荞麦籽粒谷蛋白亚基结构研究初探

通过对陕北苦荞、陕北甜荞以及小麦小偃6号和小麦面粉Meneba的比较分析,认为荞麦面粉的蛋白质含量低于小麦;荞麦面粉富含清蛋白,醇溶蛋白的含量极低,谷蛋白含量低于小麦品种和面粉,残渣蛋白的含量极高。荞麦籽粒谷蛋白亚基分子量较小,高分子谷蛋白的亚基数量和含量远小于小麦。     

苦荞粉添加量对面团性质及馒头品质的影响

通过添加不同量的苦荞粉配成苦荞-小麦混粉,研究混粉揉混特性、面团微观结构的变化以及苦荞馒头的感官品质。结果表明,当添加量在5%~15%时,揉混结果中的和面时间和峰值面积变化不大,微观结构中蛋白质面筋网络结构略微减弱,但当添加量达到20%后,和面时间和峰值面积都有大幅度降低,微观面筋网络结构也出现明显的下降。同时,苦荞粉添加量为15%时馒头感官品质较好。综合分析可知,添加量为15%时苦荞馒头仍具有较好的品质。     

Reduction of rutin loss in buckwheat noodles and their physicochemical characterisation

Tartary buckwheat was subjected to hydrothermal treatments for minimising rutin loss in buckwheat-based foods by water addition. When native buckwheat flour was mixed with water for 60 min, the rutin content was distinctly reduced from 3.74 g/100 g to 0.31 g/100 g, increasing the amount of quercetin. However, the rutin content remained constant and quercetin was hardly detected in hydrothermally-treated buckwheat flour. Also, when noodles were prepared with wheat and buckwheat flours (7:3, w/w), the noodle samples containing hydrothermally-treated buckwheat flour, showed higher amounts of rutin (more than 0.83 g/100 g) than the control noodle with native buckwheat flour (0.27 g/100 g). In addition, the use of hydrothermally-treated buckwheat flour gave less pasting parameters and lower viscoelastic properties. The noodle dough with hydrothermally-treated buckwheat flour also had greater water absorption and development time during mixing while the elongation stress of the noodle dough was reduced.     

小麦面粉的3D打印特性

本实验以8种不同蛋白质量分数小麦面粉为研究对象,通过测定其理化特性、糊化特性、混合特性、流变特性及3D打印特性,研究小麦面粉不同品质特性与3D打印特性的关系。结果显示,蛋白质量分数对小麦面粉的3D打印特性有显著影响,蛋白质量分数在9%～10%时（ZY原味小麦粉、BN 4199小麦粉和XL中式面点粉）打印效果较好,制品整体形状规则、表面平整、纹路清晰,与模型的符合程度较高。面团的损耗模量（G’’）影响其挤出行为,而储能模量（G’）影响其支撑三维结构的能力,ZY原味小麦粉面团的损耗角正切值（tan δ）较大,有利于面团挤出成型;XL中式面点粉G’较大,有利于面团打印后保持自身的形状。在选用的8种小麦面粉中,XL中式面点粉的蛋白质量分数为9.33%,与设计的30 mm×30 mm×10 mm模型相比,其打印体积误差仅为0.26%。打印制品蒸制熟化后在X轴和Y轴方向上长度略有增加,但Z轴方向上长度略有减小,且发生一定程度的褐变。综上,小麦面粉作为3D打印材料是可行的,这有利于拓展3D打印技术在食品领域的应用。     

不同磨粉方法对荞麦面团流变学性质的影响

为研究不同磨粉方法对荞麦面团流变学性质的影响,分别采用石磨、高速万能粉碎机及湿磨三种磨粉方法制得荞麦粉。然后测定由上述荞麦粉制备的荞麦面团的热机械学特性、拉伸特性、质构特性及应力松弛行为。结果表明:与干磨荞麦面团相比,湿磨荞麦面团具有显著较低的面团形成时间和稳定时间以及显著较高的蛋白弱化度,但磨粉方法对淀粉糊化特性影响较小。湿磨荞麦面团的拉断距离低于干磨荞麦面团的拉断距离,但其硬度、黏着性、弹性和胶着性显著高于干磨荞麦面团。此外,湿磨荞麦面团与干磨荞麦面团相比具有显著较高的残余应力和显著较短的松弛时间。不同磨粉方法会导致荞麦面团流变学性质产生差异,面团流变学性质的差异将满足不同的加工需求。     

