错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿/再生传热传质数学模型及分析

分析了错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿及再生传热传质过程 ,建立了基于实际除湿系统的描述再生和除湿过程的数学模型 ,考虑到除湿过程中产生的热效应 ,以氯化钙溶液为除湿剂时 ,对气侧和液侧的传热传质系数进行了理论和数值求解 .计算结果表明 ,传热传质系数与气流流动状态、除湿剂的热物理性质等因素有关     

A generalized approach to heat transfer in pipe flow with internal heat generation

In the last few years, there has been a renewed interest in the molten salt reactor (MSR), one of the “Generation IV International Forum” concepts, which adopts a circulating molten salt mixture as both heat generator (fuel) and coolant. The heat transfer of a fluid with internal heat generation depends on the strength of the source whose influence on the heat exchange process is significant enough to demand consideration. At present, few studies have been performed on the subject from either an experimental or a numerical point of view.This study considers fluids with a wide range of Reynolds numbers, flowing through smooth and straight circular tubes within which the flow is hydrodynamically developed but thermally developing (conditions of interest for MSR core channels). The study aims at an assessment of the heat transfer modelling for a large variety of fluids (with Prandtl numbers in the range 0≤Pr≤10⁴), in particular taking into account the influence of the internal heat generation on the temperature distribution, which plays an important role in the case of molten salts for nuclear reactors. To this purpose, the general and unified solution of the heat transfer equation is applied to the turbulent Graetz problem with boundary conditions of the third kind and arbitrary heat source distribution, incorporating recent formulations for turbulent flow and convection.Computed results are shown to be in a good agreement with experimental data concerning heat transfer evaluations for both fully developed and thermally developing flow conditions, over a large range of Prandtl numbers (10^?2<Pr<10⁴). Finally, a preliminary correlation, which includes the Prandtl number range of interest for molten salts, is proposed for the Nusselt number predictions in the case of simultaneous uniform wall heat flux and internal heat generation.     

Joule-Thomson effects on turbulent graetz problem for gas flows in pipes with uniform wall temperature

The Joule-Thomson effect is known to be important in arctic gas pipelines. The Joule-Thomson effects on forced convective heat transfer in the thermal entrance region of pipes with uniform wall temperature are studied for steady fully developed turbulent gas flows by the Graetz method. Thermal entrance heat transfer results are presented for Prandtl number 0.72, Reynolds number 10⁵ and Brinkman number ± 0.1, ± 1.0 with Joule-Thomson parameter Jμ ranging from 0 to 1.0 to cover the possible range in practical applications. Bulk temperatures and Nusselt numbers are also presented for fully developed flow with Reynolds numbers from 5 × 10³ to 10⁶. For given Prandtl and Reynolds numbers, the asymptotic Nusselt number is found to be dependent on the Joule-Thomson parameter only and is independent of Brinkman number. The fully developed bulk temperature is a linear function of Brinkman number and a linear relationship exists between the bulk temperature parameter (-θ_bf/Br) and the Joule-Thomson parameter Jμ for given Prandtl and Reynolds numbers.     

TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN A CIRCULAR TUBE WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION

The problem of developed turbulent conveclive heat transfer with viscous dissipation is considered for flow in a circular tube. Two cases are considered, Prandtl number equal to unity and large Prandtl number. For Prandtl number equal to unity, an exact expression for the recovery factor is presented which accounts for the radial variation in velocity profile. This exact expression is evaluated using the turbulent logarithmic velocity distribution. For large Prandtl numbers, a general asymptotic expansion for the recovery factor is determined which includes both wall and core contributions. A comparison of these results suggests that the large Prandtl number formula found for the recovery factor should be accurate for all Prandtl numbers greater than about unity.     

