碳排放现状,其次概述了南非碳中和目标的实现路径以及涉及电力、工业、交通运输、建筑、农林等领域的减排...     

生物质能利用技术与政策研究综述

为了减少环境污染、降低碳排放,实现可持续与绿色的发展,各国已相继加快能源转型,推进经济转型发展。生物质能作为一种清洁可再生能源,对于促进能源系统的转型具有重要的现实意义。目前,世界上技术较为成熟、实现规模化开发利用的生物质能利用方式主要包括生物质发电、生物液体燃料、沼气和生物质成型燃料等。欧洲、美国等发达地区和国家已经基本具有发展成熟的技术体系,中国等发展中国家还有一些关键技术需要攻坚;在生物质能的政策方面,欧洲、美国、日本都具有系统化的政策体系,贯穿生物质能项目运行的不同阶段和生物质能产业链,中国等发展中国家的政策不成体系,只是在相关领域政策中被提及到。     

双碳目标的挑战与电力结构调整趋势展望

[目的]"碳中和·碳达峰"是促进中国能源经济转型,构建人类命运共同体的重要战略决策.中国是能源消费大国,双碳目标下全社会面临着巨大的挑战,实现双碳目标需要正确理论方法的指导和科学的部署.[方法]为此,文章基于中国能源发展形势,剖析了双碳目标的本质,从宏观层面给出了双碳目标的根本出路,并从能源供给侧的角度对双碳目标下零碳...     

国际能源结构转型趋势及典型路径比较分析

目前,德国和美国在能源结构转型上都已经取得了一定的成绩,不过两国选择的是两条不尽相同的典型路径。德国更关注低碳清洁转型,其转型路径主要是发展可再生能源以及淘汰核能、逐步减少煤炭使用;从效果来看,德国可再生能源占能源生产和消费结构的比重提高,碳排放量降低。美国则在关注低碳清洁转型的同时,更加关注能源安全,其转型路径既包括非常规油气的大规模开采,也关注可再生能源的前期研发;从效果来看,大大提高了美国的能源安全保障,能源对外依存度逐年下降,并减少了碳排放量。当然,两国在能源结构转型过程中也存在一些问题。德国和美国的经验告诉我们,能源结构转型需要经历一个很长的过程,当前化石能源仍占据主体地位,而技术进步是能源结构转型的根本保障。我国一方面应加强新能源(包括非常规油气)和可再生能源的开发,加大对技术研发的支持和投入力度;另一方面也要进一步加强化石能源,尤其是煤炭的清洁高效利用。另外,应充分进行前瞻性的战略规划和布局,处理好能源结构转型与经济增长、能源行业整体健康发展之间的平衡关系。     

The energy and environmental implications of UK more electric transition pathways: A whole systems perspective

Electricity generation contributes a large proportion of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the United Kingdom (UK), due to the predominant use of fossil fuel (coal and natural gas) inputs. Indeed, the various power sector technologies [fossil fuel plants with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power stations, and renewable energy technologies (available on a large and small {or domestic} scale)] all involve differing environmental impacts and other risks. Three transition pathways for a more electric future out to 2050 have therefore been evaluated in terms of their life-cycle energy and environmental performance within a broader sustainability framework. An integrated approach is used here to assess the impact of such pathways, employing both energy analysis and environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA), applied on a ‘whole systems’ basis: from ‘cradle-to-gate’. The present study highlights the significance of ‘upstream emissions’, in contrast to power plant operational or ‘stack’ emissions, and their (technological and policy) implications. Upstream environmental burdens arise from the need to expend energy resources in order to deliver, for example, fuel to a power station. They include the energy requirements for extraction, processing/refining, transport, and fabrication, as well as methane leakage that occurs in coal mining activities – a major cotribution – and from natural gas pipelines. The impact of upstream emissions on the carbon performance of various low carbon electricity generators [such as large-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plant and CCS] and the pathways distinguish the present findings from those of other UK analysts. It suggests that CCS is likely to deliver only a 70% reduction in carbon emissions on a whole system basis, in contrast to the normal presumption of a 90% reduction. Similar results applied to other power generators.     

German and Norwegian policy approach to residential buildings’ energy efficiency—a comparative assessment

Buildings in private and domestic use are responsible for about 30% of the global greenhouse gas emissions attributable mainly to their need for heating and cooling energy. This corresponds to about 40% of the global final energy consumption. Therefore, a viable implementation of building energy efficiency policies is inevitable to realize a transformation of the energy system to mitigate climate change. Within the building sector lies a huge potential for emission reduction consisting in the renovation of the existing building stock and climate-friendly building guidelines applicable to new constructions, both adapting CO₂-neutral technology solutions. However, as there are several different pathways leading to a decarbonized energy system, there is always the question which political and technological solutions are most efficient, effective, and feasible. This paper aims to analyze building efficiency policy measures and instruments and the related technological solutions in two front-runner countries of the energy transition, possessing different structural conditions: Germany and Norway. We hence apply a comparative approach which allows us to present and assess the policies in place. The paper answers three research questions: (1) Which policies prevail in Germany and Norway to foster the deployment of energy efficient and decarbonized solutions for residential buildings? (2) How do these policies respond to country-specific barriers to the energy transition in the building sector, and (3) What effects do they have on the actual implementation of technological and societal solutions? This research provides a new insight to the highly relevant topic of energy efficiency in buildings in the context of international Intended Nationally Determined Contribution benchmarking and discusses some unsolved trade-offs in the translation of the global climate governance into the national building sector.     