籽粒含水量对荞麦与沙米全粉性能的影响

以不同含水量的甜荞麦和沙米为原料,通过旋风粉碎制备全粉,对比分析了籽粒含水量对两种全粉性能的影响。结果表明,荞麦中淀粉含量显著（P<0.05）高于沙米,而其蛋白质、脂肪和粗纤维含量均显著（P<0.05）低于沙米;两种全粉的粒径、吸油量和膨胀度均随籽粒含水量的升高呈现增大趋势;荞麦全粉的吸水量和弹性模量随籽粒含水量增大而显著（P<0.05）降低,但沙米全粉两特征值的变化与之相反;籽粒含水量对荞麦全粉破损淀粉含量没有显著影响,沙米全粉的破损淀粉含量随着籽粒含水量增大显著（P<0.05）降低;荞麦全粉的糊化黏度特征值及凝胶硬度均高于沙米全粉,而黏弹性和热焓值低于沙米全粉;不同含水量籽粒所得沙米全粉破损淀粉含量和粒径的差异对其膨胀度、溶解度、糊化特征值、糊化焓和面团流变学特性等性能参数产生了显著（P<0.05）影响。这些结果说明沙米全粉与荞麦全粉粉质特性不同,通过改变籽粒含水量可调控沙米全粉的加工性能。本研究将为沙米作为面制食品新资源的高值化利用提供理论支撑,为确保国家粮食安全助力。     

Total phenolic and total flavonoid content,antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of pseudocereal breads

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of adding (in two different doses 15% and 30%) pseudocereal (buckwheat, amaranth and quinoa) flour on the antioxidant properties and sensory value of breads. Buckwheat flour had the highest phenolic content (7.25 ± 0.23 mg/g dw). The content of total flavonoids in flours was about 2–4 fold higher when compared to breads. The addition of buckwheat flour to wheat bread, particularly in higher dose, was more effective in enhancing antioxidant activity, as evaluated by means of FRAP and DPPH, which increased by 2.36 fold, and 3.64 fold respectively, in comparison with other pseudocereal flours (amaranth, quinoa), which caused, in higher doses, the changes of above parameters within the ranges 1.20–1.79 fold, and 0.60–1.71 fold. Analysis of sensory results of breads showed that addition of buckwheat flour to the dough might improve subjective properties of bread and increase acceptable quality attributes such as taste, colour or odour. All these observations suggest that addition of buckwheat flour into bread can improve antioxidant as well as sensory properties of bread. Bread fortified with pseudocereal flours, and especially with buckwheat flour, may be placed on the market as a functional food.     

焙烤对甜荞关键组分及风味物质的影响研究进展

甜荞是一种高营养价值的功能性杂粮，焙烤是改善甜荞粉风味的一种工艺，其对甜荞的淀粉、蛋白、抗氧化物活性物质及风味物质有显著影响。其中，经过焙烤后的甜荞粉，淀粉糊化程度增加，糊化温度升高，结晶程度降低，淀粉颗粒结构被破坏；蛋白质性质发生变化，氨基酸含量增加；抗氧化活性物质含量随焙烤程度呈先增加后降低的趋势。此外，焙烤使甜荞粉风味丰富，增加了吡嗪类物质，使甜荞粉的风味中添加坚果味以及焦香味，甜荞粉的风味得到改善。本文首先从甜荞的焙烤工艺入手，重点回顾了焙烤过程对甜荞籽粒及甜荞粉的关键组分及风味物质的影响，并对影响甜荞焙烤品质的关键因素进行了分析，最后，对焙烤甜荞的应用前景进行了展望。     