Laminar forced convection in the thermal entrance region of curved pipes with uniform wall temperature

The thermal entrance region heat transfer problem for fully developed laminar flow in curved pipes with uniform wall temperature is approached by an alternating direction implicit method for the parabolic energy equation for a flow regime with Dean number ranging from 0 to an order of 100. This work represents an extension of the classical Graetz problem in straight tubes to curved pipes. The graphical results for temperature developments in the form of temperature profiles through the horizontal and vertical planes, isothermals and local Nusselt number variations in the thermal entrance region are presented in such a way as to illustrate clearly the interaction between the secondary flow and the developing temperature field for Prandtl numbers of 0.1, 0.7, 10 and 500. For a given Dean number, the effect of Prandtl number is to shorten the thermal entrance length (I/Gz) and the temperature field develops rather rapidly with large Prandtl number. The effect of Dean number is similar to that of Prandtl number with Dean number effect becoming much more appreciable at high Prantdl numbers than at low Prandtl number.     

螺旋叶片转子强化传热机理分析

以螺旋叶片转子为研究对象,对转子的强化换热机理进行理论分析,提出螺旋叶片转子3种强化传热机理,包括截面收缩效应强化、螺旋流动效应强化以及二次流效应强化。采用理论推导的方法,建立湍流区内Nusselt数预测关联式以及压力降预测关联式,从而预测转子几何参数等对转子强化传热特性及阻力特性的影响。同时,将关联式预测结果与对应的强化传热实验结果进行对比,对比结果表明:推导得出的Nusselt数预测关联式计算值与实验得到的Nusselt数之间的最大偏差为7.4%,阻力系数的预测关联式计算值与其实验值之间的最大偏差为10.1%。     

TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER IN A CIRCULAR TUBE WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION

Abstract

The problem of developed turbulent conveclive heat transfer with viscous dissipation is considered for flow in a circular tube. Two cases are considered, Prandtl number equal to unity and large Prandtl number. For Prandtl number equal to unity, an exact expression for the recovery factor is presented which accounts for the radial variation in velocity profile. This exact expression is evaluated using the turbulent logarithmic velocity distribution. For large Prandtl numbers, a general asymptotic expansion for the recovery factor is determined which includes both wall and core contributions. A comparison of these results suggests that the large Prandtl number formula found for the recovery factor should be accurate for all Prandtl numbers greater than about unity.     

Laminar natural convection characteristics in an enclosure with heated hexagonal block for non-Newtonian power law fluids

This work illustrates the steady state, two dimensional natural convective flow and heat transfer features in square enclosure containing heated hexagonal block maintained either at constant wall temperature(CWT) or uniform heat flux(UHF) thermal conditions. Governing equations(mass, momentum and energy) are solved by using finite volume method(FVM) with 3rd order accurate QUICK discretization scheme and SIMPLE algorithm for range of field pertinent parameters such as, Grashof number(10~3≤ Gr ≤ 10~6), Prandtl number(1 ≤ Pr ≤ 100) and power law index(0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1.5). The analysis of momentum and heat transfer characteristics are delineated by evolution of streamlines, isotherms, variation of average Nusselt number value and Colburn factor for natural convection(j_(nH)). A remarkable change is observed on fluid flow and thermal distribution pattern in cavity for both thermal conditions. Nusselt number shows linear variation with Grashof and Prandtl numbers; while rate of heat transfer by convection decreases for power law index value. Higher heat transfer rate can be achieved by using uniform heat flux condition. A Nusselt number correlation is developed for possible utilization in engineering/scientific design purpose.     

Transfert de chaleur dans un film tombant autour d'un cylindre horizontal

As the initial flow of a falling film above one or several horizontal tube is known, we propose a model which permits the determination of the local heat transfer coefficient. The model is valid for Reynolds numbers lower than 2000 and for either a constant flux or a constant temperature. The fraction of the film which is evaporated after its passage over the exchange surface is taken into account. The calculated exchange coefficients, the film thickness and the Nusselt numbers are compared with the numerical and experimental results of different authors. The agreement is good, particularly for the case of estimation of the average Nusselt number for Reynolds numbers greater than 1000.     