A policy study examining the use of imported LNG for gas-fired power generation on the southeast coast of China

Since China's energy demand is growing quickly, speeding up the development of natural gas is an important substitute and supplement for coal and oil. The development of the natural gas market in many developing countries has demonstrated that the success of the whole project hinges upon the success of gas-fired power generation. However, under the current energy pricing system in China, the advantages of gas-fired power plants, such as low investment costs and high efficiency, have not been able to offset the low price of coal. The gas-fired power plants, both at downstream of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) industry and upstream of the power sector, are faced with a dilemma. In order to solve the problems facing gas-fired power projects while providing policy guidance for the future development of gas-fired power projects, the policy of gas-fired power generation using imported LNG on the southeastern coast of China was examined. This study aims to identify the position of the national energy strategy that China should import some LNG from the other countries, to guide the development of energy policy in this region, and to formulate some clear policy measures.     

Carbon intensity changes in the Asian Dragons. Lessons for climate policy design

There is a growing political interest in carbon intensity targets because they are the basis for climate pledges from relevant developing countries such as China. They may be also the basis for policy designs in developed countries like EU members. This paper develops a comprehensive econometric study on the main drivers of national emissions intensity in emerging countries in East Asia. This regional focus responds to their pivotal position in global economic growth and remarkable trends in carbon emissions intensity. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the nature of economic growth has a major effect on carbon intensity trends that deserves some attention. Accordingly, the novelty of this paper is to examine the contribution of “intensive” and “extensive” GDP growth for carbon intensity abatements. Labour productivity is revealed to be the main factor responsible for major carbon intensity reductions by Asian Dragons. Whereas household energy per capita and industrial energy per worker contributed in the opposite direction. Consequently, intensity targets may become “meaningless” for real climate action contributions if they do not take into account labour productivity trends.     

Maximizing efficiency in the transition to a coal-based economy

Energy is the lynchpin of modern society. Since the early 1970s, growing dependence on foreign energy sources, oil in particular, has constrained US independence in foreign policy, and at times, inhibited economic stability and growth. Addressing oil dependence is politically and economically complex. Proposed solutions are multifaceted with various objectives such as energy efficiency and resource substitution. One solution is the partial transition from an oil- to coal-based economy. A number of facts support this solution including vast coal reserves in the US and the relative price stability of coal. However, several roadblocks exist. These include uncertain recoverable reserves and the immaturity of “clean” coal technologies. This paper provides a first order analysis of the most efficient use of coal assuming the transition from oil to coal is desirable. Scenario analysis indicates two possible transition pathways: (1) bring the transportation sector onto the electric grid and (2) use coal-to-liquid fuels to directly power vehicles. The feasibility of each pathway is examined based on economic and environmental factors, among which are energy availability, affordability and efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Results indicate that partial transition of the transportation sector onto the electric grid offers the more viable solution for coal-based reduction of the US oil dependence.     

Managing electric power system transition in China

This research studies the low carbon transition of the electric power sector in China using a multi-level perspective (MLP) of niches, socio-technical regime, and landscape, as well as literature on innovation systems. Three lines of thought on transition process are integrated in the paper to probe the possible transition pathways in China. A MLP analysis is presented to understand the current niches, regime, and landscape of China’s power sector. A brief analysis on the future macroscopic socio-economic transition in the process of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization of Chinese society and its implication on power landscape are depicted to prove the urgency and magnitude of transition in China and why systematic transition management is needed. Five transition pathways, namely reproduction, transformation, substitution, reconfiguration, de-alignment/re-alignment, and reconfiguration, with their possible technology options are presented. The paper goes further to propose an interactive framework for managing the transition to a low carbon energy system in China. Representative technology options are appraised by employing innovation theory to indicate the logic of policymaking within the framework. Institutional gaps in realizing the transition are also addressed. The work presented in the paper will be useful in informing policy-makers and other stakeholders and may provide references for power sector transition management in other countries.     

Transition towards a low carbon economy: A computable general equilibrium analysis for Poland

In the transition to sustainable economic structures the European Union assumes a leading role with its climate and energy package which sets ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets by 2020. Among EU Member States, Poland with its heavy energy system reliance on coal is particularly worried on the pending trade-offs between emission regulation and economic growth. In our computable general equilibrium analysis of the EU climate and energy package we show that economic adjustment cost for Poland hinge crucially on restrictions to where-flexibility of emission abatement, revenue recycling, and technological options in the power system. We conclude that more comprehensive flexibility provisions at the EU level and a diligent policy implementation at the national level could achieve the transition towards a low carbon economy at little cost thereby broadening societal support.