谷朊粉对高含量荞麦面团的影响及其作用机理

本文全面研究了不同添加量谷朊粉(5%、10%和15%)对高含量(50%小麦粉替代率)荞麦面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响,并以添加10%谷朊粉的混合面团和参照组(纯小麦粉)面团为基础,通过扫描电镜,红外光谱及分析面团中的化学作用力等分析手段,进一步探讨了谷朊粉对改善混合面团流变学性质及馒头品质方面的作用机理。结果表明,添加10%的谷朊粉能够增加荞麦-小麦混合面团中二硫键的含量,改变面团中的化学作用力(离子键、氢键含量和疏水作用力),进而改变面团中面筋蛋白的构象,改善面团的微观结构,从而改善混合粉的糊化特性及面团的粉质和拉伸特性,提高馒头的比容和弹性,改善馒头芯的孔隙结构,但仍达不到参照组馒头的品质,表明添加高含量荞麦全粉不仅仅是稀释面筋蛋白。     

山药薏米芡实混合粉对小麦粉加工品质的影响

在小麦粉中加入山药、薏米、芡实混合粉,利用快速黏度分析仪、Mixolab混合实验仪和质构仪分析不同添加量的混合粉对小麦粉糊化特性、面团热机械学特性以及对馒头质构特性的影响.结果表明:随着混合粉添加量的增加,小麦粉的糊化黏度、崩解值、回生值、糊化温度、糊化时间、面团吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间逐渐降低,蒸煮稳定性和蛋白质弱...     

不同品种紫薯粉面团品质特性

以纯小麦粉面团为对照,通过测定9种紫薯粉面团的粉质、糊化、流变学、水分分布状态特性,探讨9种紫薯粉对小麦粉混合面团品质特性的影响。结果表明:与纯小麦粉面团相比,不同品种紫薯粉面团的吸水率、稳定时间、弱化度、公差指数、糊化温度均有所增加;而面团带宽、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值均有所降低;储能模量、耗能模量和深层结合水基本呈现增加趋势,损耗角正切基本呈现下降趋势。紫薯粉的添加使得面团稳定性、保水性增加。不同紫薯粉平均粒径存在极显著性差异（P<0.01）,将紫薯粉平均粒径与其面团的粉质及糊化特性进行相关性分析和聚类分析,发现紫薯粉平均粒径与吸水率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与稳定时间呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;将紫薯粉面团分为三类,第I类包括鄂紫薯12号等7种紫薯粉面团;第Ⅱ类、第Ⅲ类分别为徐紫薯8号、绵紫薯9号。本研究为小麦粉面团专用紫薯粉品种的生产提供了理论依据。     

荞麦粉添加量对混合粉面团流变特性及发面饼品质的影响

目的:探索荞麦发面饼中荞麦粉的最佳添加量。方法:选用粉质仪、拉伸仪、黏度仪等探讨荞麦粉添加量对混合粉面团流变学特性的影响,并依据感官评价判断发面饼的品质。结果:在面粉中添加0～40%的荞麦粉,随着荞麦粉添加量的增加,混合粉面团的流变学特性显著变差。混合粉面团的吸水率、形成时间、粉质质量指数逐渐减小,当荞麦粉添加量为40%时,混合粉的粉质质量指数降低了69.1%、形成时间降低了70.7%。随着荞麦粉含量的增加,混合粉面团的拉伸性和拉伸面积逐渐降低,阻力先增加后降低。当荞麦粉添加量为20%时,发面饼的硬度、黏性和咀嚼性最低,感官评分最高,与空白对照相比感官评分提高了19.4%。结论:荞麦粉的添加降低了混合粉的品质,但适量的荞麦粉可以赋予发面饼特殊的香味以及营养价值,添加量<20%的混合粉的流变学特性和发面饼的品质较好。     