扭曲扁管管内流动与传热的三维数值研究

利用计算流体力学和数值传热学的方法,对扭曲扁管三维模型的流动与传热性能进行了数值模拟计算和理论分析,研究了管内流体的Re,Pr以及管子几何尺寸对其流动与传热性能的影响,结果表明,扭曲扁管具有较好的强化传热效果,在管内流体具有高Pr低Re数的条件下,其强化传热效果尤为明显。根据数值计算的结果数据,拟合出了努塞德数和阻力系数的准则公式,对扭曲扁管工程实际应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Effects of Viscous Dissipation on Heat Transfer between an Array of Long Circular Cylinders and Power Law Fluids

The free surface model has been combined with the equations of motion and of thermal energy to investigate the role of viscous dissipation on heat transfer between banks of long cylinders and power law (shear‐thinning and shear‐thickening) fluids. The equations of motion cast in the stream function/vorticity formulation have been solved numerically using a second‐order accurate finite difference method to obtain extensive information on the behaviour of local and surface‐averaged Nusselt numbers over a range of Reynolds numbers 1 – 500, for a wide range of power law indices (0.4 ≤ n ≤ 2.0), Brinkman numbers (0 ≤ Br ≤ 5) and Prandtl numbers (Pr = 1, 1000) at two representative solid volume fractions corresponding to the porosities of e = 0.4 and 0.9. Two different thermal boundary conditions are considered at the cylinder surface: constant temperature (CT) and constant heat flux (CHF). The results presented herein provide a fundamental knowledge about the influence of viscous dissipation on the heat transfer characteristics. The results reported herein further show that the effect of Brinkman number on heat transfer is strongly conditioned by the thermal boundary condition, Prandtl number and the power law index.     

Forced convection in cross flow of power law fluids over a tube bank

The forced convective heat transfer characteristics for incompressible power-law fluids past a bundle of circular cylinders have been investigated numerically. The cylinder-to-cylinder hydrodynamic interactions have been approximated via a simple cell model. The momentum and energy equations have been solved using a finite difference based numerical method for a range of physical and kinematic conditions. The role of the two commonly used thermal boundary conditions, namely, constant temperature or constant heat flux, on heat transfer characteristics has also been studied. Extensive numerical results elucidating the effect of shear-thinning viscosity on the values of Nusselt number have been obtained for Peclet numbers ranging from 1 to 5000, Reynolds number in the range 1-500, flow behaviour index 1?n?0.5 and three values of voidages, namely, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6, typical of tubular heat exchangers and tube banks. Under all conditions, varying levels of enhancement in Nusselt number are observed due to shear-thinning behaviour. The surface averaged Nusselt number shows strong dependence on the values of voidage, power-law index, Reynolds and Peclet numbers. The paper is concluded by presenting comparisons with the scant experimental results available in the literature.     

环形通道内层流入口段换热及流体变物性的影响

采用SIMPLER算法对环形通道内二维定常轴对称入口段流动与换热进行了数值计算, 研究了两种边界条件下的层流流动与换热规律, 给出了不同Prandtl数以及半径比率下沿程Nusselt数的变化曲线,同时还给出了流体物性随温度变化对流动与换热的影响, 最后还拟合出了不同半径比率下平均Nusselt数的关联式.计算结果还表明,环形通道能强化传热,强化程度随半径比率减小而增大,且入口段的换热强化与其较高的径向速度有关.     

Heat and mass transfer in non-isothermal absorption of gases in falling liquid films Part II: Theoretical description and numerical calculation of turbulent falling film heat and mass transfer

A mixing length turbulence model is presented, which was used for the numerical calculation of turbulent falling film heat and mass transfer coefficients. Numerous proposals of different authors for the prediction of eddy transport coefficients are discussed. Good agreement between calculated heat and mass transport coefficients and experimental data was achieved by the combination of Hubbard, Mills and Chung's proposal for the calculation of eddy transport near the film surface with a modified form of van Driest's, the latter being for the eddy transport near the solid wall. Furthermore, the dependence of the turbulent falling film heat transfer coefficients on the Prandtl number is discussed. It is shown that, besides the Prandtl number, a further dimensionless group must be considered in order to describe the effect of liquid properties on heat transfer.     

