316L/S32101异种金属焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能研究

目的 研究乏燃料水池用钢板316L与覆板S32101双相不锈钢的焊接性、接头不同区域显微组织特征及接头与母材之间的性能差异.方法 利用氩弧焊接技术对5 mm厚的316L底板与3 mm厚的S32101覆板以搭接的形式进行焊接,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、维氏显微硬度仪和电子万能材料试验机对焊接接头的宏观形貌、显微组织以及力学性能进行研究.结果 316L/S32101焊缝组织主要由铁素体基体、晶界树枝状奥氏体以及晶内细小片状奥氏体所组成;316L侧靠近焊缝处存在一个较窄的熔合区,其组织由奥氏体基体和少许细小分散的铁素体组成,而S32101侧靠近焊缝处组织则由粗大铁素体晶粒和沿晶粒边界分布的若干小块状奥氏体组成.从316L母材区到焊缝区,硬度显著增大,而从焊缝区到S32101母材区,硬度变化很小;焊接接头的抗拉强度高达510 MPa,为两侧316L和S32101母材强度的87.9％和88.6％.结论 在焊接电流为240 A和焊接速度为300 mm/min的条件下,可以通过氩弧焊获得成形良好的搭接接头,且接头的力学性能优异.     

1.4003铁素体不锈钢与Q235-C钢焊接接头的组织和力学性能

采用室温拉伸、不同温度冲击、硬度及金相检验等分析方法对用熔化极混合气体保护焊焊接的1.4003铁素体不锈钢与Q235-C钢焊接接头的显微组织和性能进行了研究.试验结果表明:该焊接接头的抗拉强度与母材相当,焊缝的冲击性能略低于母材,1.4003铁素体不锈钢的热影响区(HAZ)冲击性能较差,焊缝为奥氏体+铁素体双相组织;Q235-C钢的熔合区出现明显界限,1.4003铁素体不锈钢焊接热影响区为晶粒粗大的单一铁素体组织.     

UNS31803双相不锈钢手工电弧焊接接头的组织与性能

采用手工电弧焊(SMAW)对UNS31803双相不锈钢进行焊接,通过金相检验、力学性能试验、硬度测试、耐蚀性能试验等方法对UNS31803双相不锈钢手工电弧焊接接头的显微组织和性能进行了分析。结果表明:采用适当的焊接工艺参数进行焊接,所得到的焊缝显微组织为铁素体+奥氏体,无σ相析出;焊接接头具有优良的力学性能;焊缝和热影响区的铁素体含量均在35%～65%(体积分数)的合理范围内;在22℃的6%(质量分数)FeCl3溶液中,焊接接头的不同区域均具有良好的耐蚀性能。     

紫铜/304不锈钢激光焊接接头显微组织及力学性能

采用碟片激光器制备了5 mm厚紫铜/304不锈钢激光焊接接头,研究了光束偏移量对焊接接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,光束偏移量为-0. 2～0 mm时,焊缝显微组织以奥氏体基体为主,焊缝奥氏体基体上的富Cu相形貌为球状和线状,焊缝裂纹沿着奥氏体基体上的线状富Cu相扩展。光束偏移量为0. 2～0. 4 mm时,焊缝显微组织以Cu基体为主,奥氏体基体上的线状富Cu相数量减少,能有效抑制焊缝裂纹的产生。焊缝Cu基体上的富Fe相形貌以球状为主,还有少量树枝晶状。光束偏移值为-0. 2～0. 2 mm时,接头抗拉强度和延伸率分别可达紫铜母材的95. 6%和39. 3%,都断裂在紫铜热影响区,光束偏移值为0. 4 mm时,接头抗拉强度和延伸率较紫铜母材明显下降,抗拉强度和延伸率分别为紫铜母材的71. 9%和23. 6%,断裂在焊缝。     

2205双相不锈钢TIG焊接头组织及力学性能

对2205双相不锈钢进行了4组不同热输入条件下的TIG焊接实验,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对焊接接头的显微组织进行了观察与分析,并测试了焊接接头的拉伸力学性能和显微硬度。结果表明:在热影响区,随着热输入的增大,不完全再结晶区带状奥氏体宽度逐渐增大,粗晶区铁素体晶粒的粗化程度逐渐加剧、奥氏体体积分数逐渐增多;在焊缝金属中,随着热输入的增大,魏氏奥氏体逐渐减少,而块状奥氏体逐渐增多,魏氏奥氏体在高温下稳定性差,容易被相界处形成的窄条铁素体分割成块状奥氏体。随着热输入的增大,焊接接头的屈服、抗拉强度逐渐降低,断后延伸率逐渐升高。铁素体体积分数较高的热影响区显微硬度最大,焊缝金属的合金元素含量较高,因此其显微硬度高于母材。     