挤压膨化紫薯粉对小麦面团糊化特性和热机械学特性的影响

挤压膨化技术是一种高温、短时的加工方法,可以改变紫薯粉的特性,从而提高复合面团的品质。因此,本实验对紫薯粉进行挤压膨化,对比研究挤压膨化紫薯粉和紫薯生粉对小麦面团水分分布、糊化特性及热机械学特性的影响。结果发现,与紫薯生粉相比,挤压膨化紫薯粉显著缩短了横向弛豫时间T21（P＜0.05）,表明挤压膨化能够使水分与淀粉或面筋蛋白紧密结合;此外,与小麦粉相比,添加紫薯粉显著降低了面团的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终点黏度、崩解值和回生值（P＜0.05）,尤其是挤压膨化紫薯粉。热机械学特性结果表明挤压膨化紫薯粉能够显著提高面团的吸水率、酶解速率和蒸煮稳定性（P＜0.05）,缩短面团形成时间,降低回生值和峰值扭矩（P＜0.05）。挤压膨化紫薯粉的添加不仅可以提高面制品的出品率,也有助于延缓面团的老化,延长保质期。本研究为挤压膨化紫薯粉在面制品中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

苦荞-小麦混合粉面团特性及其鲜湿面条的研制

探讨不同比例的苦荞粉和小麦粉对小麦粉面团流变学特性及其鲜湿面条品质的影响,为后续加工应用提供理论依据。本研究通过混合实验仪和吹泡仪测定面团流变学特性,分析混合粉面团内淀粉和蛋白质的相互作用,以鲜湿面条的微观结构、感官评价、蒸煮品质和质构特性为评价指标,寻找苦荞粉的最佳添加比例。结果表明:在未添加任何添加剂的情况下,随着苦荞粉添加量的增加,面团的吸水率不断降低,形成时间和稳定时间逐渐增大,苦荞粉添加量≤30%时,能够改善产品的质量,C3-C4值降低到0.08N·m,C3-C2值增加到1.33 N·m,C5-C4值降低到0.51 N·m;同时,鲜湿面条的品质也逐渐变差,P值增大至73.7 nm,L值和W值分别降低至5.3 nm和16 nm,当苦荞粉添加量≥30%时,无弹性。而根据面条的微观结构、蒸煮品质以及质构的分析,苦荞粉为10%时,面条不仅保持了良好口感(感官评分为83分),而且具有较好的品质(熟断条率为6.67%,蒸煮损失为6.67%,硬度为3831.16 g,弹性为0.87)。综上所述,鲜湿面条中苦荞粉的最大添加量为30%,最佳添加比例为10%。     

添加荞麦多肽粉对面团流变学特性的影响

将不同水解条件下得到的荞麦多肽粉按不同浓度梯度分别添加到强筋和弱筋面粉中,探讨荞麦多肽粉对面团流变学特性的影响。结果表明:添加不同量荞麦多肽粉的面团,吸水率均随荞麦多肽粉添加量的增加而不断降低,当超过8%添加量后,吸水率受到的影响较小;面筋的含量随着荞麦多肽粉添加量的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;面团形成时间和稳定时间随荞麦多肽粉添加量的增加均呈先减小后增加的趋势,弱化度呈上升趋势,评价值也呈现一直增加的趋势。从拉伸特性来看,随着荞麦多肽粉添加量的增加,面团的延伸性变好,拉伸阻力在高浓度添加量的情况下比原面粉大,拉伸能量则呈现一直增加的趋势。总体而言,添加荞麦蛋白粉及其多肽粉对面团粉质及拉伸特性均具有促进作用。     

Effect of buckwheat flour addition to wheat flour on acylglycerols and fatty acids composition and rheology properties

In this paper, the rheological properties and lipids composition with an emphasis on acylglycerols and fatty acids composition of dough with various portions of buckwheat flour (BWF) are investigated. The results show lipids from wheat-buckwheat flour mixture has higher ratio of total unsaturated to saturated fatty acids content (3.77-4.78 g/100 g) than those of wheat flour only (3.71 g/100 g). The value of dough water absorption (WA), development time (DT), dough stability (DSt), gelatinization temperature (T_max) and maximal pasta viscosity (η_max) increases when content of free fatty (FFA) acids increases, i.e. when buckwheat flour portion in flour mixtures increases, so FFA content has a proper influence on these dough properties. Dough with buckwheat flour has higher WA (54.3-56.0 ml/100 g), T_max (82.0-84.1 °C) and η_max (630-860 AU), longer Dst (0.7-4.6 min) and lower Dsf (82-90 FU) than dough with wheat flour only, whose appropriate values are 54.3 ml/100 g, 81.2 °C, 480 AU, 0.3 min and 90 FU, respectively. So, the flour mixture with buckwheat flour of at least 5 g/100 g can be considered good quality flour.     