非牛顿流体薄膜流中传质和传热的理论研究

本文从分析服从幂律的非牛顿流体薄膜流中速度分布入手,将其与扩散（导热）微分方程相结合,对不同的气液接触时间或距离进行了理论计算。 本文对方程给出了当流体的流变指数n取任意正有理数值时无穷级数解的求法。在此基础上,我们利用四阶Runge-Kutta法与Wegstien迭代法,求出了流变指数n为1/4,1/3,1/2,1/1.4,1/1.2,1,1.25,2.5,∞等一系列局部Sh数值与平均数值;当n=1即变为牛顿型流体时,与文献的结果十分吻合。     

微小管道内相变微胶囊悬浮液换热特性

通过实验研究了去离子水和10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液在1 mm、2 mm管道内换热特性,结果表明：在Reynolds数Re=400～1000,1 mm管道内去离子水和10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液局部Nusselt数Nu_x均比2 mm 管道的小,分析其原因,这主要是由于1 mm管道壁厚管径比大导致的轴向导热比2 mm管道强引起的;1 mm管道内去离子水中加入相变微胶囊颗粒能够增强与管壁之间对流换热,且随着Re的增加,Nu_x增大,而2 mm管道内去离子水中加入相变微胶囊颗粒,构成10%浓度相变微胶囊悬浮液,表现出比水更差的换热特性,并且随着Re的增加Nu_x降低。     

Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Jackets of Triangular Flow Channels

Laminar flow and heat transfer characteristics of jacketed vessel with triangular flow channels were numerically studied under hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed conditions. Constant heat flux at theheated wall was assumed. The numerical program code interms of vorticity, stream function, axial velocity com ponent and energy equations was written based on a finite volume method. Based on the numerical results, the flow and temperature field were given, and the effects of Dean and Prandtl numbers on flow and heat transfer were ex amined, and the correlations of flow resistance and mean Nusselt number were developed for the jacket. The results show that the structure of secondary flow is steady two vortices in the investigated range of dimensionless curvatureratio and Reynolds number. Two peaks of local Nusselt number increase significantly with Prandtl and Dean num ber increasing, but the local Nusselt numbers near two ends and at the center of the heated wall increase only slightly. The center and two ends of heated wall are the poor positions for heat transfer in the jacket. Compared with the outer half coil jacket at the same area of heated wall, curvature radius, Reynolds number and Prandtl number, e jacket of triangular flow chmnel has lower flow resistance and less mean Nusselt number.     

Experimental research on stabilities,thermophysical properties and heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in heat exchanger systems

Stable TiO₂-water nanofluids are prepared by a two-step method, stabilities of nanofluids are investigated by precipitation method and transmittance method respectively, and thermal conductivities and viscosities are also measured. An experimental system for studying the heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids is established, and heat transfer and flow characteristics of TiO₂-water nanofluids in heat exchanger systems with a triangular tube and circular tube are experimentally studied. The effects of nanoparticle mass fractions (ω=0.1 wt%-0.5 wt%) and Reynolds numbers (Re=800-10000) on the heat transfer and flow performances of nanofluids are analyzed. Fitting formulas for Nusselt number and resistance coefficient of nanofluids in a triangular tube are put forward based on the experimental data. The comprehensive performances of nanofluids in a triangular tube are investigated. It is found that nanofluids in a triangular tube can significantly improve the heat transfer performance at the cost of a small increase in resistance coefficient compared with that in a circular tube, especially the resistance coefficients are almost the same between different nanoparticle mass fractions at turbulent flow. It is also found that the comprehensive evaluation index η decreases with Reynolds number at laminar flow but a critical maximum value appears at turbulent flow.     

缩放管内湍流对流换热(Ⅰ)场协同控制机理

通过对缩放管管内湍流对流换热的模拟研究,考察了热边界层厚度、湍流强度及时均速度与时均温度梯度之间夹角的变化规律,得出了影响对流换热强度的场协同作用沿流动方向的分布规律.通过讨论两种不同结构尺寸缩放管的换热情况,发现流体在收缩段可获得较好的场协同作用,增强换热能力,而在扩张段场协同作用的效果减弱.