热轧D级船用钢板焊接接头的力学性能与显微组织

采用CO2气体保护焊法对16mm厚的热轧态D级船用钢板进行焊接,通过拉伸、冲击和金相检验等试验方法对焊接接头的力学性能与显微组织进行了研究。结果表明：采用YCJ501-1焊材对D级船用钢板进行焊接时,接头具有较高的抗拉强度和较好的低温冲击韧性;焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体、先共析铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体;热影响区组织主要为铁素体、珠光体和少量针状铁素体,针状铁素体的存在是接头具有良好力学性能的主要原因。     

双相不锈钢2205激光焊接接头组织和性能研究

目的 针对双相不锈钢激光焊接接头两相比例失衡的问题,研究双相不锈钢2205激光焊接接头组织和性能。方法 采用Disk 6002碟片激光器对2205双相不锈钢进行激光焊接,通过在纯氩气保护气中添加体积分数为60%的氮气,向熔池中过渡氮元素,以提高焊缝中的奥氏体含量;采用金相显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术、电子探针X射线显微分析仪、显微硬度仪和上海辰华CHI760E电化学工作站等手段,对激光焊接接头表面组织、元素含量、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能进行表征和测试。结果 与纯氩气保护焊接接头相比,当在保护气中添加60%（体积分数,下同）的氮气后,奥氏体相体积分数达到39.89%,提升了25.94%,奥氏体中氮元素的质量分数达到0.679%时,氮元素的质量分数提升了0.196%,焊缝中奥氏体显微硬度为307.4HV,铁素体显微硬度为298.9HV,极化曲线腐蚀电流密度升高,阻抗弧半径减小。结论 在保护气中添加60%的氮气后,激光焊接接头中奥氏体的体积分数提升,增加的奥氏体组织以晶内奥氏体为主,并且更多的氮元素进入到奥氏体相中,焊缝中的奥氏体和铁素体硬度略有升高,耐蚀性和钝化膜稳定性有所下降。     

固溶处理对304/Q245R焊接接头组织及性能的影响

为研究固溶处理对304奥氏体不锈钢和Q245R碳钢异种金属焊接接头显微组织及性能的影响,采用E309-16奥氏体不锈钢焊丝对6 mm厚的304/Q245R板材进行手工电弧焊,焊后使用箱式电阻炉对焊接接头进行固溶处理,对焊接接头进行显微组织观察和力学性能测试.结果表明:相对于固溶处理前,固溶处理后的接头焊缝组织为灰色奥氏体和黑色铁素体,枝晶偏析程度明显降低,Cr、Ni等合金元素分布较为均匀;焊缝和碳钢侧热影响区硬度值均有所提高,最高硬度值为304.59 HV,出现在焊缝位置;接头抗拉强度较高,达570 MPa,拉伸断裂发生在母材Q245R碳钢部位.另外,对焊缝进行XRD测定,未检测到不利于接头性能的相,这表明固溶处理后的异种金属接头性能良好,能够满足工程中的实际需求.     

304不锈钢局部干法水下激光填丝焊接工艺及焊缝性能研究

目的 采用自主研制的水下激光填丝焊接装备,在304奥氏体不锈钢板材表面进行U形坡口激光填丝焊接试验,为304不锈钢水下修复工作提供技术参考。方法 在功率为5 600 W、焊接速度为6 mm/s、送丝速度为205 cm/min、保护气体流量为15 L/min、排水气体流量为30 L/min的条件下进行焊接试验,并对空气和水下环境下的焊缝进行对比检测分析。通过光学显微镜分析2种环境下焊缝的显微组织;对2种焊缝进行拉伸、弯曲等力学性能测试;采用显微硬度计测试1 kg载荷下不同区域的显微硬度;使用VersaSTAT3F电化学工作站测定在3.5%（质量分数）的NaCl溶液中2种焊缝的开路电位和极化曲线。结果 2种环境下的焊缝均无明显裂纹、气孔等缺陷;显微组织主要由奥氏体和铁素体组成,但2种环境下焊缝的奥氏体晶粒大小和铁素体形状均略有差别,焊缝拉伸断口均为典型的韧性断裂形貌且抗拉强度符合304不锈钢标准。2种环境下焊缝的微观组织和晶粒大小不同,水下焊缝硬度高于空气的。通过分析2种环境下焊缝的开路电位和极化曲线,可知水下焊缝的耐腐蚀性略高。结论 所开发的局部干法水下激光填丝焊接工艺可以满足实际工程中...     

S32101双相不锈钢焊接接头晶间腐蚀试验不合格原因

为探究S32101双相不锈钢焊接后接头晶间腐蚀试验不合格的原因,对晶间腐蚀试验不合格的焊接接头进行了金相检验、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析和铁素体含量测试.结果表明:晶间腐蚀试验不合格的原因是材料存在化学成分偏析,造成铬的质量分数偏低,且焊接过程中在晶界处析出碳化铬,形成贫铬区,导致材料的抗晶间腐蚀能力降低.另外,显...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.