油橄榄果渣对面粉及面团理化特性的影响

将油橄榄果渣粉以不同比例与小麦粉混匀,得到4种混合粉,研究该4种混合粉的化学组成、糊化特性及其面团流变和质构特性。结果表明,随着油橄榄果渣粉添加量的增加,混合粉的糊化温度逐渐升高,峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度和衰减值显著降低,面团的形成与稳定时间缩短,吸水率、评价值、最大抗延伸阻力、延伸度、拉伸能量、弹性和内聚性减小,其弱化度、硬度、黏附性、胶黏性和回复性增大。当混合粉中油橄榄果渣粉添加量不超过10%时,其具有较好的糊化特性和面团特性,可用于制作面条和面包等食品。     

Rheological and Microstructural Study of Wheat Doughs Partially Replaced with Mesquite Flour (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prosopis alba</Emphasis>) and Added with Transglutaminase

The incorporation of different flours into wheat bread may pursue different objectives, such as increasing the nutritional quality of the products or the recovery of flour with little use in the industry. The “mesquite flour” (MF) is rich in sugar, fiber, and protein and is an interesting additive to wheat flour in baking. In this study, we used crude and thermally processed bread dough formulations of wheat flour (WF), replacing 15, 25, and 35% with mesquite flour. Furthermore, each formulation was tested for two levels (0.01 and 0.1%) of the enzyme transglutaminase (TG). Dough rheology was studied by small amplitude oscillatory compression tests, and the microstructure was analyzed by laser confocal microscopy using fluorescein isothiocyanate and rhodamine B as fluorophores. It was concluded that the incorporation of mesquite into the dough resulted in changes in the structure, as evidenced by the increase in tan δ, microscopic observations (loss of the filamentary and cross-linked gluten structure), and by the increase in the gelatinization temperature. The addition of TG led to dissimilar effects on doughs, depending on the formulation (wheat/mesquite content), but most encouraging results indicate the recovery of the structure, evidenced by a reduction in tan δ and the generation of a more filamentary structure in the dough with a higher content of mesquite flour. However, the effect of TG addition on “processed dough” was attenuated and the viscoelastic matrix of gluten did not recover.     

荞麦无麸质面包研究进展

对荞麦无麸质面包配方、工艺及品质改良研究进展进行综述。荞麦粉作为优质无麸质原料,常与其他谷物粉或淀粉复配制作面包,添加量主要为10%～50%,多采用温水和面,发酵时间短;添加纤维或多糖可通过模拟面筋蛋白黏弹性和控制水分子移动来增加面团黏度、提高荞麦面团发酵性能和持气性,降低面包硬度,增加面包体积;酸面团发酵技术可降低荞麦面团和面包的pH,增加面包体积,延缓面包老化;酶处理技术可帮助形成蛋白质网络,增加荞麦面包咀嚼性;添加蛋白质可强化荞麦面团网络结构,增加面包体积;营养学评价显示添加荞麦粉可提高无麸质面包抗氧化能力和矿物质含量。但荞麦无麸质面包依然存在面团持气性差、操作性不佳,面包体积小、硬化快等问题。未来研究应关注原料预处理、多种酶或胶体协作、老化改善及产品免疫学验证。     

Characteristics of Noodle Prepared from Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato,and Domestic Wheat Flour

Noodle characteristics prepared from both 100% of domestic and imported wheat flour (as a control) and blended with 40% of orange-fleshed sweet potato paste were studied. The domestic wheat flour had higher protein content (13.8%), compare to imported wheat flour (11.7%), thus giving the highest protein content (18.86%) in noodle prepared from 100% domestic wheat flour. However its noodle colour was disliked due to a lower whiteness level compared to imported wheat flour. Blended 60% of domestic wheat flour with 40% of sweet potato paste could improve the noodle colour acceptance. The noodles prepared from both 100% wheat flours and blended with 40% sweet potato paste had met the national standard quality for moisture and protein content. This suggests that sweet potato paste is promising for noodle ingredients as a wheat flour substitute.